Inclusion Of Oil Research Articles

Volatilization or Recovery of Fairway Foliar Nitrogen Fertilizer via Time and Spray Oil Inclusion

Nitrogen (N) is the essential plant nutrient needed by turfgrass in the greatest quantity. Urea and urea-based liquids are arguably the safest, least expensive, and subsequently most popular soluble N fertilizers. Unfortunately, urea fertilizer application to turfgrass is often subject to NH3 volatilization: a deleterious phenomenon from both environmental and agronomic perspectives. The objective of this research was to quantify the efficacy of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) golf course fairway foliar fertilization by urea-based N fertilizers as influenced by a petroleum-derived spray oil (PDSO) containing Cu II phthalocyanine colorant (Civitas Turf DefenseTM Pre-M1xed, Intelligro LLC, Mississauga, ON, Canada). In 2019 and 2020, a maintained creeping bentgrass fairway received semimonthly 9.76 kg ha–1 soluble N treatment either alone or in combination with Civitas at a rate of 27 L ha–1. In the 48 h following foliar application, fertilizer N loss as NH3 ranged from 1.3 to 5.5% and corresponded directly to fertilizer urea content but not Civitas inclusion. In the 1 to 14 d following semimonthly treatment, Civitas had either a beneficial (methylol urea and UAN) or negligible (urea) effect on canopy mean dark green color index. Once cumulative N inputs exceeded 47 kg ha–1, creeping bentgrass fairway shoot growth and N nutrition were consistently increased by Civitas complementation of commercial liquid N fertilizer. Over the 2-yr study, absolute mean percent fertilizer N recovery from plots treated by Civitas-complemented foliar liquid N treatment exceeded their ’N only’ counterparts by 8.7%.

Pb-Zn mineralization formed from coupled hydrocarbon-bearing and hydrothermal fluids in the Ediacaran strata in the central Sichuan Basin, China

Hydrocarbon-bearing fluid plays a crucial role in the Pb-Zn mineralization process. The hydrocarbon role is still the subject of metallogenic research. This study determined the metal and sulfur sources and the hydrocarbon role in the mineralization instigated by mixing of hydrothermal and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids in the central Sichuan Basin based on petrography, fluid inclusion geochemistry, S and Pb isotope compositions, and changes in hydrocarbon phases and components. The results indicated that hydrothermal input significantly improved the salinity and temperature of reservoir fluids. Hydrothermal stages can be divided into three: (Ⅰ) pyrite and dolomite, (Ⅱ) quartz and sphalerite, and (Ⅲ) galena. Solid bitumen was formed at stage Ⅱ, and the oil inclusions were converted into gas inclusions from stage Ⅰ to Ⅱ, suggesting that the hydrothermal fluids caused the oil cracking. The Pb isotope compositions of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena showed that the Pb-Zn deposit had two metal sources from surface karst and hydrothermal fluids. Raman spectroscopy and sulfur isotope compositions implied that H2S formed during hydrothermal input was generated from TSR resulting from hydrothermal sulfate. The H2S produced by TSR preferentially led to the precipitation of metals (Pb, Zn, and Fe) derived from the hydrothermal fluid, followed by the precipitation of metals derived from the karst fluid. After the metal elements in the reservoir were depleted, the remaining H2S was conserved together with the natural gas in the reservoir. This study unravels the transformation of oil to gas and the H2S generation in the reservoir through hydrocarbon inclusion analysis in the metallogenic study, providing new insight into the Pb-Zn mineralization involving hydrocarbon-bearing fluid participation.

