Inbound Tourist Flows Research Articles

Does interest rate on excess reserves affect inbound tourist flow?

ABSTRACT The effect of macroeconomic indicators on tourism demand is well-established. However, the plausible impact of interest rate on excess reserves (IOER), an unconventional monetary policy, on inbound tourist flow is unclear. Using monthly data from 2011:M1 to 2019:M9, I assess the responsiveness of inbound tourist flow from the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, France, India, and Italy, six major originators of foreign tourists to the United States, to changes in the IOER of the United States. The results of an autoregressive distributed lag model and generalized methods of moment show that monetary expansion in response to a drop in the IOER by the Federal Reserve through the exchange rate channel boosts inbound tourist flow to the United States.

The impact of global and regional challenges on the decrease in tourist flows

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global and regional events on the dynamics of tourist flows. The primary reasons for the decrease in inbound tourist flows have been identified and categorized into three main groups: military-political class, economic class, and natural-technological class. Additionally, a hybrid class was identified, to which COVID-19 was assigned. The article is based on causal and comparative analysis, utilizing statistical data on tourist flows provided by the World Bank and UNWTO, as well as an assessment of similar patterns among countries worldwide. The main characteristics of tourist flows from 1995 to 2022 have been identified, pinpointing leaders among countries in increasing and decreasing the number of tourists per year. During the study, countries with similar patterns of tourist flow dynamics were identified. It was concluded that relying solely on quantitative analysis has limited applicability in identifying these patterns. Therefore, it is recommended that quantitative analysis be complemented with expert assessments for a more comprehensive understanding. The basic strategies for responding to the identified classes of causes were outlined. The research will benefit tourism professionals, governmental authorities, and researchers in socio-economic and political disciplines.

Environmental, Geographical, and Economic Impacts of Inbound Tourism in China: A Mixed-Effects Gravity Model Approach

This study examines the dynamics of inbound tourism in China, utilizing a mixed-effects gravity model to analyze data from urban clusters around China’s three major airports. The research methodology of the study includes applying advanced econometric techniques, such as the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation, to ensure robust and accurate results. The study focuses on international tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings, identifying key drivers such as tourism resources, transportation safety, and service quality. Our findings indicate a 10% increase in per capita GDP correlates with a 0.88% rise in inbound tourist numbers. Additionally, proximity to major urban centers like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou significantly influences tourist arrivals, with every 100 km increase in distance resulting in a 5.56% decrease in tourist numbers. The study also explores the impact of environmental factors on tourism, suggesting that improvements in green coverage and reductions in industrial waste and traffic fatalities could enhance tourist arrivals. Conversely, environmental protection measures can both positively and negatively impact tourism. This research provides a strategic blueprint for policymakers and professionals in tourism and environmental sustainability, emphasizing the importance of integrated environmental sustainability in tourism development strategies. The model accounts for up to 79% of the variability in inbound tourism flows, offering robust evidence that economic and policy dimensions impact tourism.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Inbound Tourism Flow in Guangxi, China

The D-Q model was used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of inbound tourism flow in Guangxi by collecting index data from 2011 to 2019. The results showed that the temporal and spatial distribution of inbound tourism flow presented obvious single-core agglomeration characteristics. The polarization was serious, and the phenomenon of "poverty trap" became more and more obvious. The regional imbalance was prominent. The quantity and quality coordination of inbound tourism flow was poor. The spatial dislocation phenomenon appeared. The overall distribution pattern of inbound tourism flow might remain stable, and the number of cities maintaining a stable state presented a relatively large proportion. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to promote the development of inbound tourism in Guangxi.

Evolution and influential factors of inbound tourist flow network in China: a two-mode network perspective

ABSTRACT Different from existing studies focusing on tourist flow networks at the destination level, this study adopts a two-mode network analysis to identify the network structure, market groupings, and evolution of inbound tourist flows from 13 major origin countries to 31 destination provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in China. Furthermore, the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) method is applied to analyse the influential factors of the formation of market groupings in the network. The results show that: (1) The connections within the destination-destination network and the origin-origin country network show a fluctuating increase trend. (2) Eastern provincial destinations occupy important positions in the network, and central and western destinations have played increasingly important roles in recent years. (3) Japan, South Korea, and the United States are the most important origin countries, and markets in Europe and Oceania have great potential. (4) Two market groupings led by Russia and Asian countries are relatively stable, while other origin countries have no specific regional preference. (5) Geographical distance exerts the most significant impact on the formation of market groupings, followed by tourism resources, economic development, and traffic accessibility.

