The hallucination issues in generative artificial intelligence (GAI), stemming from training data bias and algorithmic misjudgment, constitute a significant source for information security problems. The resultant novel security threats, particularly the dissemination of false and biased information, pose a bottleneck constraining the development of GAI. Existing supervision mechanisms mostly focus on the binary game between the government and enterprises, neglecting the supervision value of users as direct risk-bearers. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper constructs a tripartite dynamic game model among enterprises, government and users, and analyzes the synergistic evolution mechanisms of responsible innovation in enterprises, user participation in supervision and the reward and punishment policy by government. Through the tripartite strategy matrix and replicator dynamics equation, we analyze the evolutionarily stable strategies and their influencing factors of each player, exploring the collaborative supervision mechanisms of GAI by numerical simulation. We find that: (1) There is an equilibrium point in the system, which is the evolutionarily stable strategies of responsible innovation in enterprises, user participation in supervision, and strict supervision by government. (2) The implementation of reward and punishment mechanisms by government for enterprises accelerates the realization of the evolutionarily stable strategies of the system. When the sum of government rewards obtained by enterprises and reputation premium brought by user feedback exceeds their additional costs, incentive measures such as subsidies or rewards adopted by the government are more effective in promoting enterprises to choose responsible innovation strategies, compared with simply intensifying punitive measures. (3) Designing an effective user evaluation feedback mechanism and increasing the rewards for user participation in supervision enhance the supervision willingness of users and accelerate the realization of evolutionarily stable states of collaborative supervision.

To investigate the impact of a multicomponent quality improvement (QI) and financial incentive program on chest radiograph (CXR) stewardship in children with asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup in a statewide emergency network. The Michigan Emergency Department Improvement Collaborative launched a multicomponent QI program in March 2019 to decrease routine CXR use in children with common respiratory conditions. A subset of sites elected to adopt this CXR use metric within a financial incentive program. We analyzed data from visits between May 2017 and April 2023 at 39 emergency departments (EDs). The primary outcome was overall CXR use as a proportion of ED visits for asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup. We aggregated performance monthly at the site level and used statistical process control charts to assess improvement trends. Changes in ED revisits for respiratory conditions within 72 hours and admission rates served as balancing measures. A total of 114 238 respiratory visits were included. Network-wide CXR use decreased from 34.3% of all ED respiratory visits at baseline to 21.1%. In sites selecting CXR use as an incentive measure, CXR use decreased from 32.5% to 19.2%. Rates of ED revisits for respiratory conditions did not change from the pre- to postintervention period (3.4% vs 3.6%, P = .22), while admission rates increased only modestly (21.5% vs 22.5%, P < .001). ED use of CXR in children with common respiratory conditions decreased statewide after implementation of a multicomponent QI initiative and incentive program, providing a potential framework for improvement in other health care systems.

Purpose This study examines an unexplored dimension of risk-taking incentives – heterogeneity among top executives – and its impacts on corporate outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of S&P 1500 companies in 1992–2016, this study measures managerial heterogeneity as the standard deviation of risk-taking incentives of a firm's top-paid managers. The incentive measure is defined as the sensitivity of an executive's wealth in option holdings to a change in firm risk. Panel data regressions with fixed effects are employed. Furthermore, difference-in-difference and instrumental variables approaches are utilized to mitigate potential endogeneity concerns. Findings The findings indicate that firms run by top managers with more divergent risk-taking incentives tend to play it safe, characterized by lower risk-taking and weaker performance. The analysis also explores potential channels through which such heterogeneity may be linked to these outcomes: greater divergence in incentives is associated with attenuated investment efficiency, lower R&D, and less likelihood of M&A transactions. Originality/value Despite many previous studies on risk-taking incentives of a firm's CEO, little is known about the incentives of the firm's all executives as a team. When the top managers collectively make important decisions, heterogeneity in risk-taking may lead to conflicts between self-interested managers, consequently affecting the firm's decisions and performance. This observation contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the role of an unexplored management characteristic – risk-taking incentive heterogeneity – in corporate decision-making. The study underscores the notion that the efficiency of corporate decisions depends not only on the average level or strength but also on the divergence of managerial risk-taking incentives.