Preparation and sustained-release study of Litsea cubeba essential oil inclusion complex with γ-cyclodextrin-metal–organic frameworks

BackgroundLitsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) is a food additive that requires encapsulation to delay its release due to its irritating nature. To identify an appropriate inclusion material, gamma (γ)-cyclodextrin (CD)-metal organic frameworks (MOF) were prepared, and the sustained release of the inclusion complex (IC) was studied.ResultsThe γ-CD-MOF was formed using γ-CD, potassium hydroxide (KOH), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and silane coupling agents through the vapor diffusion method. The highest encapsulated rate achieved was 26.02%, with a temperature of 50 °C, a stirring time of 2.5 h, and an LCEO to γ-CD dosage ratio of 1:8. During the adsorption test, the amount of LCEO gradually increased within the first 180 min. However, after this time, there was no significant change in the adsorption amount of LCEO, indicating that the γ-CD-MOF had reached adsorption equilibrium. The average release rate of the IC reached 9.76% at 11 h. By comparison, the average release rate of the IC with γ-CD was 9.30% at 10 min, resulting in a diffusion index of 0.349. Under ultraviolet (UV) scanning, the sustained-release solution of the IC exhibited a strong characteristic citral absorption peak at 238 nm. Moreover, under infrared spectroscopy scanning, the absorption peak intensity of the IC was 1.19 times higher than that of blank γ-CD-MOF at 1676 cm−1. The IC, as observed through a scanning electron microscope, exhibited round pellets with a diameter of 40–60 μm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy images showed uniform distribution of potassium and sulfur elements. In X-Ray diffraction, the diffraction peaks of the IC were found at 5.27°, 7.45°, 10.54°, 12.08°, 14.20°, 14.92°, 15.84°, 16.68°, 19.24°, 21.80°, and 23.69°, with no significant change in the adsorption amount of LCEO. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) testing revealed that the surface area of γ-CD-MOF was 5.089 m2/g, and the pore diameter was 3.409 nm by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method.ConclusionThese data demonstrated that the sustained effect of the γ-CD-MOF was superior to that of γ-CD. The adsorption kinetics curve followed the Quasi-primary kinetics model, while the release curve adhered to the Ritger–Peppas model. Furthermore, the release behavior was primarily governed by the Fick diffusion mechanism, which was advantageous for achieving the sustained release of LCEO. The UV spectrum, infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET techniques confirmed the successful formation of the IC of LCEO with γ-CD-MOF. This study offers a promising technical solution for delaying the release and improving the sustained-release product of LCEO.Graphical

The potential of a combination of pungent spices as a novel supplement in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diets to aid in the strategic use of fish oil in aquafeeds: a holistic perspective.

This work studied the potential of a combination of pungent spices (capsicum, black pepper, ginger, and cinnamaldehyde) to be used as a supplement in diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; 44.1 ± 4.2g). During 90 days, fish were fed three experimental diets with low inclusion of fish oil and containing poultry fat as the main source of lipids, supplemented with graded levels of the tested supplement: 0 (control), 0.1 (SPICY0.1%), and 0.15% (SPICY0.15%). As a result, the pungent spices enhanced the growth performance, the activity of the bile-salt-activated lipase in the intestine, and decreased fat deposit levels within enterocytes. The SPICY0.1% diet reduced the feed conversion ratio and the perivisceral fat index and lipid deposits in the liver. Moreover, the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid in fillet increased in fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, while the hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed the SPICY0.15% diet. Furthermore, there was an effect on the expression of some biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in 2-h postprandial fish (fasn, elovl6, scd1b, cyp7a1, lpl, and pparβ), and in 48h fasted-fish fed with the SPICY0.1% diet, a regulation of the intestinal immune response was indicated. However, no significant differences were found in lipid apparent digestibility and proximate macronutrient composition. The spices did not affect biomarkers of hepatic or oxidative stress. No differences in microbial diversity were found, except for an increase in Simpson's Index in the posterior intestine of fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, reflected in the increased relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi and lower relative abundances of the genera Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, and Peptoniphilus. In conclusion, the supplementation of gilthead seabream diets with pungent spices at an inclusion of 0.1% was beneficial to enhance growth performance and feed utilization; reduce fat accumulation in the visceral cavity, liver, and intestine; and improve the fish health status and condition. Results suggest that the tested supplement can be used as part of a nutritional strategy to promote a more judicious use of fish oil in fish diets due to its decreasing availability and rising costs.

