The purpose of this article is to identify the cognitive semantic mechanisms of the actualization of the phenomenon of affectivity in Japanese indirect passive voice and to determine the factors influencing its interpretation from the perspective of the patient’s subjective perception of harm. The research is based on the semantic-pragmatic method to identify the meanings and functions of the indirect affective passive in comparison with the direct passive, as well as to determine the pragmatic conditions of their use. Corpora analysis methods with elements of computational analysis of language data were used for the selection of material, and cognitive analysis was applied to interpret the empirical data and to establish universal conditions for the allowability of usage of the indirect affective passive. In this paper, the phenomenon of affectivity is examined for the first time within the framework of cognitive grammar, based on R. Langacker’s Reference Point Construction and Control Cycle models, which make possible to explain the internal cognitive foundations of the semantic and pragmatic permissibility of the indirect passive in Japanese. The obtained results demonstrate that affectivity is not a universal characteristic of Japanese passive constructions but rather manifests itself in situations of low agentive semantics, when the patient loses control over a situation or object because of the agent’s action, causing a state of internal tension and a sense of loss. Attention is paid to the role of the agentive characteristic of animacy in the semantic structure of passive-voice utterances. The analysis of a set of examples from Japanese national corpora, as well as from classical and modern Japanese literature, reveals that affective passive constructions allow for the presence of an inanimate agent and patient remote from the prototype, which is non-canonical for the Japanese passive, imposing strict restrictions on the inanimate nature of the central participants. Ultimately, affectivity is defined as a state of discomfort arising from the patient’s unrealized desire to control a situation related to a goal. It is established that the key condition for the emergence of affective meaning is the presence of a “control submission” relationship and the patient’s desire to control the situation, which is one of the key characteristics of both the participants themselves and the situation. The study’s results clarify the cognitive nature of affectivity and contribute to the development of a cognitive-semantic description of the Japanese passive voice, possessing theoretical and practical significance for further research in linguistics and linguodidactics.

English, as a source language for Artificial Intelligence terminology, significantly contributes to the creation of new metaphorical terms, whose examination is critical for the advancement of specialized lexicons and the education in linguistic disciplines. This study scrutinizes metaphorical terms in English AI terminology, focusing on population algorithms. It examines terms borrowed from biology, physics, sociology and other scientific domains to articulate algorithms based on the principles of collective behavior, evolution, and social interaction. The goal is to identify metaphorical transfer patterns and their cognitive-communicative effects. Employing conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff Johnson), frame theory (Minsky), and sociocognitive theory of terminology (Temmerman), the study analyzes 1,540 terms from academic sources and specialized glossaries, with special attention to 85 (5.5% of the overall dataset) population-related metaphors. The research reveals how these terms adapt from their original domains to AI. The analysis indicates that EVOLUTION, LIVING NATURE, INANIMATE NATURE, and SOCIETY are the primary sources of metaphorical expansion in AI terminology. The findings demonstrate that metaphors function as effective tools for knowledge organization, facilitating interdisciplinary communication and predicting algorithmic behavior.

The rapid changes taking place in society today are so great that it is possible for the formation and development of social relations based on the knowledge of the individual to change the state of society. In this regard, synergetics (theory of self-organization) is of particular importance and, increasing the individual's general ideas about the laws of evolution of complex systems, characterizes the continuity of the modern achievements of various sciences, as well as the cultural functions of society that constitute the content of education. Synergetics reflects the preservation of the most general laws and regularities, ideas about animate and inanimate nature, the interdisciplinary direction of science and cultural invariance. Synergetics studies the development of functional subsystems (economy, science, education, health), which, in turn, develop complex systems of a universal nature in accordance with the laws of society. Keywords: synergetic, economics, science, education, healthcare, methodology, self-organization theory

The article considers approaches to the definition of technosubjects. Arguments against the analogy between technosubjects’ agency and animals’ agency are studied. In particular, it criticizes the claim that the analogy between robots and animals may distort the perception of the artificial, inanimate nature of robots. To this end, three categories of technosubjects are distinguished: robots that to some extent imitate animals and humans, chatbots that imitate a conversation with a human, and non-player characters that are perceived by players (users) based on the narrative offered by the game authors. It is shown how different arguments can be used against the analogy depending on the type of technosubject. Thus, although for humanoid robots, chatbots that mimic human behavior, and non-player characters such an analogy is indeed inappropriate, in the case of imitating animal behavior it can be justified. In this case, when we talk about social agency – the capacity for autonomous (or seemingly autonomous) behavior in a social context – we should be aware that imitating animal behavior leads to a perception of agency similar to the agency of animals. Because in some cases distinguishing autonomous behavior from behavior that only appears to be autonomous is no longer possible, the programming of human-like behavior of robots and chatbots may have negative ethical consequences associated with a crisis of human agency.

