Inclusion In Years Research Articles

『제왕운기』의 역사서술 특징과 이승휴의 역사관

In Jewang Ungi, the founding years and overall durations of all mentioned dynasties are provided. Particularly, for prehistoric myths and legends such as Pan Gu(盤古), Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors(三皇五帝), Dangun(檀君), and Kija(箕子), specific years are included. Furthermore, this section presents references to support these years. The inclusion of years serves the purpose of establishing a clear timeline of historical dynasties and enhancing the credibility of the work. By presenting references from myths, legends, and the field of ancient history, the author aims to demonstrate that Jewang Ungi is not a work of fiction but rather a means to increase its authenticity and reliability, especially in the realms of myths, legends, and ancient history. In the context of ancient Korean history, Jewang Ungi introduces several new elements not found in other historical texts. It primarily focuses on the founding myths of Gojoseon(古朝鮮) and the transfer of power in the King Jun(準王) tradition, offering a fresh perspective on historical recognition. Additionally, Jewang Ungi presents new information regarding the Three Han Kingdoms(三韓), Koguryo(高句麗), Baekje(百濟), and Balhae(渤海) that is not found in the Samguk Sagi(三國史記) and Samguk Yusa(三國遺事). These unique contents suggest a significant difference from our present-day sources and thus add value to Jewang Ungi as historical documentation. In Jewang Ungi, specifically the section on Chinese history, the legitimacy of various Chinese dynasties is determined. Yi Seunghyu's theory of legitimacy emphasized the prevailing reality while also acknowledging the significance of Chinese culture and civilization. This perspective was shaped by the historical context of that time and the experiences Yi Seunghyu went through in his life. Jewang Ungi consistently emphasized the guiding Principles of Confucius in writing the Annals(春秋筆法), which was a shared principle among the officials and literati of the Goryeo period. Yi Seunghyu, as a scholar himself, approached Jewang Ungi from a Confucian scholarly standpoint. However, it is insufficient to summarize his historical perspective based solely on Confucian ideology. Considering the openness and diversity of Goryeo society and its intellectual discourse, it is more appropriate to recognize Yi Seunghyu's historical perspective as one characterized by flexible inclusiveness and plurality.

Joint longitudinal model-based meta-analysis of FEV1 and exacerbation rate in randomized COPD trials.

Model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) is an approach that integrates relevant summary level data from heterogeneously designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study not only evaluated the predictability of a published MBMA for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and its link to annual exacerbation rate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but also included data from new RCTs. A comparative effectiveness analysis across all drugs was also performed. Aggregated level data were collected from RCTs published between July 2013 and November 2020 (n = 132 references comprising 156 studies) and combined with data used in the legacy MBMA (published RCTs up to July 2013 - n = 142). The augmented data (n = 298) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the published MBMA using goodness-of-fit plots for assessment. Furthermore, the model was extended including drugs that were not available before July 2013, estimating a new set of parameters. The legacy MBMA model predicted the post-2013 FEV1 data well, and new estimated parameters were similar to those of drugs in the same class. However, the exacerbation model overpredicted the post-2013 mean annual exacerbation rate data. Inclusion of year when the study started on the pre-treatment placebo rate improved the model predictive performance perhaps explaining potential improvements in the disease management over time. The addition of new data to the legacy COPD MBMA enabled a more robust model with increased predictability performance for both endpoints FEV1 and mean annual exacerbation rate.

Supporting College Choice Among International Students through Collaborative Filtering.

In this paper we use historic score-reporting records and test-taker metadata to inform data-driven recommendations that support international students in their choice of undergraduate institutions for study in the United States. We investigate the use of Structural Topic Modeling (STM) as a context-aware, probabilistic recommendation method that uses test-takers’ selections and metadata to model the latent space of college preferences. We present the model results from two perspectives: 1) to understand the impact of TOEFL score and test year on test-takers’ preferences and choices and 2) to recommend to the test-taker additional undergraduate institutions for application consideration. We find that TOEFL scores can explain variance in the probability that test-takers belong to certain preference-groups and, by accounting for this, our system adjusts recommendations based on student score. We also find that the inclusion of year, while not significantly altering recommendations, does enable us to capture minor changes in the relative popularity of similar institutions. The performance of this model demonstrates the utility of this approach for providing students with personalized college recommendations and offers a useful baseline approach that can be extended with additional data sources.

