Inadequate Method Research Articles

Comparison Between Methods of Choosing EEG Training Data in Epileptic Seizures Prediction Systems

Considering the large number of people that suffer with epilepsy, there is great interest in developing a system capable of predicting the occurrence of the seizures. Warning patients about the proximity of a seizure can help them to avoid dangerous situations. Many efforts in the development of this system have been placed using, basically, machine learning techniques. In most of these works, regardless of the technique employed, it is assumed that the system is able to learn when the patient’s brain signals, obtained from electroencephalogram (EEG), change from interictal to pre-ictal state. Some published works do not explicitly clarify the method of choosing training and test data. This means that good results may be due to the use of an inadequate method. That is, the EEG segments may have been temporarily mixed up during training, which would help the network correctly predict the seizure. However, this would not work from a real point of view. The objective of this work is to investigate, through experiments, the effect of the way of choosing the training and test data on the accuracy of a seizure prediction system. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the systems increases when training is performed with windows close to the seizure used for testing.

Error estimation of Bernardi heat evaluation of Li-ion cells under drive cycle operation

Accurate estimation of heat generation is critical for EV batteries. Conventional means of heat estimation (i.e. Bernardi equation) works only for constant current discharge. However, fluctuating current condition is the normal mode of operation for cells in EV applications. The current study attempts a comprehensive investigation of heat generation and temperature evolution for a cylindrical lithium iron phosphate cell under standard drive cycles (FUDS, US06). An experimentally parameterized electrochemical-heat transfer model is developed. Experimental voltage curve of FUDS drive cycle is used to obtain unknown electrochemical parameters while its fidelity is tested against US06. It is observed that Bernardi method overpredicts heat generation rate by approximately 25% under drive cycle operation. It is noted that Bernardi method is an indirect method of heat estimation based majorly on electrical parameters. It is also observed that the reversible part of Bernardi heat is negligible under drive cycle operation. Moreover, SOC and temperature evolution are accurately estimated by the electrochemical-heat transfer model – errors lie within 7% and 2° C, respectively. Thus, the present study demonstrates the capability of the electrochemical-heat transfer model for estimating heat generation rate of Li-ion cells under drive cycle operation where Bernardi equation is shown to be an inadequate method.

Human Placental Schistosomiasis-A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Schistosome egg deposition in pregnant women may affect the placenta of infected mothers and cause placental schistosomiasis (PS). Histopathological examination of placental tissue is an inadequate detection method due to low sensitivity. So far, there has not been any systematic review on PS. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Medline and included all publications that reported microscopically confirmed cases of PS, as well as the relevant secondary literature found in the citations of the primarily included publications. Out of 113 abstracts screened we found a total of 8 publications describing PS with a total of 92 cases describing egg deposition of dead and/or viable eggs and worms of S. haematobium and S. mansoni in placental tissue. One cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of PS and its association with adverse birth outcomes, found 22% of placentas to be infested using a maceration technique but only <1% using histologic examination. Additionally, no direct link to deleterious pregnancy outcomes could be shown. PS is a highly unattended and underdiagnosed condition in endemic populations, due to a lack of awareness as well as low sensitivity of histopathological examinations. However, PS may play an important role in mediating or reinforcing adverse birth outcomes (ABO) such as fetal growth restriction (FGR) in maternal schistosomiasis, possibly by placental inflammation.

Кризис регулирования радона в России: масштаб проблемы и предложения по исправлению

Among the many accumulated challenges, radon mitigation measures for existing buildings are not still carried out in Russia that, combined with the use of an inadequate method for indoor radon measurements, has led to stagnation and crisis of the radon regulation system. To overcome the crisis, a ranking of buildings and responsibility distribution in radon control, including theses on updating the national norms and regulations for ensuring radiation safety, as well as nine priority activities of the radon action plan are proposed in accordance with IAEA requirements.

Resilient agriculture: water management for climate change adaptation in Lower Saxony

Abstract Climate change has increased the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves and droughts in Europe turning water management into an even more complicated issue. Because water is a fundamental resource for agriculture, water management has to be addressed with climate change adaptation. While stakeholders in Lower Saxony are aware of adaptation measures they could implement to dampen the effects of climate change, evidence of the effectiveness of adaptation measures at a local scale is still missing. An analysis of adaptation measures using a new hydrological model was performed to test four adaptation measures suggested by stakeholders. Changing crops has the strongest effect followed by improving irrigation efficiency, humification and, finally, artificial aquifer recharge. If crops are changed, irrigation water demand and energy consumption could be reduced by up to 20.7%, costs could be reduced in 19.1%, the aquifer level could rise up to 284.85 mm and emissions could be reduced by 26.6% by the end of the century. Artificial recharge proved to be an inadequate method for the region as it does not impact the irrigation water demand, and an insufficient amount of water is available to have a substantial effect on the aquifer.

The Relationship between Inadequate Teaching Method and Students’ English Learning Difficulties

This research aimed to identify the relationship between inadequate teaching method and student’s English learning difficulties. This research used a quantitative descriptive approach. The data source was the students of the third grade of Junior High School 1 Pringgasela. The data were taken from the observation and questionnaire designed to identify the relationship between inadequate teaching method and student’s English learning difficulties that were shared to the population of the research comprising (90) male and female students to acquire the research objective. Through the finding of the analysis, there were collected about 200 responses from 10 numbers of statements each was answered by 20 students distributed as 10 males and 10 females selected from 90 students as the populations who were then displayed as respective percentage of 50% male and 50% female students. The questionnaire embodied several contexts such as curriculum, teaching method and student’s difficulties in learning English language. The results showed that 113 responses agreed with the statement given, while 87 statements disagreed. The number of responses was presented in terms of percentage as 57% of the respondents agreed while the remaining 43% disagreed. The broader findings will be further discussed.