This study is devoted to a comparative analysis of onomatopoeia in Kazakh and Chinese, which are lexical means for transmitting sounds of living and inanimate nature, animals, humans, technology and natural phenomena. The novelty of the work lies in the identification and systematization of the specific features of onomatopoeia in two different language systems, as well as in the analysis of their categories from the point of view of phonetics, grammar and pragmatics. The purpose of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the use of onomatopoeic words in Kazakh and Chinese, as well as to reveal their functions and communicative role. The research solved the tasks of selecting the most commonly used onomatopoeic words, classifying them according to phonetic, grammatical and pragmatic characteristics, reviewing examples of their use in context, as well as identifying cultural and national specifics of their use. The methodological basis of the study was a comparative analysis, descriptive method and theoretical analysis. The results showed that despite the difference in the structural foundations of the two languages, Kazakh and Chinese have common trends in the transmission of everyday and natural sounds, but the forms and frequency of their use differ significantly. It is revealed that onomatopoeia in both languages play an important communicative and expressive role, giving an emotional coloring to the utterance and enhancing its expressiveness. The theoretical significance of the research lies in expanding knowledge about the grammatical and pragmatic nature of onomatopoeia, while the practical value lies in the possibility of applying the findings in interlanguage comparison, in translation studies and in teaching Kazakh and Chinese languages.

This article focuses on the analysis of the structure of the metaphorical space of emotions, modeled through a paradigmatic analysis of emotive vocabulary. The primary source of material is the thesaurus “Alphabet of Emotions” (2021). A total of 2,091 lexemes with metaphorical meanings representing 19 fundamental emotive concepts were analyzed. The statistical analysis of the sample yielded data on the proportion of metaphorical meanings within grammatical, functionalsemantic, and denotative-ideographic classes of emotive vocabulary. It was established that the processes of enriching the emotive vocabulary with metaphorical meanings are most active within the functional-semantic classes related to emotional impact and the formation of emotional states. A set of denotative-ideographic groups of emotive vocabulary with high, medium, and low content of metaphorical language was identified. The categorization of emotive metaphors by source domains of metaphorical transfer was carried out using a meta-language of semantic descriptors. Within the structure of the metaphorical space, 193 metaphorical models were identified, grouped into 23 denotative spheres. A model of the metaphorical space of emotions is proposed in a field format. The core of the metaphorical space of emotions is formed by vocabulary related to specific physical activities. The peripheral zone includes vocabulary from the domains of “Living Nature,” “Inanimate Nature,” “Perception,” and “Human as a Living Being.”

Form is a common and intuitive criterion to distinguish between the realm of living species and the inanimate nature. However, there are in fact no strict boundaries in terms of morphology, as exemplified by so‐called chemical gardens, which form by self‐assembly in purely inorganic systems and yet closely mimic the appearance of trees and other plants. While such structures have been reported for a broad range of compositions–most notably silicates of various types of metal cations as well as prominent (bio)minerals like calcium carbonate or phosphate–one important material has been missing in the comprehensive list of these chemobrionic systems: calcium sulfate. In the present work, we succeeded in preparing well‐developed CaSO4‐based chemical gardens by addition of a concentrated solution of sodium sulfate to solid crystals of calcium chloride. The formed structures were characterized in detail with respect to their growth behavior, mineralogy, and texture. We find hollow tubular architectures consisting of oriented gypsum crystals and delineating smooth curvatures with multiple branching sites. Beyond the sheer beauty of these self‐assembled mineral structures, the results of our study bear deep implications for the detection and interpretation of potential past life on Mars, where abundant deposits of calcium sulfate exist. In addition, the current picture of geochemical environments on the early red planet is fully consistent with the experimental conditions used in the present work, rendering the formation and presence of chemical gardens on Mars plausible.