Background: From the perspective of product liability, this study explores how agricultural product e-commerce enterprises can enhance the quality of the agricultural product supply chain through quality incentive strategies. Methods: Based on a tripartite evolutionary game model, the strategic interactions among farmers, agricultural product e-commerce enterprises, and the government are analyzed. Results: The research finds that whether the system converges to the ideal equilibrium of “high-quality production—ex-ante quality cost-sharing—collaborative governance” depends on the combined effects of revenue distribution, liability costs, and external incentives or penalties. Among these, government-led collaborative governance plays a key guiding role in incentivizing enterprises and influencing farmers’ behaviors. The incentive measures implemented by e-commerce enterprises and government penalties can effectively curb farmers’ low-quality production behaviors. Conclusions: The study further reveals how factors such as ex-ante cost-sharing, liability allocation, and farmers’ conformity psychology affect the stability of agricultural product supply chain quality, thereby providing theoretical support for constructing a “policy-platform-farmer” collaborative governance framework.

Research into green agricultural products significantly enhances the sustainable development of China’s agriculture. These products ensure food safety, meet quality demands, reduce pollution, and advance agricultural green transformation. Utilising evolutionary game theory, this study analyses the interactions among the government, universities, and consumers in the research and development (R&D) on green agricultural products. Results show that under specific conditions, strategic interactions evolve toward stable states: (1,1,0) or (1,1,1). Secondly, critical factors affecting universities’ R&D demonstrate threshold effects. Third, government incentive measures have a significant impact on the R&D willingness of universities and the choices of consumers drives the enthusiasm of universities in making R&D decisions. Policy effectiveness and the outcomes of universities’ R&D subsequently constrain consumer choices. Short-term government incentives are crucial for promoting universities’ green agricultural R&D. Long-term sustainability, however, requires integrating market-driven incentives with government policies to sustain universities’ R&D strategies. This work offers theoretical and practical guidance for governmental policy-making, universities’ R&D strategies, and the upgrading of consumer behaviour. These findings critically support agriculture’s green and sustainable development.

ABSTRACT Against the backdrop of escalating global environmental challenges, green finance has gained prominence as a critical instrument for advancing sustainability. This study investigates the impact and mechanisms of green credit policies on the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance of construction companies. Using a sample of Chinese A‐share listed firms from 2009 to 2023 and employing a Propensity Score Matching–Difference‐in‐Differences approach, the findings reveal that green credit significantly enhances the overall ESG scores of construction enterprises, primarily through green technology innovation and charitable activities. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the policy effect is stronger in civil engineering and building construction, but limited in decoration and installation sectors. Firms in eastern China respond more strongly than those in central and western regions. The study recommends that enterprises optimize green innovation and social responsibility investments, while policymakers should strengthen regional coordination and adopt sector‐specific incentive measures.

Based on organizational psychology and social exchange theory (SET), this study focuses on the scenario of new ventures-an area where the application of SET has not been fully explored. The study aims to fill the research gap in "an exploration of the relationship between talent innovation training based on SET and enterprise performance in new ventures". Meanwhile, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the interactive relationship between new ventures and employees, providing theoretical and practical support for accelerating the development of new ventures and talent training. The study constructs a theoretical and relational model of enterprise-employee exchange and designs a questionnaire by combining existing theories and expert opinions. Moreover, a cross-sectional quantitative survey method is adopted to research 315 employees from multiple new ventures in China. Data analysis is carried out using SPSS 25.0 software. The research results show that both enhancing organizational support and organizational justice significantly and positively impact employees' sense of belonging. Employee's sense of belonging further shows a significant positive correlation with multi-dimensional performance indicators such as work efficiency, team collaboration, and continuous learning; employee's "sense of awe" towards the organization has no significant correlation with performance. This study indicates that new ventures can effectively improve enterprise performance by building a supportive and fair organizational environment to enhance employee's sense of belonging. Based on this, it is suggested that new ventures adopt a democratic and open management model, create a positive team atmosphere, and rationally use incentive measures. The study provides targeted practical guidance for new ventures to optimize the talent innovation training mechanism and improve organizational performance, while enriching the application research of SET in the entrepreneurial context.