Constructing County-Level Data for Agricultural Inputs and Analyzing Agricultural Productivity, 1951-1980

Constructing County-Level Data for Agricultural Inputs and Analyzing Agricultural Productivity, 1951-1980

Spatially detailed retrievals of spring phenology from single-season high-resolution image time series

Vegetation indices derived from satellite image time series have been extensively used to estimate the timing of phenological events like season onset. Medium spatial resolution (≥250m) satellite sensors with daily revisit capability are typically employed for this purpose. In recent years, phenology is being retrieved at higher resolution (≤30m) in response to increasing availability of high-resolution satellite data. To overcome the reduced acquisition frequency of such data, previous attempts involved fusion between high- and medium-resolution data, or combinations of multi-year acquisitions in a single phenological reconstruction. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate that phenological parameters can now be retrieved from single-season high-resolution time series, and to compare these retrievals against those derived from multi-year high-resolution and single-season medium-resolution satellite data. The study focuses on the island of Schiermonnikoog, the Netherlands, which comprises a highly-dynamic saltmarsh, dune vegetation, and agricultural land. Combining NDVI series derived from atmospherically-corrected images from RapidEye (5m-resolution) and the SPOT5 Take5 experiment (10m-resolution) acquired between March and August 2015, phenological parameters were estimated using a function fitting approach. We then compared results with phenology retrieved from four years of 30m Landsat 8 OLI data, and single-year 100m Proba-V and 250m MODIS temporal composites of the same period. Retrieved phenological parameters from combined RapidEye/SPOT5 displayed spatially consistent results and a large spatial variability, providing complementary information to existing vegetation community maps. Retrievals that combined four years of Landsat observations into a single synthetic year were affected by the inclusion of years with warmer spring temperatures, whereas adjustment of the average phenology to 2015 observations was only feasible for a few pixels due to cloud cover around phenological transition dates. The Proba-V and MODIS phenology retrievals scaled poorly relative to their high-resolution equivalents, indicating that medium-resolution phenology retrievals need to be interpreted with care, particularly in landscapes with fine-scale land cover variability.

Relationships between dry matter yield and height of rotationally grazed dryland lucerne

Between 2009/2010 and 2014/2015 a total of 711 destructive paired samples of total dry matter yield (kg DM/ha) and lucerne height were taken from a grazed dryland lucerne monoculture experiment at Ashley Dene, Canterbury, New Zealand. These were used to develop relationships suitable for on-farm estimates of lucerne. For pre-graze yields, the variation accounted for increased from 59%, based on lucerne height alone, to 84% for the 14 Year/Season combinations. For postgrazing residual DM yields, inclusion of Year as a factor increased the R2 from 0.39 to 0.65. Pre-graze data were also grouped into spring, summer and autumn. These relationships accounted for 54-60% of the observed variation in dryland lucerne. In spring the multiplier was ~95 kg DM/cm and this dropped to ~75 kg DM/ cm for heights measured in the summer. In autumn the multiplier was ~55 kg DM/cm. Lack of stability in the relationships over time could reflect environmental conditions and changes in stand density which height measurements alone cannot account for. Keywords: alfalfa, dry matter yield estimates, height, Medicago sativa L., regression analysis

Does individual investor trading impact firm valuation?

Motivated by recent evidence of informed trading by individual investors (Kaniel et al., 2012; Kelley and Tetlock, 2013; Wang and Zhang, 2015), we posit that individual investor trading enhances firm performance. Consistent with the conjecture, we find that individual investor trading positively impacts firm value. The results are robust to inclusion of year, industry and firm fixed effects, alternative model specifications, a control for endogeneity, Granger causality test, matched sample analysis and subsample analyses. The positive effect of individual investor trading on firm value is stronger for firms with higher information production and stocks with higher spread, consistent with the information and spread channel mechanism. Our results suggest that trading by individual investors enhances firm value by improving stock price informativeness and reducing spread.

Does Individual Investor Trading Impact Firm Valuation?

Motivated by recent evidence of informed trading by individual investors (Kaniel, Liu, Saar and Titman, 2012; Kelley and Tetlock, 2012), we posit that individual investor trading enhances firm performance. Consistent with the conjecture, we find that individual investor trading positively impacts firm value as measured by Tobin’s q. The results are robust to inclusion of year, industry and firm fixed effects, a control for endogeneity, and alternative model specifications. The positive effect of individual investor trading on firm value is stronger for firms with greater information asymmetry and higher information production. Our results indicate that trading by individual investors enhances firm value by improving stock price informativeness.