The article explores inanimate nature vocabulary in the Yakut language, specifically focusing on terms that incorporate zoonymic (animal-related) components. This study is highly relevant in the context of preserving linguistic heritage. While fragmentary research exists on certain categories of terms, such as meteorological, landscape, and hydrographic vocabulary, a systematic analysis of this lexicon remains lacking. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the inanimate nature vocabulary in Yakut, with a focus on zoonymic components, and to identify the structural and semantic patterns of word formation. To achieve this, the following tasks were undertaken: (1) collecting and systematizing lexical units related to inanimate nature in Yakut that include zoonymic elements, and (2) identifying the most productive structural and semantic models for forming compound words with zoonyms. The methodology included continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, cognitiveonomasiological analysis, and componential analysis. The findings reveal that the most productive structural model is the “noun + noun with a third-person possessive affix” pattern (50% of cases), as seen in examples like tulluk khaara (lit. “snow-bunting + snow-POSS.3SG”). The semantic models “zoonym + somatism” (26%) and “zoonym + landscape” (21%), which emphasize the role of visual analogies and connection with traditional economic activities are quantitatively prominent. It has been revealed that zoonyms are actively used in the Yakut language to nominate natural features of Yakutia, which reflects the northern component of Yakut culture. Thus, snow is metaphorized through images of fur-bearing animals (hare, fox) and birds (crow, snow-bunting), northern lights are associated through the zoonim balyk ‘fish’, and names of domestic (dog, cow, horse) and commercial (hare) animals are found in the nomination of bumpy terrain. These terms not only serve a nominative function but also encapsulate traditional ecological knowledge. The research underscores the importance of such lexicon in understanding the linguistic worldview of indigenous Arctic and Far Northern communities. Future research directions include a deeper investigation into the motivational features of inanimate nature lexicon in Yakut. The results contribute to the fields of Yakut lexicology and ethnolinguistics, enriching our understanding of the linguistic worldviews of Arctic and Subarctic peoples

Studying individual Viruses is necessary and useful. But considering that the number of supposed viruses is many orders of magnitude greater than the number of those studied, and that their “studied level” contains a large “medical” error, and medicine is not related to the exact sciences, studying only viral “individuals” is clearly not enough. After all, ELEMENTARY Combinatorics, expanded by the “Living Parameter” not yet taken into account, already brings the number of Fragments of the LIVING - Viruses closer to Infinity. Thus, the Collective State of Viruses is close to the Borderline between CHAOS and HARMONY. So, to describe both the Viruses themselves and their interaction with Living Cells, it is necessary to UNDERSTAND their INVARIANT properties based on COLLECTIVE Effects. And in everyday language, this actually means that it is necessary to understand more deeply the Ecology of the “environment” at the world and nano-level. That is why the General Phenomenology of Viruses is simply necessary, which gives a Complete Description of the Phenomenon. To describe the flows of chaotically moving particles, Phenomenology uses a system of equations for the connection of these Flows and the Forces that determine these Flows. Thus, the proposed Extended Virology is a Unified Description of the “broth” in which LIFE is smoldering. The Extended Phenomenology of Viruses, like Thermodynamics, with the help of Forces and Flows and generalized kinetic parameters that connect them, allows us to evaluate the EFFICIENCY of the Heat Engine, as well as, in principle, allows us to evaluate the “EFFICIENCY” of Viruses for LIFE in general. At the same time, for a group of Viruses, as a borderline state between Living and Inanimate Nature, it is necessary to additionally take into account the Power of LIFE, which manifests itself during the formation of any living “swarm”

Scandinavian erratic boulders in central Poland represent a significant element of the region’s geodiversity, fulfilling important natural, scientific, and cultural functions. As objects of high perceptual value, they integrate into the landscape and provide a wide range of geosystem services. The main objectives of research conducted in two areas of the Małopolska Upland are to determine the concentration of these boulders and identify the geosystem benefits they offer, with particular emphasis on lichen species inhabiting their surfaces. Research has confirmed the currently limited use of geosystem services provided by the 25 erratic boulders studied. However, this may change with growing ecological awareness among local communities, enabling a deeper appreciation of inanimate nature. Erratic boulders have the potential to attract geotourists and thus support economic development (by improving the residents’ quality of life), but this potential requires broader promotion. Although the Central Register of Geosites of Poland is an appropriate platform for their registration, none of the analysed boulders have yet been included. The research findings are also partly directed at local government units to help them recognise the value of erratic boulders for sustainable development, in line with existing legal frameworks and development strategies. The detailed characterisation of 25 boulders may inspire broader initiatives and foster knowledge transfer to support regional development through geotourism. The ability to identify the ecosystem benefits provided by erratic boulders is essential for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining natural processes. However, there is growing evidence of the systematic disappearance of erratic boulders from the landscape, which disrupts geosystem balance and leads to further environmental degradation, negatively affecting human well-being. In light of the lack of effective nature protection measures in the study area, it is proposed that some of these boulders be designated as geological protected features. Such a conservation approach could help maintain ecological balance in the designated area.