A study on the influence of perceived distance on China's inbound Tourism and the interaction of non-economic distance: An analysis of dynamic extended gravity model based on 61 countries' entry data (2004-2018).

In the post-epidemic era, the restart of China's inbound tourism is imminent. However, there are gaps in our current understanding of how distance perception dynamically affects inbound tourism in China. In order to understand the past patterns of inbound tourism in China, we mapped the data of 61 countries of origin from 2004 to 2018 into a dynamic expanding gravity model to understand the effects of cultural distance, institutional distance, geographical distance, and economic distance on inbound tourism in China and revealed the dynamic interaction mechanism of non-economic distance perception on inbound tourism in China. Our research results show that cultural distance has a positive impact on China's inbound tourism, while institutional distance has a negative impact. The significant finding is that the dynamic interaction of the above two kinds of perceived distance can still have a positive impact on China's inbound tourism. Its practical significance is that it can counteract the influence of institutional distance by strengthening the cultural distance. Generally speaking, geographical distance and institutional distance restrict China's inbound tourism flow, while cultural distance, economic distance, and interactive perceptual distance promote China's inbound tourism flow.

ВЫБОР МОДЕЛИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОНЕ ДЛЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

At the present stage of development of the services market, tourism is becoming one of the most developing areas of activity, which requires constant improvement of quality, diversity of tourism offer and modernization of tourism infrastructure. In the context of scientific and technological progress, tourism, as an area that affects many different industries, serves as an important factor in the economic and socio-cultural development of rural areas. Russia occupies a minor position in the global tourism market. Despite the great tourism potential, its competitive advantage lies in the unique objects of architecture, culture, history and natural heritage, as well as in the national flavor of the country. Rural tourism can become one of the most important areas of economic development, which will contribute to the social, spiritual and economic development of Russian regions and the country as a whole. There is a necessity and need to bring domestic tourism services in line with modern world trends, to increase the competitiveness of Russian travel companies in the tourism services market. The Russian Federation has significant territorial potential and enormous opportunities for the development of large-scale tourism activities. According to the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Country until 2035, the main goal is the comprehensive development of the key competitive advantages of tourism in the Russian Federation, due to the presence of many points of attraction for domestic and inbound tourist flows. Due to the presence of a larger number of monuments of cultural, historical and natural heritage in Russia, there are prospects for the development of almost any type of tourism. In this situation, agricultural tourism is of particular importance as one of the most important factors in the sustainable development of rural areas and the agricultural sector.

Comparative analysis of inbound tourist flows of different groups: the case of Japan

ABSTRACT Analyzing the tourism mobility characteristics and preferences of different tourist groups helps develop corresponding tourism strategies and targeted tourism planning. This study applied Social Network Analysis and GIS mapping to comprehensively deconstruct the structural characteristics of inbound tourist flow networks of different tourist groups in Japan. The results show that there are significant differences in the structural characteristics and nodal role functions of tourist flow networks from different regions, with Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Aichi being stable core nodes. The distance decay patterns of tourist flows from each region vary, with a significant influence from length of stay. There are four distribution patterns for tourist flow networks under the influence of spatial–temporal distance: short-stay with double-core pattern, short and medium stay with multi-core pattern, medium-stay with triangle core pattern, and long-stay with a regional pattern. Lastly, the mobility preferences of different inbound tourist groups are summarized.

A study on the advantageous degree of inbound tourism flow collection and distribution in domestic provinces and cities along the Belt and Road Initiative based on distributed fuzzy computing theory

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of dominance degree in ecology and constructs a model of the dominant degree of inbound tourism flow gathering and dispersal in Chinese provinces and cities along the Belt, and Road advocated based on the optimization of the entropy value method. In order to further analyze the model, the obtained tourism flow gathering and dispersal dominance degrees are first integrated into a fuzzy set of tourism flow gathering and dispersal dominance degrees. The natural sequence of fuzzy numbers is obtained by screening the fuzzy set, and the fuzzy indexes are obtained after the distribution fuzzy calculation, and finally, the evaluation model of tourism flow gathering and dispersal advantage degree is constructed based on the index matrix and the combination assignment method. After analysis, it is obtained that the inbound tourism distribution of Chinese provinces and cities along the route from 2005 to 2020, the fourth tier of provinces and cities increased, the proportion by 41.02%, the number of the third tier decreased, the proportion decreased to 29.33%, and the uneven distribution of the advantage of inbound tourism distribution was strengthened.