Study on the formation and anti-biofilm properties of cinnamon essential oil inclusion complexes by the structure of modified β-cyclodextrins

Essential oils (EOs), which are plant-oriented anti-biofilm agents, are extensively encapsulated by cyclodextrins to overcome their aqueous solubility and chemical instability, and achieve slow release during long-term storage. However, the biological activities of EOs decreased after initial encapsulation in CDs. In this study, modified-β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) were screened as wall materials to maintained the initial anti-biofilm effect of pure CEO. The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of CEO encapsulated in five types of β-CDs with different substituents (primary hydroxyl, maltosyl, hydroxypropyl, methyl, and carboxymethyl) against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm were evaluated. Crystal violet assay and 3D-View observations suggested that CEO and its inclusion complexes (CEO-ICs) inhibited Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation through the inhibition of colonising spreading, exopolysaccharide synthesis, and cell surface properties. Molecular docking revealed the causes of the decrease in the anti-biofilm effect after encapsulation, and quantitative structure-activity relationship assays provided MIC and MBIC prediction equation for modified-β-cyclodextrins inclusion complexes. Maltosyl-β-CD was screened as the best wall material to retained the anti-biofilm activities as pure cinnamon essential oil in initial stage, and its inclusion complexes can effectively inhibited biofilm formation in milk. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the selection β-CDs to encapsulate CEO as plant-oriented anti-biofilm agents to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation.

Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative to Marine Ingredients Elicits Superior Growth Performance and Resistance to Vibrio harveyi Infection for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

To assess the feasibility of incorporating insect meal and oil into diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei, a trial was conducted to measure growth and feed performance metrics within balanced iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid (36% protein and 6% lipid) experimental diets formulated with standard commercially sources ingredients. Incremental levels of BSF larval meal (BSFM, 0.5 to 5%) were used to partially substitute the use of fishmeal (FM) in the diet. In addition, next group of dietS were designed by using incremental levels of BSF larval oil (BSFO (0.5 to 5%) with 0.5% BSFM as a reference to partially and completely replace the use of fish oil (FO) within the diet. Ten dietary treatments were evaluated as four replicates in 40 Hapa ponds assigned randomly. Shrimp of initial mean weight of 0.97 g were fed by hand over 90 days with feed intake based on an FCR of 1.5 and all parameters recorded to determine response. Inclusion of up to 5% of both BSF meal and oil improved performance with respect to growth rate and feed utilization efficiency FCR. Total hemocyte counts and lysozyme activity reflected these trends displaying advantages of BSF diet groups compared to the basal fed group of L. Vannamei. After the growth trial, a disease challenge test was undertaken using an infection model with Vibrio harveyi at a concentration of 105 CFU shrimp-1 under controlled laboratory settings. As such, several indices of health status were recorded that included hemocyte counts, lysozyme activity as well as histopathology of the hepatopancreas that is a prime indicator of the progression of disease and a reflection on health status. Insect meal and oil inclusions increased survival from 40% to 60 - 80% and in accordance, raised the immune response and improved histopathological profiles of hepatopancreas tissues.

The effect of different levels of Hermetia illucens oil inclusion on caecal microbiota of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica, Gould, 1837)

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effect of the dietary inclusion of Hermetia illucens larvae oil on the diversity and structure of the bacterial community of the caecal content of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total of 40 quails, equally selected for slaughter from 100 animals which were divided evenly into four treatment groups including control group (C) with a diet containing corn oil and 3 experimental groups with partial (25%, 50%) or total (100%) substitution of corn oil by H. illucens larvae oil, here referred to as Black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFO): BSFO 25, BSFO 50 and BSFO 100, respectively. After slaughtering (42 days of age), the microbiota of caecal samples was examined by high-throughput sequencing using the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. In all the studied groups the dominant phylum was Firmicutes with prevailing families of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Caecal microbiota was meaningly influenced on genus level. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) analysis for the differential taxa abundance showed that Lactobacillus was significantly increased in BSFO 25 group, Fusicatenibacter was significantly enriched in all the experimental groups fed larvae oil (BSFO 25, 50 and 100) and Subdoligranulum was highly elevated in BSFO 100 group. The analysis revealed statistical dissimilarities between the control group (C) and the groups with 50% and 100% oil replacement (BSFO 50 and 100). The bacterial diversity was significantly suppressed in the samples of quails fed the diet with a total inclusion of H. illucens oil (BSFO 100). The results showed the considerable effect of Black soldier fly larvae oil on the caecal microbiota of Japanese quails.