Based on the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model, this study systematically evaluates 19 national-level and 13 regional-level rare disease policy documents from 2016 to 2025, aiming to reveal the structural characteristics and consistency level of China's rare disease policy system. Using ROSTCM 6.0 software, high-frequency keywords and semantic networks from the policy texts were extracted to identify policy focus and thematic evolution. A PMC evaluation system was constructed to assign values and conduct a visual analysis of the sample policies. Results show that the average PMC index for China's rare disease policies is 5.31 (national level) and 4.94 (local level), falling within the "excellent-acceptable" range overall, indicating that the structure of China's rare disease policy system is well-developed. Among the indicators, policy nature (X2), policy function (X8), and outcome orientation (X4) scored higher, reflecting strategic planning and institutional characteristics at the national level. In contrast, incentive measures (X5), patient support (X6), and social support (X9) scored lower, highlighting deficiencies in research and development incentives, social integration, and long-term support mechanisms. Further comparisons reveal that national policies emphasize top-level design and institutional development. In contrast, local policies focus more on exploratory efforts in medical assistance and policy innovation. To optimize China's rare disease policy system, it is essential to improve incentive and social support systems, promote coordinated legislation between national and local levels, establish a national rare disease information platform and a dedicated fund, and build a comprehensive policy chain.

Actors' roles in forest landscape restoration (FLR) have gained scientific traction, although there is a lack of clarity on the link between actors' interests, power, and institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. We used actor-centred power and endogenous-cum-exogenous institutional analytical lenses to determine the effects of actors' interests and power elements on institutional compliance in rural Cameroon's FLR. We used interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys, and non-participant observations to obtain data for this study. The logistic regression and content analyses revealed that exogenous actors (e.g., forestry officials, sub-divisional councils officials) are more interested in the ecological and political benefits of FLR, while endogenous actors-traditional leaders, family heads, and ordinary community members-focus more on sociocultural and economic benefits. The common power elements that actors use to shape the behaviours of other actors when pursuing their interests are dominant information, coercion, and disincentives. Incentive measures are rarely employed. However, coercive and disincentive measures, especially by exogenous actors, often lead to non-compliance with institutional arrangements. In contrast, dominant information and incentives foster partial or full compliance. By establishing the variations in the effects of actors' power on institutional compliance, the study contributes to governance scholarship by demonstrating the need to move beyond the rigid dichotomy between actor-centred and institutionalist perspectives-a divide that characterises the classical structure-agency theoretical debate. FLR policies should emphasise leveraging the mutual interests of all actors, enhancing incentives, and minimising coercion and disincentives. Future studies should assess the influence of institutions on actors' engagement in FLR-related practices.

The flexible scheduling of residential loads provides a new means for the operation regulation of power systems. However, users in reality are bounded rational economic agents, and their responses to electricity prices or incentive measures exhibit heterogeneity and uncertainty. This paper proposes a distribution network loss reduction strategy based on the bounded rational resident load demand response scheduling and distribution network reconfiguration. Firstly, considering the information interaction, strategy learning, and updating of users in their response to electricity prices, a user demand response analysis model based on evolutionary game theory on social networks is proposed. Secondly, the time‐of‐use price is optimized with the goal of minimizing the load fluctuation of distribution networks considering the bounded rational response behavior of residential users, and the residential loads are reasonably distributed on the time scale. Then, considering the influence of spatial difference of residential loads on the power flow and voltage distribution, the distribution network is reconstructed by using flexible switches to transfer power flow and improve voltage quality. Finally, simulation results show that the flexible scheduling of residential loads and the distribution network reconstruction can not only reduce peak‐valley difference and loss of distribution networks but also improve the voltage quality.