The publication is devoted to the poetics of the works of Rose Ausländer, a German-language poet from Bukovina. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the specific features of the construction of Ausländer’s poetic identity through the imagery of animate and inanimate nature, both in the context of the evolution of her poetic oeuvre and on the micro-level of individual texts. One of the main objectives is to determine the distinctive characteristics of different creative periods and to highlight the central aspects of the analyzed poems. The research employs biographical, comparative-historical, and hermeneutic methods, as well as elements of intertextual theory and the literary technique of close reading. The article examines the images of animate and inanimate nature, through which the poet reinterprets and shapes her lyrical self in the search for personal identity. Particular attention is paid to the language of birds, which, according to the poet, articulate poetry and become metaphorical counterparts to the poet. The lyrical “I” is closely identified with both the figure of the poet and the bird. Floral motifs, especially the image of the rose, play a crucial role in the construction of poetic identity. The symbolism of the rose in Ausländer’s poetry is rich in meaning and acquires new connotations depending on the context. This metaphor, like several others, formed the foundation of her early work and remained central throughout her creative development. Thus, the analysis of natural imagery in Rose Ausländer’s poetry confirms that it constitutes an essential component in the formation of her poetic identity.

The civilization that has conquered the modern world is technological.It displaces all living things from the world and replaces them with artificial ones.The attempt to cognize the world with the help of the prevailing scientific method leads to the emergence of more and more new problems, the resolution of which leads to the emergence of new problems, etc.Western scientism is slipping, according to P. Feyerabend's definition, to outright "raciofascism."Morality is giving way to rationalism and the criterion of benefit.According to Konrad Lenz, one of the greatest biologists of our time, the question of morality arises only if the object of study is a living thing.A thorough study of the structure of the body will never create an image of a living person.For some approximation to the truth it is necessary to study his emotions, desires, thoughts, i.e. his soul, his spiritual state.Apparently, we should do the same when studying Nature, if it is alive.The assumption made in this work about the complex nature of all physical quantities can become a bridge between the rationalism, reigning now in science, and panpsychism, the ancient notion of reasonableness and spirituality of Nature.Apparently, it is time to recognize that Nature is not dead, but alive.A new look at the nature of complex numbers, perhaps, will lead to a new toolkit for studying Nature.

The article examines the motif of dreams in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov as a key element of his artistic world, reflecting the poet's philosophical reflections on fate, reality, and illusion. Analyzing Lermontov's poetic works, the author identifies the main functions of the dream : the desire to escape from reality, prophetic revelations, the recognition of the illusory nature of the world, and the symbol of inanimate nature. Special attention is given to the dualism of dreams and reality, where the protagonist balances between the ordinary and the fantastic, striving to find the truth but facing even greater uncertainty. The relevance of the research article is to enrich the experience of studying Russian literature, and that in deepening the analysis of the works of M.Y. Lermontov. The methodological foundation of the research includes elements of comparative and structural analysis, allowing the study of the artistic representation of dreams in Lermontov's poetry. Methods such as descriptive method, system-semantic analysis method and comparative method will be used as the main method. The research results show that dreams in Lermontov’s works serve not only a narrative and symbolic function but also express philosophical concepts related to existential questions of human existence. The study demonstrates that the dream in Lermontov's poetry is multifaceted: it symbolizes the boundary between reality and illusion, foresees inevitable fate, and serves as a means to access various levels of consciousness. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the expansion and deepening of the dream motif in the lyrics of M. Y. Lermontov. The conclusions of the article emphasize the importance of this motif for understanding Lermontov's worldview, his views on life, death, and the impossibility of achieving absolute knowledge. The motif of dreams occupies an important place in Lermontov's poetry.