High-Performance Supramolecular Organogel Adhesives for Antimicrobial Applications in Diverse Conditions.

Supramolecular organogel coatings that can disinfect the deposited microbial pathogens are emerging as an effective vehicle to prevent pathogen transmission. However, the development of anti-pathogen supramolecular adhesives with mechanical robustness and controlled oil inclusion is technically challenging. Here, we report supramolecular adhesives with mechanical integrity and robust interfacial adhesion over a wide range of biogenic antimicrobial oil. Bifunctional monomers are synthesized and assembled into linear polymers with semicrystalline stackings through hierarchical hydrogen bonds, where incorporated bioactive oil could regulate the semicrystalline stackings into nanosized crystalline domains through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The abundant bonding motifs provided by the supramolecular cross-linked networks could accommodate oil molecules with high inclusion capability and provide more interfacial binding sites with high adhesion strength, and the nanosized crystalline domains could stabilize the organogel network and compensate for the interactions with oil molecules to enhance structural and mechanical stability. In addition, rapid healing, robust adhesion, and antimicrobial and antiviral properties of the resultant organogel coatings are demonstrated. This study paves the way for the development of high-performance antimicrobial supramolecular adhesives with controlled oil inclusion, showing potential applications in soft robotics, tissue engineering, and biomedical devices.

Relationship between fluorescence and IR parameters of oil inclusions and crude oils in the Dongpu Depression (Bohai Bay Basin, China)

The Dongpu Depression is an important petroliferous basin in China with abundance of hydrocarbons. The fluorescence characteristics of inclusion oils and their relationship with the present-day produced crude oils have never been systematically studied in the basin scale. This knowledge can further clarify ambiguities in petroleum system modeling and support exploration efforts in the area. To this end, core samples and crude oils were collected from the Shahejie Formation (Paleogene) in the Dongpu Depression to perform fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy from the source rock and the reservoir. Results show that the fluorescence characteristics of oil inclusions in the source rocks are consistent with oil inclusions in the reservoirs in the northern part of the depression, showing blue, green, yellow and orange fluorescence colors; whereas orange fluorescence is absent in the southern part in inclusions. Moreover, lack of a robust relationship between λmax and QF-535 suggests crude oils have gone through secondary alterations towards becoming heavy oil. Herein, comparison between the IR (CH2/CH3) and fluorescence parameters (λmax and QF-535) illustrates that CH2/CH3, although is suitable for organic matter thermal maturity assessment, cannot be directly applied to the expelled oils. Moreover, the occurrence of orange fluorescing oils in the horsts can be accounted for a higher hydrocarbon potential in these areas. Additionally, establishing a clear relationship between fluorescence and IR parameters failed in certain strata or structural unit, proving a complex tectonic setting of the depression. Overall, this study reveals the geologic nature of the Dongpu Depression is very complicated, which means additional analytical studies to resolve the oil-source correlation problem, in particular, would be necessary.

Genetic selection for high growth improves the efficiency of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in using novel diets with insect meal, single-cell protein and a DHA rich-microalgal oil