A spatial origin‐destination approach for the analysis of local tourism demand in Italy

AbstractThe article assesses the competitiveness of tourist destinations, while accounting for spatial features of tourism and information on both the origin and the destination of tourists. Using a dynamic spatial panel data model with common factors within the origin‐destination framework, it explores unilateral inbound tourism flows in 110 Italian regions from 23 European origin countries over the period 2004–2017. The estimation and test results confirm the need to consider this advanced spatial econometric model. In an empirical application measuring tourism resilience of regions based on this model, the results demonstrate the importance of promoting coordinated actions between neighbouring destinations to support the attractiveness of local clusters.

Urban Regeneration and Touristification in the Sardinian Capital City of Cagliari, Italy

Regeneration agendas and inbound tourism flows have long been considered a remedy for economic crisis. In port cities, a prominent role in urban regeneration is played by the waterfronts, which have been undergoing radical makeovers worldwide since the 1960s. The city of Cagliari stuck to the same recipe, promoting a series of regeneration initiatives and implementing a series of policies to boost the tourism sector. This study combines the use of primary and secondary sources and the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data to create a useful picture of both current reality and historical development of the city. It demonstrated that development strategies promoted in Cagliari, rather than balancing tourism promotion and local community needs, contributed to the amplification and acceleration of the touristification process. Therefore, many of the challenges posed by overtourism, dread in the literature, are today faced by Cagliari and its inhabitants. In addition, the study also identifies in the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic a unique opportunity to reverse the touristification process and to achieve a sustainable manner of tourism development. Therefore, it offers some policy recommendations to define principled urban regeneration models, alternatives which are able to achieve urban revitalization while avoiding touristification.

Empirical evidence of tourist satisfaction and loyalty in the case of Bucharest—A partial least squares structural equation modelling approach

AbstractTourist satisfaction (TS), tourist loyalty (TL), the decision to revisit a destination and the choice to recommend it to acquaintances can have a decisive influence on inbound tourist flows. These influencing factors are closely related to tourist behaviour. The main objective of this study was to investigate TS and loyalty of both foreign and Romanian tourists in Bucharest, by testing under‐examined and new variables. The hypotheses and conceptual research model were based on the following antecedents and consequences of TS: tourists' expectations and travel motivations (TEM), destination authenticity and infrastructure quality, destination safety (DS), tourists' emotions (TE) and TL. The analysis was unique in testing the effect of novelty‐seeking tourists' desire to extend their stay on their expectations and motivations. The mediating effect of TE on the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty was also tested for the first time. Data were collected using a 24‐item online questionnaire. The data were modelled with partial least squares structural equation modelling. Based on 122 valid responses processed with SmartPLS software, the results confirm most of the research hypotheses. The findings reveal that tourists' desire to extend the length of stay on their expectations and motivations has the highest statistical contribution to TEM. Furthermore, a statistically insignificant relationship between DS and TS was identified. The findings are useful for all stakeholders of tourism development in Bucharest.

Различные подходы к изучению географии туристских потоков (на примере стран Бенилюкса)

The tourism geography currently uses a variety of approaches to analyze tourist flows. The purpose of the study is to identify geographical features in the distribution of inbound tourist flows in the Benelux countries, using various approaches to data aggregation and visualization. The study is based on the national tourism statistics of the Benelux countries. Five leading countries in terms of the volume of inbound tourist flow in this region are considered: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Belgium. Four different indicators were used to analyze the distribution of inbound tourist flow: the total number of arrivals of foreign and domestic tourists in the region, inbound tourist flow diversity index, the share of arrivals from a particular country in the total volume of inbound tourist flow, and the degree of attendance calculated on the basis of the share of the country’s tourist the total tourist flow of the country. The regions that are the main centers of tourism (capital, seaside, border) and geographic factors that affect the degree of attendance of the region by tourists from different countries are identified: the language of the region, distance from the border, the capital factor and, in some cases, the presence of direct flights. The use of two different approaches to assessing the inbound tourist flow, carried out for the first time, made it possible to determine their advantages and disadvantages for further use.

Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic

Tourism suffered more than many other sectors amid Covid-19 travel restrictions. This article looks at the impact of the pandemic on the territorial redistribution of tourist flows in the Baltic region. The study draws on regional annual and monthly data on international and domestic tourist arrivals between 2019 and 2021, available on the websites of the statistical offices of the Baltic Region countries. The regions earlier dependent on tourist arrivals from Russia experienced the largest drop in inbound tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, domestic tourism burgeoned in most of the region’s countries. In 2021, the most dramatic increase in domestic arrivals occurred, year on year, in the border regions of Russia’s Northwest Federal District; the growth was also notable in Finland and the Baltic States. Domestic tourist flow compensated, partially or even fully, for the decrease in inbound tourist flow in most regions. The structure of inbound tourism changed markedly during the pandemic, with the share of tourists from the Baltic States growing. The strongest rise was in some regions of southern Finland and more modest in Latvia and Lithuania.

Совершенствование железнодорожного туризма в Российской Федерации

The article discusses the concept, problems and prospects of railway tourism development in Russia. The main problems are highlighted: untimely departure and arrival of trains, inconsistency of service of the proposed train category, untimely and poor-quality repair of locomotives and railway cars, shortage of rolling stock fleet, low qualification of service personnel, etc. The solution to these problems will increase domestic and inbound tourist flows, rationally use the tourism potential of the country.

Dynamics of incoming and outgoing tourism in Russia in 2014–2022

International tourism has a significant impact on economic, political and cultural ties between states and peoples. This circumstance is relevant for the development of international tourism in many countries, including Russia. The aim of the study is to identify changes in the structure and dynamics of inbound and outbound tourism in Russia during the period from 2014 to 2022. This period is very difficult for the development of the tourism sector, which is caused by geopolitical shifts in the global space, economic and financial sanctions, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire study period is divided into three stages: 2014–2019, 2019–2021. and 2021–2022. Structure of inbound and outbound tourist flow in 2021–2022 has undergone significant changes compared to the periods 2014–2019 and 2019–2021. In 2021, approximately 40% of Russians' foreign trips were to the near abroad. At the same time, the positive dynamics of entry flows to Russia was observed from neighboring states, the CIS countries and a number of states of foreign Asia. Thus, the mutual flow focused mainly on neighboring countries.

СУЧАСНІ БІЗНЕС-КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ТА МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ЕТИКЕТ В СФЕРІ ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the exploration of theoretical and methodological aspects of the communication culture as an important factor in building interpersonal relationships, particularly in the professional service sphere. Modern trends and features of business communications in connection with crisis phenomena affecting the field of tourism and hospitality are summarized. The authors substantiated the relevance of international etiquette and features of the modern system of business communications in the service sector. Prospective directions are highlighted, the implementation of which would ensure the development of international etiquette as a regulator of international relations in the system of business communications. It is underlined, that tourism and the hospitality industry are currently going through a series of turbulent tests, which cannot but cause the transformation of business communications, the termination or optimization of existing business contacts, the creation of new ones, corresponding to new rules and requirements of an unstable external environment. All this is reflected in the peculiarities of international etiquette in the field of service. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the specificity of international etiquette in the system of modern business communications, its relationship with legal and other social and regulatory norms. Modern crisis processes, and especially the pandemic and the full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, are putting significant pressure on tourism and hospitality. Among the new challenges faced by the representatives of the organizations in this field, it is worth emphasizing the change in consumer preferences towards digitalization modern consumers demand an almost instant response to their requests. It is quite natural that these changes entail the transformation of business communications, which are also moving into the digital environment. This, in turn, causes the need to observe new norms of international network etiquette – now online. In the realities of Ukraine, when more than 95% of the inbound tourist flow is represented by tourists from Europe, the study of the specifics of European norms and principles of business communication and etiquette becomes especially relevant.