The authors analyze the mechanisms for ensuring the sustainability of industrial ecosystems in the Russian Federation during the period of large-scale economic and technological sanctions in 2022–2025. Based on a retrospective review of the crises of 2008 and 2014–2015, the inherited systemic vulnerabilities of the domestic industry are revealed: dependence on raw materials, technological dependence on imports, and weakness in long-term fi nancing. The research focuses on a qualitatively new sanctions reality characterized by shocks: logistical gaps, restrictions on access to critical technologies and fi nancial markets. The authors systematize adaptation strategies of enterprises, including active import substitution, relocation of supply chains, accelerated digitalization and reorientation to the markets of friendly countries. Special attention is paid to the evolution of institutional support from the state: from targeted anti-crisis measures to formation of a comprehensive system, including concessional fi nancing, special investment contracts (SPIC 2.0), fi scal incentive measures and the development of feedback mechanisms (establishing a direct exchange line for business entrepreneurs, appointing a business ombudsman). Based on data from Rosstat, the Bank of Russia, and industry associations for 2020–2025, trends illustrating the dynamics of industrial production, investment, and structural shifts are presented, and long-term trends are analyzed, including an empirical assessment of the transition from digitalization to technological sovereignty. The authors make conclusions about the defi nition and development of a new paradigm of sustainability based on the sovereignty of critical industries, fl exibility of business models and in-depth cooperation between the state and industrial business in the face of prolonged sanctions pressure.

Having granted higher education institutions in Germany the rights of a legal entity, it has thereby consolidated the organizational and staff structure, property and fundamental unity of a higher education institution, established the boundaries of its legal personality, the forms and procedure for the emergence, reorganization and liquidation, as well as a number of other issues in the general set of those that determine the legal status of a higher education institution as a legal entity. In the process of organization and activity, higher education institutions in Germany independently use budgetary and extra-budgetary funds in accordance with the general estimate, which is approved by the management body under whose control higher education institutions are located. Therefore, higher education institutions in Germany have the right: – to determine the content of education taking into account state standards and educational and professional programs established in accordance with the accreditation levels; -to train specialists by state order of sectoral ministries, enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless of ownership, local executive bodies, public organizations and under contracts with individuals and legal entities; -to provide individuals and legal entities with paid services in educational activities in the field of higher education and science and other related fields of activity; -to issue documents on higher education of the state standard in accredited areas (specialties), etc. The main forms of organization and activity of higher educational institutions in Germany are: A) carrying out material, technical and organizational actions arising from the designation of higher educational institutions; B) concluding administrative and other free-law agreements regarding the management or property interests of higher educational institutions; C) issuing regulatory legal acts of management within the scope of competence; D) implementing incentive measures; E) application of administrative coercive measures based on the law and regulatory legal acts. Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) Germany is one of only four OECD countries where the share of young adults aged 25-34 without an upper secondary qualification has increased between 2016 and 2023. At 16%, the share of young adults without upper secondary qualifications in Germany is now higher than the OECD average of 14%. The high share of adults without upper secondary attainment is mainly driven by the higher share of young men that did not have upper secondary attainment. In 2023, 18% of young men did not have an upper secondary qualification compared to 15% of young women, whereas in 2016 there were no gender differences. In Germany, between 2015 and 2021, expenditure on primary and secondary education measured as share of GDP increased by 8%, compared to an average increase of just 1% across the OECD over the same period. While 22% of women aged 55-64 in Germany have at least a bachelor's qualification, the share is 40% for women aged 25-34. However, at 18 percentage points, the intergenerational increase is lower than the OECD average (23 percentage points) and the share of women aged 25-34 with a bachelor's qualification is seven percentage points below the corresponding OECD average (47%). Only 49% of young women with below upper secondary attainment in Germany are employed, while the corresponding share for young men is 74% (the corresponding OECD averages are 47% and 72%). Among those with tertiary attainment, gender gaps are smaller, with 86% of young women and 92% of young men being employed (the corresponding OECD averages are 84% and 90%, respectively). The tertiary attainment rate for foreign-born adults (aged 25-64) who have arrived in Germany at the age of 16 or older (31%) is almost as high as for native-born adults (35%), while the tertiary attainment rate for foreign-born who arrived by the age of 15 is significantly lower (23%). Both rates are below the average tertiary attainment rates for foreign-born adults across the OECD, which are 45% for those arriving at age 16 or older, 41% for those arriving by the age of 15 and 39% for native-born adults. Germany has invested heavily into early childhood education, increasing public expenditure on it measured as share of GDP by 42% between 2015 and 2021. Despite this strong public investment in early childhood education, the enrolment rate of children aged 3-5 in early childhood education has declined from 96% to 93% between 2013 and 2022, while it has increased from 79% to 83% on average across the OECD. Keywords: safety of the educational process; higher education; distance learning; participants in the educational process; efficiency and quality of higher education.