The changes taking place on the Earth’s surface have been documented since Antiquity. In the Modern period, the evolution of lithological processes was recognized by science and described by individual scientists, and since the second half of the 19th century, stable ideas have developed about a certain constancy of processes and their consequences in inanimate nature and changes in the organic world. Since the middle of the twentieth century, the ideas of the evolution of the sedimentary process began to prevail, accompanied by corresponding changes in the composition and properties of sedimentary formations with the direct and indirect participation of living organisms.

The aim of article is to show the conceptual system state of phytonymics, a currently emerging onomatology direction, whose tasks are a multi-aspect study of plant proprietary names. The article substantiates the inclusion of selection agro-nomenclature in the circle of phytonyms, introduces the term pragmaрhytonym for such names, raises the question of the need to develop hyponyms for it. The material for the work was provided by terminological industry reference books and linguistic studies on onomastic topics, dedicated to the problems of phytolexicon. Рhytonyms in a strictly special meaning ("names of individual plants"), such as the Tree of the Dead, the Del Norte Titan, are the rarest type of onyms. This is explained in the article by the fact that from the composition of other types of bionyms (zoonyms, anthroponyms) these are distinguished by their inanimate nature and, as a consequence, the absence of the need to perform a vocative function. The conducted analysis showed the development interdependence of special names for objects of flora and fauna (zoonym – phytonym, faunonym – floronym) due to the connection of these elements of the natural world in the consciousness of any culture bearers. Both pairs of basic terms are characterized by polysemy, generated by the term element -onym, which participates in the formation of fundamentally different categories of specialized vocabulary. One includes proper terms (toponym, cosmonym), the other contains linguistics terms for nominal vocabulary (antonym, paronym), and both groups are constantly replenished (gluttonym "name of a food product", karonym "name of a ship", coloronym "name of a color", linguonym "name of a language, dialect, colloquialism", etc.). The development of phytonymics into a full-fledged section of the proper names science should be facilitated by expanding the range of research objects, which should include varietal names of cultivated plants. In this case, the bearers of the name are objects of a special kind, occupying a middle (intermediate) position between objects of natural and artificial formation. Such duality is akin to some chrematonyms – names of precious stones, gold nuggets, large pearls, etc. They owe their origin to nature, but the fact of discovery, extraction, and functional purpose act as a product of human activity. They are similar to other sets of artificially created homogeneous objects (pragmatonyms) in the form, semantics, and pragmatics of names. The aboveserves as the basis for identifying pragmaphytonyms as a special type in the composition of phytonyms and pragmatonyms. The emergence of works, proving the specificity of certain classes of varietal names against the background of others, will contribute to the formation of genus-specific phytoterminology and the development of phytonymics in general.

Language serves as an agreed-upon symbol of sound used by humans for communication among groups. Each language has its unique characteristics, including onomatopes, which are words that describe sounds or conditions. Japanese is rich with onomatopes, categorized mainly into two types: gion-go (sounds from inanimate objects and nature) and gisei-go (sounds from living beings). Additionally, there exists gitai-go to describe silent states. In the context of the anime "Hetalia: World Stars," these onomatopes enhance dialogue and add comedic elements, creating humorous interactions between characters representing nations with specific traits and stereotypes. This study aims to identify and analyze the types and meanings of onomatopes within this anime using qualitative descriptive methods. The collected data through observation and note-taking resulted in 55 identified onomatopes across 15 episodes, consisting of 16 gion-go, 14 gisei-go, 7 gitai-go, 12 giyou-go, and 6 gijou-go. Findings indicate that the use of onomatopes not only functions aesthetically but also strengthens emotions and character development in the narrative. This research hopes to provide deeper insights into the varieties of onomatopes in Japanese alongside practical implications for the animation industry. Keywords: onomatopes, hetalia, japanese language.