Genetic selection and novel raw materials for aquafeeds are current key tools in the ongoing effort to increase the productivity, efficiency, and sustainability of the aquaculture sector. Selective breeding could also improve the utilization of novel dietary formulations with emergent ingredients. Gilthead sea bream juveniles, either coming from a selective breeding program based on growth traits, or a non-selected population, were nutritionally challenged with two novel dietary formulations that were compared with a Control diet based on 15% FM and 6% FO dietary commercial levels for this species. The novel formulations included an insect meal diet (INS) at 5% of the diet to replace 33.3% of the dietary FM, or a single-cell protein diet (SCP) at 10% of the diet and to replace 66.7% of the dietary FM. Fish oil was also totally replaced in these diets by a blend of poultry oil and Veramaris algal oil. Better growth and feed utilization of the selected genotype compared to non-selected fish was observed, at any of the diets assayed. INS and SCP novel diets reduced general performance of fish by reducing feed intake. However, selected fish fed novel diets showed very similar growth and lower feed conversion ratio compared with non-selected fish fed a control diet. The novel formulations increased n-3 LC-PUFA in fish tissues, particularly DHA, irrespective of the genotype, as a result of the dietary inclusion of the DHA-rich microalgal oil. Neither genetic selection nor the use of novel raw materials affected fillet proximate composition and consequently, sea bream fillet quality in terms of texture and sensorial perception of consumers. Overall, the results reaffirm the positive effects of selective breeding programs in improving sea bream key productive indicators, as well as support the use of novel dietary formulations, using insect meal from H. illucens, single-cell protein from M. capsulatus as partial replacers of FM in diets for gilthead sea bream (33 and 66% of replacement, respectively), and a blend of DHA-rich microalgal and poultry oils as total replacer of FO.

Effect of Sunflower Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Blood Metabolites of Mehsana Buffaloes

Background: In early post-partum buffaloes, feed intake is generally insufficient to meet the energy demand for milk production; as a consequence, body reserves are mobilized which can result in metabolic disorders and poor production performance. In order to enhance energy intake and reduce the detrimental effects of a negative energy balance, buffalo diets may be supplemented with lipids/vegetable oil. Some reported benefits of vegetable oil supplementation include increased energy concentration in the diet, reduced supply of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates, and better productive performance. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in India. Sunflower seed contains about 48-53 percent of edible oil. Recent studies demonstrated that sunflower oil supplementation improved the milk production and nutritional quality of milk fat which is beneficial to human health. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil supplementation on production performance of lactating Mehsana buffalo. Methods: Three experimental groups were as, CON: fed on basal diet (Control), SO125: fed basal diet supplemented with 125 ml of sunflower oil/animal/day and SO250: fed basal diet supplemented with 250 ml of sunflower oil/animal/day for a period of 90 days. Result: There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) in DM intake of lactating buffaloes among the dietary treatments. Dietary inclusion of sunflower oils improved milk yield by 17.9 to 20.7%, 6% FCM yield by 16.4 to 22.9% and ECM yield by 16.0 to 23.0% in SO125 and SO250 groups, respectively as compared to the CON. There were no differences (P greater than 0.05) in milk composition and yields of milk components. The milk fatty acid percentages of C20:0 and C24:0 were significantly decreased due feeding of sunflower oil as compared to the CON. Feeding of sunflower oil did not influence milk fat short chain, medium chain, saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in lactating Mehsana buffaloes. The serum concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, ALT and AST were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by supplementation of sunflower oil, however, serum cholesterol concentration was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased in SO125 and SO250 groups as compared to the CON group.

Essential oil extraction from lavender using negative pressure cavitation extraction and coating to extend grape shelf life

The purpose of this investigation was to extract the essential oil from lavender using the negative pressure cavitation extraction (NPCE) method and compare it to conventional hydro-distillation, as well as to assess the effect of extraction techniques on the yield and physicochemical activity of lavender essential oil. Linalyl acetate, camphor, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), borneol, terpinen-4-ol, caryophyllene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, and bisabolol are some of the primary compounds extracted from lavender essential oil. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of essential oil were measured. The lavender essential oil extracted using the NPCE technique had a total phenolic content of 73.17 ± 0.97mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100ml. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) refers to the ability of lavender essential oil extract to scavenge 50% of the original DPPH radicals. The lavender essential oil extracted using the NPCE process has an IC50 of 285.70 ± 0.46g/mL. The impact of sodium alginate edible coating in conjunction with lavender volatile oil (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/v) on overall grape quality was studied over 9 days period at 4°C. It was revealed that the sodium alginate coating infused with lavender essential oil preserved grape quality. The most effective application, however, was sodium alginate combined with lavender essential oil of 1%. Furthermore, the inclusion of lavender volatile oil in the sodium alginate coating decreased the microbial load.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Does It Modify Milk Composition of Hair Sheep?