The relevance of the article is justified by the need to find effective mechanisms to mitigate the effects of population aging and ensure the financial stability of the pension system in the context of demographic changes, which requires studying the role of non-state pension provision in the formation of long-term demographic trends. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to determine the role and impact of the development of non-state pension provision on the formation of long-term demographic trends, in particular, population aging and increasing life expectancy. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method, a systematic approach, abstraction and generalization techniques, comparative and statistical analysis, regression analysis. The novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive study of the impact of non-state pension provision on the long-term demographic development of Ukraine, in particular, population aging, financial stability of people of retirement age, labor activity and increasing life expectancy. A model of the dependence of average life expectancy at birth on the level of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity for countries of the world is built. The relationship between the level of economic development and demographic indicators, in particular in European countries and Ukraine, is substantiated. Factors and processes that influence the dynamics of the number of non-state pension funds and life insurance companies in Ukraine, as well as changes in the volume of their assets in 2015-2023, are identified. The distribution of participants in non-state pension funds by age groups and their contribution to the financial stability of the population is analyzed. A regression model of the dependence of pension payments of non-state pension funds on GDP per capita in Ukraine is constructed. The impact of non-state pension provision on demographic indicators, in particular population aging, labor activity and migration processes, is analyzed. Key factors are identified that are crucial for assessing the long-term demographic development of Ukraine and the role of non-state pension provision in shaping the financial stability of the aging population. Measures to stimulate population participation in non-state pension provision to organize the financial stability of the aging population are summarized. The development of non-state pension provision is an important tool for mitigating the effects of population aging, as it contributes to the financial stability of pensioners and reduces the burden on the state pension system. The analysis showed that there is a direct relationship between the level of economic development and the effectiveness of non-state pension provision, which is confirmed by international comparative data. The introduction of incentive measures, such as tax breaks and increasing the financial literacy of the population, is designed to significantly expand citizens’ participation in non-state pension provision and increase their level of social security.

Subject. This article focuses on the digital technologies used in agriculture in Russia, and the Krasnoyarsk Krai in particular. Objectives. The article aims to identify the availability of domestic digital products for Russian agricultural producers, and assess the activity of using specialized software tools in agriculture of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of content analysis of the Ministry of Digital Development of Russia registry. Results. The article examines domestic and international practices of applying digital solutions in agriculture, and studies the system of promoting digitalization of the industry by government authorities to ensure the country's food security. Conclusions. Ensuring the country's food security requires expanding the range of available and in-demand digital solutions for agriculture. The research results are applicable for building a system of government support and incentive measures for digitalization.

With the wave of knowledge economy sweeping, knowledge-based employees play an important role in achieving sustainable development of enterprises. Therefore, how to formulate scientific and effective incentive measures to retain them has become an important topic to be overcome in modern enterprise human resource management. According to the problems of enterprises such as monotonous incentive methods, lack of objective performance evaluation systems, single incentive objects and lack of fairness and justice in measures. We will respond by shaping an excellent corporate culture, building a scientific salary system, paying attention to the growth of knowledge-based employees, and adopting diversified incentive methods.

This article presents a systematic review of foreign scientific literature dedicated to the innovative development of China’s pharmaceutical industry. It examines key factors influencing the formation and realization of companies’ innovation potential, including the role of government subsidies, tax benefits, regulatory policies, and mechanisms of interaction with research institutes. Particular attention is paid to issues of industry fragmentation, regional differences in the effective use of innovation resources, and the need to refine the legal framework for intellectual property protection. The findings demonstrate a growing interest in developing original drugs, driven by heightened domestic market competition and state-led incentive measures. These conclusions and recommendations may be useful for shaping policies and practices aimed at managing innovative development in the Russian pharmaceutical sector.

