Under the wave of global technological revolution, the new materials industry is facing difficulties in innovation and transformation. Equity investment has become a key driving force due to its flexible mechanism, risk sharing, and deep participation. Based on introducing the current development status of China’s new materials industry, this article reveals the mechanism of equity investment in financial support, risk management, incentive constraints, and resource integration. The article proposes optimization strategies, such as building an information-sharing mechanism and a diversified investment fund system, to promote the high-quality development of the new materials industry driven by innovation and provide strategic guidance for policymakers, investors, and enterprises.