Specific tourism specialization of the areas of Slovakia and the geography of tourist flows in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has made significant adjustments to the geography of tourist flows in the world. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the geography of the tourist flow in Slovakia and its structure by type of tourism. As a result of the study, the main changes in the structure and size of the inbound tourist flow to Slovakia in the period 2003–2022 were identified. Slovakia is characterized by a relatively low dependence on inbound tourist traffic, and its market offer is focused mainly on domestic tourist traffic, as well as tourists from neighboring countries. However, the country's accession to the European Union in 2004 led to an increase in the diversity of arrivals. In the course of the study, the most significant types of tourism in Slovakia were identified: cultural and educational, health-improving and mountainous. The specialization of the regions of Slovakia by types of tourism is determined. There are two areas with the highest concentration of tourists - Bratislava and the Tatra Mountains. In them, the tourist species diversity is the greatest. At the same time, Bratislava specializes in cultural and educational tourism in the country. An analysis of the features of the dynamics of the recovery of the tourist flow during and after the COVID-19 pandemic showed that there were no significant changes in the type structure of tourism. In 2021, medical and recreational tourism recovered faster, and cultural and educational tourism much more slowly. In 2022, large multi-species tourist centers were better restored, and the demand for specialized health tourism centers decreased slightly.

Changes in the structure and distribution of inbound tourist flow in Bulgaria during the COVID-19 pandemic

Bulgaria is a major center of tourism on the Black Sea. The aim of the study is to identify changes in the structure of the inbound tourist flow and the geographical features of its distribution in Bulgaria due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the study, groups of countries were identified that occupy a different place in the structure of the inbound tourist flow to Bulgaria: neighboring countries, the G7 states, other countries of Western Europe, the post-socialist states of Europe and other countries. The pandemic has led to a redistribution of the inbound tourist flow to Bulgaria, primarily in favor of neighboring countries. In 2019, the Black Sea regions of Bulgaria, as well as the capital of the country, Sofia, were most visited by foreign tourists. In some border areas there was a relatively higher proportion of foreign tourists compared to the interior regions of the country, but in terms of the volume of tourist flow they were significantly inferior to the Black Sea ones. In 2021, the volume of inbound tourist flow decreased markedly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the Black Sea regions, the share of foreign tourists, as in 2019, remained at a high level, with the exception of the Burgas region, where the effect of substitution by domestic tourists was clearly manifested. The country's capital Sofia also retained a high proportion of inbound tourist flow.

The impact of UNESCO world heritage sites on the origin distribution of inbound tourist flows from the global perspective

El impacto del Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la UNESCO en la distribución del origen de los flujos turísticos entrantes desde una perspectiva globalResumenPropósitose ha demostrado que el Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la UNESCO, como atracciones turísticas cruciales, promueven el desarrollo del turismo receptor; sin embargo, ningún estudio ha analizado su impacto en la distribución del origen de los flujos turísticos entrantes (DOFTE), lo que deja un vacío en la investigación. Este documento tiene como objetivo aplicar la ley de potencias para evaluar la DOFTE y explorar el impacto del Patrimonio sobre ella.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueeste estudio aplicó la ley de potencias de la distribución del tamaño del rango para calcular la DOFTE en 167 países/regiones desde 1997 hasta 2018 y utilizó el modelo de datos de panel para analizar el impacto del Patrimonio de la Humanidad en la DOFTE.Hallazgosel Patrimonio de la Humanidad podría influir positivamente en la DOFTE para que sea más uniforme. Entre ellos, el Patrimonio cultural muestra un efecto más pronunciado sobre la DOFTE, mientras que el efecto del Patrimonio natural es insignificante.Originalidad/valoreste artículo avanza en el conocimiento del impacto del Patrimonio de la Humanidad en el turismo entrante desde la perspectiva de la DOFTE, contribuyendo a la teoría de los flujos turísticos entrantes y a la teoría de la atracción turística. En un sentido realista, el Patrimonio de la Humanidad, como atracciones turísticas cruciales, podrían hacer que la DOFTE fuera más uniforme, lo que implica que las organizaciones de gestión de destinos (OGD) podrían obtener un mayor crecimiento de turistas incrementales procedentes de los mercados secundarios en lugar de los mercados principales al aumentar las atracciones turísticas.