Under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, Russia’s modern macroeconomic system is aimed at technological development, digitalization, sustainable development and greening of production and economic systems. The key problem of the functioning of economic systems is the limited resources, which determines the emergence of “bottlenecks” and queues. As a result, this affects the efficiency of the entire system and its competitiveness. One of the key conditions for achieving the goals of sustainable development is the development of nature-like technologies and their introduction into industry. The purpose of the study is to identify the theoretical aspects of nature-like technologies, to identify their potential for implementation to achieve sustainable industrial development. The scientific origins of the concept of developing the topic of nature-like technologies are analyzed, and the categories “nature-like technologies”, “nature-inspired algorithms”, and “nature-inspired systems” are defined. The principles of nature-like technologies that contribute to solving environmental problems, resource independence, economic efficiency, and technological development are summarized. The transformation of traditional production systems into mesosystems by analogy with natural ecosystems is considered. It is proved that this approach, which underlies the closed-loop economy, allows us to go beyond the introduction of individual “green” technologies and achieve a synergistic effect. To systematize the analysis, a classification of nature-like technologies is proposed and the main directions of their use in industry are identified. The following conclusions are drawn: the introduction of nature-like technologies gives a measurable and significant effect in three areas of sustainable development: 1) economics – reducing costs, creating new value; 2) ecology – reducing emissions, optimizing resources; 3) social sphere – creating safe working conditions and a favorable environment for human life and health. The economic effect of the introduction of nature-like technologies is one of the key drivers of their scaling. When making managerial decisions, it is necessary to consider that the introduction of nature–like technologies is a strategic investment in ensuring the competitiveness of the mesosystem and its resource independence. At the level of the country’s top leadership, it is necessary to develop and implement incentive measures for projects that implement the principles of nature-like technologies at the system level.

Having granted higher education institutions in Turkey the rights of a legal entity, it has thereby consolidated the organizational and staff structure, property and fundamental unity of a higher education institution, established the boundaries of its legal personality, the forms and procedure for the emergence, reorganization and liquidation, as well as a number of other issues in the general set of those that determine the legal status of a higher education institution as a legal entity. In the process of organization and activity, higher education institutions in Turkey independently use budgetary and extra-budgetary funds in accordance with the general estimate approved by the management body under whose control higher education institutions are located. Therefore, higher education institutions in Turkey have the right: – to determine the content of education taking into account state standards and educational and professional programs established in accordance with the accreditation levels; -to train specialists by state order of sectoral ministries, enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless of ownership forms, local executive bodies, public organizations and under contracts with individuals and legal entities; -to provide individuals and legal entities with paid services in educational activities in the field of higher education and science and other related fields of activity; -to issue documents on higher education of the state standard in accredited areas (specialties), etc. The main forms of organization and activity of higher educational institutions in Turkey are: A) carrying out material, technical and organizational actions arising from the appointment of higher educational institutions; B) concluding administrative and other free-law agreements regarding the management or property interests of higher educational institutions; C) issuing regulatory legal acts of management within the scope of competence; D) implementing incentive measures; E) application of administrative coercive measures based on the law and regulatory legal acts. Adults without upper secondary qualification are at considerable risk of poor social and labour-market outcomes throughout their lives. Reducing the share of young adults without an upper secondary qualification has been a priority in Türkiye. Their share of 25-34 year-olds without upper secondary educational attainment decreased by 15 percentage points between 2016 and 2023. At 30%, it is 16 percentage points above the OECD average in 2023. Parents’ education has a strong impact on the educational attainment of their children. In Türkiye, 81% of 25-64 year-olds who have at least one parent with tertiary attainment also attained a tertiary qualification. In contrast, only 18% of 25-64 year-olds with parents without an upper secondary qualification have obtained a tertiary qualification themselves. Childcare and parental leave policies vary considerably between countries. In eight OECD countries, there is no childcare gap as free early childhood education or compulsory education starts immediately following the end of paid parental leave. In contrast, Türkiye has a childcare gap of 3 years between the end of paid parental leave and the start of free early childhood education. The average annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is USD 5 425 compared to an average of USD 14 209 in OECD countries. In Türkiye, spending per student is USD 4 038 in primary education, USD 4 305 in secondary education and USD 10 657 in tertiary education. Across the OECD, 18 out of 21 countries with available data on secondary education report that they face shortages of fully qualified teachers at the start of academic year 2022/2023. Türkiye was one of the few exceptions (together with Greece and Korea) to report no teacher shortages Keywords: safety of the educational process; higher education; distance learning; participants in the educational process; efficiency and quality of higher education.