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of olive oil addition on the production, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of sheep’s milk. Twenty-four lactating ewes with a live weight of 34.6 ± 4.61 kg were used. The animals were randomly distributed into four treatments (n = 6) with dietary addition of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (dry matter basis) olive oil for 45 days. Milk samples were taken every 7 days for fatty acid (FA) and chemical analyses. A decrease (p < 0.05) in dry matter and crude protein intake was observed with 4% oil inclusion. Milk production and milk components were similar between treatments. The kilograms of meat from weaned lambs linearly increased as the oil inclusion increased. Milk C4:0 to C17:0 decreased with 2% olive oil. The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA content in the milk increased with the oil inclusion. There was an increase in the milk’s linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid content with 2% olive oil. Overall, the addition of 2% extra virgin olive oil is recommended to improve milk’s FA profile without negative effects on animal performance.

Effect of Trehalose/OEO/Tween 80/Tween 20 Addition on Physical Stability of Edible Packaging during Storage in Different Humidity Conditions.

Edible packaging has been a topic of much discussion during recent years, mainly due to its lower environmental impact. This study aimed to investigate the properties of an edible packaging made from a combination of carrageenan, orange essential oil (OEO), and trehalose (Tre) under different humidity conditions. The films were analyzed based on their water content, solubility, and textural properties, such as strength and breaking strain. The results of the study showed that the addition of trehalose reduced the water content and increased the strength of the packaging, regardless of the humidity conditions. The inclusion of orange essential oil also contributed to lower water content, which led to more water-resistant packaging (during standard humidity conditions (45%)-c: 15.31%; Tre3OT80: 4.04%, Tre1OT80: 4.48%). The findings of this study have important implications for the production of stable and environmentally friendly edible packaging. The results demonstrate the potential of trehalose and orange essential oil as additives to enhance the properties of edible packaging, particularly in terms of its resistance to moisture. The best results were found in Tre1OT80 and Tre3OT80 samples. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of considering storage conditions in the development of edible packaging, as different humidity levels can significantly affect the packaging's properties and shelf life. The findings have practical applications for the food industry, particularly in the development of sustainable packaging solutions and for further studies where the application of this packaging can be analyzed for different foodstuffs.

Effect of bocaiuva pulp oil supplementation of broiler chicken diets on growth performance and quality and oxidative stability of meat

We evaluated inclusion levels of bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.) pulp oil (BPO) in the diets of broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and quality and oxidative stability of meat. Broiler chickens (1,176) were randomly allocated to 7 treatments: a positive control (PC) with antibiotic (avilamycin); a negative control (NC) without performance enhancer; and 5 inclusion levels of BPO (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) added to the NC diet, with 7 replications and 24 broiler chickens each. From 0 to 7 d, broiler chickens fed the PC diet (P = 0.013) and those that received the BPO-containing diets (P = 0.006), had greater weight gain compared to NC. From 0 to 42 d, broiler chickens that received BPO had worse feed conversion ratio compared to the PC diet (P = 0.033). There was a quadratic effect of the inclusion levels of BPO on wing yield, with a lower percentage predicted at the level of 217 ppm of BPO (P = 0.008). Broiler chickens that received diets containing BPO had lower breast yield when compared to the PC and NC (P = 0.033). The variable lightness (L*) at 15 min postmortem was influenced by BPO inclusion levels, with an increasing linear effect (P = 0.048). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content was higher in the meat samples analyzed after 20 d of storage, regardless of the inclusion level of BPO (P = 0.001). Bocaiuva pulp oil inclusion in broiler chicken diets increases body weight gain up to 7d. During the other rearing periods, the inclusion of BPO had little or no effect on growth performance. According to meat quality and lipid oxidation analyses, the antioxidant effect of BPO was not observed. In summary, bocaiuva pulp oil can be used in broiler chicken diets to replace performance enhancers up to d 7.