In the article, the author defined the characteristics of lexical-semantic skills, presented the methodology for its diagnosis in senior preschoolers and analyzed the results of the level of its formation. The experiment covered 130 children aged 5-7 years: 71 preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of II–III levels and 59 preschoolers with typical development. The diagnostics were carried out according to the cognitive, reproductive and activity component and lexical, semantic, semantic-grammatical and contextual components. The author analyzed the diagnostic results and found that the majority of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment (83%) demonstrate a low level of lexical-semantic skills, while children with typical development have a high level (75%). The remaining preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment (17%) and typical development (25%) are at an average level of lexical-semantic skills. The author identified significant difficulties in children with general speech underdevelopment regarding their knowledge, understanding, and correct use of natural and ecological vocabulary, particularly in the following categories: vegetables, fruits and berries, grains and seeds, shrubs and trees, flowers and mushrooms; domestic animals, farm and wild animals (forest animals), African and marine inhabitants, insects, birds, fish, natural phenomena, inanimate nature, natural and artificial materials, as well as natural and artificial objects; space-related vocabulary; and ecological terms related to a child’s attitudes and behaviors concerning the economical use of resources (water, electricity), waste management, and treatment of animals. Additionally, challenges were observed in understanding semantic connections, lexical-semantic language phenomena (synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, generalizations), and the appropriate and precise word’s use in the necessary context. The author concluded that the data obtained indicate significant gaps in the speech development of children with general speech underdevelopment compared to their peers with typical development. This emphasizes the need to develop a special correctional and developmental methodology to increase the level of lexical and semantic skills.

The temperature coefficients Q10 of heart rate (Q10HR) or oxygen consumption (Q10Ox) were analyzed during the arises from torpor of long-tailed ground squirrels Urocitellus undulatus, as well as during the rewarming of precooled adult rats and rat pups. The Q10Ox value was calculated using a standard equation, whereas for calculating Q10HR, the equation was empirically modified to track changes in this parameter over a wide range of body temperatures (Tb). It was found that during the initial period of rewarming from torpor, at Th ≤ 10 ℃, ground squirrels experienced a sharp increase in the temperature coefficients up to Q10HR = 40 – 50 and Q10Ox = 6 – 7. Even higher values of Q10HR 100 were found at the beginning of rewarming of rat pups, although they had a low level of Q10Ox = 1.2. Adult rats could not withstand cooling below 16 ℃ and demonstrated moderate variability of both Q10HR = 2.0 – 4.0 and Q10Ox = 2.0 – 2.2. During the restoration of normal Tb, the Q10HR in all animals approached the level ~2.0 predicted by the Van't Hoff-Arrhenius rule for chemical reactions in both living and inanimate nature. We assume that high values of Q10HR and Q10Ox, detected in the early period of ground squirrel’s arousal from hibernation, may reveal the functioning of adaptive processes aimed at accelerating body warming. Resistance to cooling and high Q10HR coefficient in the rat pups may indicate rudimentary adaptability to hibernation in the juvenile period of rats, as representatives of the order Rodentia, which also includes natural hibernators such as ground squirrels.

This paper examines the terminology related to sounds of the inanimate world in the poetry of Stanisława Plewińska. The terms were stratified semantically and grouped into: SOUNDS OF INANIMATE NATURE and OTHER SOUNDS OF THE SURROUNDING WORLD. The analysis of the material indicates that the rural environment audiosphere brings a sense of tranquility, dominated by sounds produced by the elements of inanimate nature (i.e. the Sun, the sky, water), complemented by the noises of artifacts (e.g. creaking which implies old age/decay). The repertoire of terms used by the folk poet to describe sounds produced by the inanimate world is conventional and relatively limited.

Information is being researched in the article from one of the debated points of view – paninformism: it is claimed that it is a universal characteristic of being, existing not only in the consciousness of people, but also in inanimate nature and being on the same level of generality as matter and energy (N. Wiener). The purpose of the article is to offer for discussion a definition of information that covers all its varieties. To achieve this goal, a genetic approach is used: first, information contained in inanimate objects is considered, then – genetic information and information functioning in organisms devoid of subjective reality, after that – subjective and, finally, computer information. This approach allows us to identify the generic feature of all these varieties of information on specific material. It is shown that, depending on the style of thinking, it is expressed by three philosophical categories: "form", "structure" and "relation". In the article, the third category is the main research tool. It is asserted that the system of relations forming an object from its components becomes information in the presence of two definitive features: 1) it is capable of transmission to other objects, 2) the emerging information is in a relationship of correspondence with the preceding one. The relationship between subjective information and objective information, which is located in the individual's brain and represents a system of relationships both between the components of the brain itself and between the electrochemical processes occurring in it, is analyzed. Two interpretations of the relationship between these two types of information are compared. The advantages and difficulties of these interpretations are considered.