Having granted higher education institutions in Africa the rights of a legal entity, it has thereby consolidated the organizational and staff structure, property and fundamental unity of a higher education institution, established the boundaries of its legal personality, the forms and procedure for the emergence, reorganization and liquidation, as well as a number of other issues in the general set of those that determine the legal status of a higher education institution as a legal entity. In the process of organization and activity, higher education institutions in Africa independently use budgetary and extra-budgetary funds in accordance with the general estimate approved by the governing body under whose control higher education institutions are located. Therefore, higher education institutions in Africa have the right: – to determine the content of education taking into account state standards and educational and professional programs established in accordance with accreditation levels; -to train specialists by state order of sectoral ministries, enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless of ownership, local executive bodies, public organizations and under contracts with individuals and legal entities; -to provide individuals and legal entities with paid services in educational activities in the field of higher education and science and other related fields of activity; -to issue documents on higher education of the state standard in accredited areas (specialties), etc. The main forms of organization and activity of higher educational institutions in Africa are: A) carrying out material, technical and organizational actions arising from the designation of higher educational institutions; B) concluding administrative and other free-law agreements regarding the management or property interests of higher educational institutions; C) issuing regulatory legal acts of management within the scope of competence; D) implementing incentive measures; E) application of administrative coercive measures based on the law and regulatory legal acts. Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) Teaching was the first-choice career for 49% of teachers in South Africa and for 67% in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. In terms of why they joined the profession, at least 97% of teachers in South Africa cite the opportunity to influence children’s development or contribute to society as a major motivation. About one out of three of teachers (32%) in South Africa are aged 50 and above (OECD average 34%). This means that South Africa will have to renew about one out of three members of its teaching workforce over the next decade or so. In terms of classroom environments, relations between students and teachers are positive overall, with 85% of teachers in South Africa agreeing that students and teachers usually get on well with each other. However, 34% of principals report regular acts of intimidation or bullying among their students, which is higher than the OECD average (14%). In South Africa, 11% of teachers work in schools where at least 10% of the students have a migrant background (OECD average 17%). At the same time, 91% of school leaders report that their teachers believe that children and young people should learn that people of different cultures have a lot in common (OECD average 95%). [2] In South Africa, 61% of teachers «agree» or «strongly agree» with the statement that their profession is valued in society, which is higher than the average across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. (26%). In South Africa, 25% of teachers report experiencing stress in their work «a lot», which is higher than the OECD average (18%). 13% of teachers report participating in collaborative professional learning at least once a month (OECD average 21%) and 11% engage in team teaching with the same frequency (OECD average 28%).[4] In South Africa, 1% of teachers report that they had never received feedback in their schools (OECD average 10%). The forms of feedback most commonly used in South Africa are based on school-based and classroom-based results, observation of the teacher’s classroom teaching and self-assessment of the teacher’s work Keywords: safety of the educational process; higher education; distance learning; participants in the educational process; efficiency and quality of higher education.

ABSTRACT Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vital for reducing carbon emissions from the transportation sector. Despite various policy efforts in India, EV adoption remains limited. This study examines key factors influencing EV adoption intentions, focusing on demand incentive, and publicity & information policy measures, and perceived economic benefits. The moderating role of environmental concern is also examined. A cross-sectional survey of university students in Bengaluru, identified as potential early adopters, was conducted using a structured questionnaire, and the proposed model was tested through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results indicate that demand incentives and perceived economic benefits significantly increase EV adoption intentions, with economic benefits being stronger driver. Demand incentives partially mediate this link, while publicity policy measures show no effect. Environmental concern boosts adoption intention but does not strengthen policy effects. These insights can inform policymaking and support industry stakeholders in designing more effective EV promotion strategies.