Natural resources led innovation: Employing structural break approach to explore USA's natural resources sector

A plethora of studies exist on the nexus of natural resources and economic expansion; however, the findings are subjective, and therefore, limited studies are available in the US based on the linkage of natural resources and technology via considering structural breaks. The study covers the different gaps in the literature by providing an understanding of whether the NRR fosters innovation or impedes it in the USA. Hence, this study evaluates the linkage of natural resource rents, including mineral rents, oil rents, coal rents, forest rents, and natural gas rents, and technological innovation in the USA from 1980 to 2021. The study also incorporated the role of economic growth as a controlling variable. The study employed ADF and Bayer-Hanck test for unit roots and long-term cointegration. The least squares method is employed as the primary method and for robustness check analysis, the frequency domain causality approach is utilized. The results validate variables are found stationary at difference D (1) and long-term cointegration has been confirmed in the variables. The findings deliberate that natural resource rents have the existence of a resource curse on technological innovation except for mineral rents which are significant even with the inclusion and exclusion of oil and coal rents. The study further concluded that economic growth stimulates technological innovation in the USA. The outcomes of robustness check analysis via frequency domain causality approaches provide similar results and indicate bi-directional causality among variables. It is concluded that natural resources should be diversified and break its cluster of monopolistic rents to sustainable development and foster innovation in the US.

Paleo fluid system change from deep burial to exhumation of the Precambrian petroleum reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin, China: Evidence from P-T-X records

Economically viable accumulations of hydrocarbons hosted in the Precambrian rocks are globally rare, as a protracted history available for them to escape or be destroyed due to various processes including thermal and bacterial degradations and tectonic disruption. A recent gas discovery in the late Ediacaran dolomites of the Sichuan Basin (SW China) provides an opportunity to understand the formation and preservation of ancient petroleum systems. Paleo fluid pressure-temperature-composition (P-T-X) conditions from deep burial to exhumation are evaluated from microthermometry and Raman data obtained from fluid inclusions.We identified three texturally distinct generations of gas-bearing fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs), which delineate an operating petroleum system where gas remigrated during exhumation that followed oil cracking during deep burial. The older FIAs (types 1 and 2) show a petrographic association with bitumen and are interpreted to be the result of thermal cracking. Type 1 FIAs formed through in-situ cracking of pre-existing oil inclusions and have recorded the paleo oil charge during the middle Triassic to early Jurassic. Type 2 FIAs were trapped during the prolonged intra-reservoir oil cracking that occurred between the late Jurassic and late Cretaceous. Our pore pressure calculations indicate overpressured conditions, a result of active gas generation during thermal cracking. Lithostatic overpressures accumulated and were sustained under weak tectonic compression prior to peak burial.Type 3 FIAs have been interpreted as reflective of the gas-bearing system reactivation during exhumation. These FIAs indicate the relative reduction in the proportion of aqueous to gas inclusions, which may be due to a decrease in water saturation following gas emplacement. Uplift processes during early exhumation likely facilitated breaching of the system and remobilization of fluids, resulting in gas escape and overpressure release. The drastic increase in formation water salinity, which was documented in the fluid inclusion dataset, points to the arrival of hypersaline brine during the Eocene to Oligocene. This brine could have originated either from the lower Cambrian evaporated CaCl2 seawater or from the dissolution of the lower-middle Triassic halite. From the late Miocene to present, progressively exhumed reservoirs may have received an influx of relatively fresh water from shallow aquifers, as shown by the correspondence between P-T-X records and present-day reservoir conditions.