Plate-Tectonic Analysis of Shallow Seismicity: Apparent Boundary Width, Beta, Corner Magnitude, Coupled Lithosphere Thickness, and Coupling in Seven Tectonic Settings

A new plate model is used to analyze the mean seismicities of seven types of plate boundary (crb, continental rift boundary; ctf, continental transform fault; ccb, continental convergent boundary; osr, oceanic spreading ridge; otf, oceanic transform fault; ocb, oceanic convergent boundary; sub, subduction zone). We compare the platelike (nonorogen) regions of model PB2002 (Bird, 2003) with the centroid moment tensor (cmt) catalog to select apparent boundary half-widths and then assign 95% of shallow earthquakes to one of these settings. A tapered Gutenberg-Richter model of the frequency/moment relation is fit to the subcatalog for each setting by maximum likelihood. Best-fitting β values range from 0.53 to 0.92, but all 95% confidence ranges are consistent with a common value of 0.61–0.66. To better determine some corner magnitudes we expand the subcatalogs by (1) inclusion of orogens and (2) inclusion of years 1900–1975 from the catalog of Pacheco and Sykes (1992). Combining both earthquake statistics and the plate-tectonic constraint on moment rate, corner magnitudes include the following: crb, ![Graphic][1] ; ctf, ![Graphic][2] ; ccb, ![Graphic][3] ; ocb, ![Graphic][4] ; and sub, ![Graphic][5] . Coupled lithosphere thicknesses are found to be the following: crb, ![Graphic][6] ; ctf, ![Graphic][7] ; ccb, ![Graphic][8] ; osr, ![Graphic][9] for normal faulting and ![Graphic][10] for strike slip; otf, ![Graphic][11] , and ![Graphic][12] at low, medium, and high velocities; ocb, ![Graphic][13] ; and sub, ![Graphic][14] . In general, high coupling of subduction and continental plate boundaries suggests that here all seismic gaps are dangerous unless proven to be creeping. In general, low coupling within oceanic lithosphere suggests a different model of isolated seismic fault patches surrounded by large seismic gaps that may be permanent. Online Material : Global seismic subcatalogs of shallow earthquakes. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-8.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-9.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-10.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-11.gif [12]: /embed/inline-graphic-12.gif [13]: /embed/inline-graphic-13.gif [14]: /embed/inline-graphic-14.gif

Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity in Japan

This paper analyzes whether or not Japanese nominal wages exhibit downward rigidity. We posit a wage adjustment model in which, below a certain wage inflation rate, wages may or may not move as much as optimal or notional wages do. By using data on wages of 18 industries and aggregate time series data, we find that nominal wages were rigid downward until 1998, but not with the inclusion of years 1999 and 2000. That is, Japanese wages responded flexibly downward to the recession of 1997–1998, but with a lag. The interpretation of such results is not straightforward. But we provide some preliminary discussions of possible factors behind such a pattern of wage movements, focusing on the relationship between wage changes and the seniority-based wage system. J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 2001, 15(1), pp. 50–67. The Bank of Japan, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0021, Japan. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E24, E31, J30.

Review of infection control literature 1973 through 1981

A total of 446 manuscripts published between 1973 and 1981 were selected for analysis in this review of the literature. More than half of these articles used research designs, with presentations of epidemic outbreaks the single greatest category. The overall category of surveillance was addressed in some way in almost three fourths of all manuscripts reviewed. Some aspect of ICP role components was the topic of about 10% (n = 55) of the total sample. Physicians were credited as first authors in 56.7% of the articles. It was not possible to determine the exact extent of ICP authorship because credentials varied widely. Finally, a cursory effort was undertaken to quantify numbers of articles that might have met study criteria for inclusion in years after 1981. That effort confirmed the investigators' suspicion that the yearly total of published manuscripts continued to escalate, as did the number of specialty journals in infection control.

Age and Month of Calving Adjustments of Holstein Protein, Milk, and Fat Lactation Yields

Effects of age and month of calving on Holstein protein, fat, and milk yields were estimated from 15,867 lactation records from the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association files. Herds were absorbed, and constants were fit for year of calving before the function of age was derived. A separate quadratic function of age for each calendar month of calving was determined. Herd effects accounted for 28.9% of variation in protein yield, 27.1% in fat yield, and 26.7% in milk yield. Increases in multiple correlations squared were .6% for fat and milk and .8% for protein with inclusion of year in the model and 1.3% for protein, 1.4% for fat, and 2.1% for milk with the inclusion of month of calving. Linear effects of age within month of calving accounted for multiple correlation squared increases of 13.2, 13.4, and 14.2% for protein, fat, and milk whereas quadratic effects increased these percentages additional 5.8, 5.7, and 5.6%, respectively. These models were used to calculate factors for age and month of calving for each trait.The factors adjust for age and month of calving to maturity and average month of calving.