Essential Oils as a Dietary Additive for Laying Hens: Performance, Egg Quality, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Morphology: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils (EOs) on egg production and quality, antioxidant status in blood serum, and the intestinal morphology of laying hens. The data used were obtained from 38 peer-reviewed publications. The effect size was evaluated by weighted mean differences (WMD) between the experimental treatments (diets added with EOs) and the control treatments (diets without EOs). EO supplementation increased (p < 0.001) egg production (WMD = 2.171%), egg weight (WMD = 0.636 g), egg mass (WMD = 1.679 g/d), and decreased the feed conversion ratio (WMD = −0.074 g/g; p < 0.001). In addition, greater (p < 0.05) eggshell thickness (WMD = 14.262 mm), eggshell strength (0.080 kg/cm2), albumen height (WMD = 0.201 mm), Haugh unit (WMD = 1.102), and yolk color (WMD = 0.071) were observed in response to EO supplementation. In blood serum, the dietary inclusion of EOs increased (p < 0.05) the levels of superoxide dismutase (WMD = 1.147 U/mL), glutathione peroxidase (WMD = 879.553 U/mL), and total antioxidant capacity (WMD = 1.163 U/mL). In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, a higher (p < 0.05) villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus width, and VH/CD ratio was observed in response to EO supplementation. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of essential oils can be used as a nutritional strategy to improve egg production and quality, the antioxidant status of blood serum, and intestinal morphology in laying hens.

The effect of various additives on the microbiota of ruminant rumen and the course of metabolic processes in the rumen <i>in vitro</i> studies

Relevance. In an in vitro study, changes in the taxonomic scar and the course of fermentation processes in response to the addition of various lipid additives to the ruminant diet were studied.Methods. Three samples were formed: control — without the addition of oil, the experimental ones were supplemented with sunflower oil (3%) (I) and soy (3%) (II). The object of the study is the scar content obtained from Kazakh white-headed bulls with chronic scar fistula (n = 3) by the Latin square method. Studies of the digestibility of SV were carried out using the incubator «ANKOM DaisyII» according to a specialized technique. Laboratory studies: the level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the contents of the scar was determined by gas chromatography on a gas chromatograph «Crystallux-4000M», determination of nitrogen forms according — to GOST 26180-84. Microbial biodiversity of the rumen contents was carried out using MiSeq («Illumina», USA) by the new generation sequencing method (NGS) with a set of reagents MiSeq® Reagent Kit v3 (600 cycle).Results. The addition of oils had a stimulating effect on the digestibility of SV feed in the rumen, increasing this indicator by 2.7%. Compared with the control, the addition of oil reduced the concentration of total and protein nitrogen in the scar content, while the content of non-protein nitrogen increased (by 5.4%) when using sunflower and (by 7.8%) soybean oil. The additional inclusion of oils showed an increase in the level of acetic and butyric acids, respectively: in the group using sunflower oil — by 46.8% and 55.6%, in the group with soybean oil — by 51.5% and 60.5% relative to the control. The additional inclusion of sunflower oil in the diet showed a change in the number of microorganisms in the RYE, but the qualitative composition of the microbiota relative to the control group did not change significantly.

Multi-functional konjac glucomannan/chitosan bilayer films reinforced with oregano essential oil loaded β-cyclodextrin and anthocyanins for cheese preservation

In this work, a multifunctional bilayer film was prepared by solvent casting method. Elderberry anthocyanins (EA) were incorporated into konjac glucomannan (KGM) film as the inner indicator layer (KEA). β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) loaded with oregano essential oil (OEO) inclusion complexes (β-CD@OEO) was prepared and incorporated into chitosan (CS) film as the outer hydrophobic and antibacterial layer (CS-β-CD@OEO). The impacts of β-CD@OEO on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, water vapor permeability and water resistance properties, pH sensitivity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of bilayer films were thoroughly evaluated. The incorporation of β-CD@OEO into bilayer films can significantly improve the mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS): 65.71 MPa and elongation at break (EB): 16.81 %), thermal stability, and water resistance (Water contact angle (WCA): 88.15°, water vapor permeability (WVP): 3.53 g mm/m2 day kPa). In addition, the KEA/CS-β-CD@OEO bilayer films showed color variations in acid-base environments, which could be used as pH-responsive indicators. The KEA/CS-β-CD@OEO bilayer films also presented controlled release of OEO, good antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity, which exhibited good potential for the preservation of cheese. To sum up, KEA/CS-β-CD@OEO bilayer films have potential applications in the field of food packaging industry.