Multi-band passive detection and imaging system for concealed weapon with dual assessment method

Technological advancements in the millimeter-wave (MMW) and terahertz (THz) frequency bands have seen rapid progress, especially in the field of concealed weapon detection. The capability to detect concealed objects under clothing without causing harm to individuals is of utmost importance. Because of this reason, the concept of the variable target ranges in a passive MMW/THz imaging system with the infrared band has been studied in detail. An imaging system, called multi-band passive detection and imaging system (MIS) in this study, with variable target ranges, was designed and tested. A passive MMW/THz imaging system is developed specifically for concealed weapon detection, with a primary focus on variable target ranges. In addition to this, an infrared imaging system has been incorporated into the concept of concealed weapon detection. To integrate these two imaging systems, image fusion techniques have been employed as a conjunction between them. Detailed analyses have been conducted to assess the concealed weapon detection capabilities of this integrated system. The image fusion results, combining infrared and passive MMW/THz bands, have been tested at variable target ranges, and the fused images have been compared in terms of structural similarity index (SSIM) and contrast levels (CL). The SSIM alone is an inadequate method in the concept of concealed weapon detection. The CL method, used with SSIM, eliminates the shortcoming of the SSIM alone. The outcomes of these tests demonstrate that MIS enhances the detectability of concealed weapons with the use of SSIM and CL together. As a result, this study lays a solid foundation for the future detection of concealed objects beneath clothing. The dual assessment method proposed in this study will enable the development of new methods that will increase the detection of specific objects under the clothes in the future.

Do reminders of God increase willingness to take risks?

Many people, and American Christians in particular, view God as a benevolent protector. Those who believe in God may therefore expect that they can safely engage in potentially risky activities, secure in the knowledge that God will look out for their best interests and ensure good outcomes. Initial experiments supported this hypothesis, but recent attempts to replicate them failed. This unreliable pattern may reflect a false conceptual hypothesis, or an inadequate method: Both the initial reports and the replication attempts used outdated religious priming methods we now know to be ineffective. The present research aimed to clarify the relationship between thinking about God and risk-taking behaviors. A pilot study (N = 264) showed that American Christians do expect that God will protect them during risky activities; moreover, those who hold this expectation more strongly report greater willingness to take risks. This registered report then used a high-powered preregistered experiment to test whether having participants explicitly think about God's (presumably protective) influence over what happens in their lives increases their willingness to take risks. Results confirmed that American Christian participants were more willing to take non-moral risks when thinking about God, compared to a control condition, d = 0.28, 95% CI [0.12, 0.44], p < .001. This pattern was robust to different exclusion criteria and was consistent across domains of career, recreational, and social risks. By using the most recent and sensitive methods, this study provides a more definitive test of the conceptual hypothesis that thinking about God can influence risk-taking.

Transfer learning model for the motion detection of sports players

Recognizing and analyzing moving targets is an important research subject since computer vision is employed in so many facets of our daily lives, including intelligent robotics, video surveillance, medical education, sporting events, and the maintenance of our national defense. This is because it may be difficult to properly analyse and keep up with moving materials. The various training postures of an athlete are explored in this study through the examination of a weightlifting video. This article was written to assist coaches in their efforts to improve the performance of their athletes in their respective sports. A technique for extracting essential poses from sports films has been proposed. The classification of different subjects of interest serves as the foundation for this technique. Because of its inadequate edge detection method, the current motion identification system does a bad job of detecting athletes, which is one of the reasons why it does a poor job of identifying motion in general. This flaw is one of the reasons why the system isn’t very strong at detecting athletes. The following was one of the factors that contributed to this outcome: in truth, the situation is currently in this state. The result of the newly developed system outperforms the prior system in terms of tracking recognition accuracy and convergence speed. The system was put to the test. The findings of the system’s study served as the foundation for this decision. Finally, the findings of the categorization reveal that the selection approach tries to separate fundamental postures.

Identifying the driver histology responsible for the inferior clinicopathologic features associated with plasmacytoid bladder cancer.

e16505 Background: Plasmacytoid urothelial cancer (PUC) is notorious for its spread along fascial planes which reportedly induces worse clinicopathologic. Usually, PUC is present with Conventional UC (CUC); however, the precise assessment of the PUC component in key pathological findings and its effect on clinical behavior has not been delineated. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with PUC who underwent cystectomy at Moffitt Cancer Center between 2012-2022. Repeat histological review of all specimens by specialty trained genitourinary pathologists was performed (AV, ED). Positive margins and lymph nodes were examined and classified by histological subtype. We calculate the proportion of tissue sections with peri-vesical fat invasion in tumor tissue sections submitted from cystectomy specimen in pT3 cases as the microscopic surrogate for macroscopic pT3 sub staging (termed Peri-vesical Fat Invasion Ratio, PFIr). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure strength and direction of relationship between variables. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis was performed for overall survival (OS). Results: Population consists of 44 patients undergoing cystectomy for PUC. Median age was 70 (IQR 63-75) years old with 82% being male. Majority of patients (52.5%) had ≥cT3 disease and 55% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Median percent of plasmacytoid histology was 20% (IQR 5-80%) with 6 (14%), 2 (5%), 5 (11%), 16 (36%), and 15 (34%) being pT0, pT1, pT2, pT3, and pT4, respectively. Of the patients with pT3 disease, 6 were pT3a with a median 78% (IQR 39-82%) PFIr while 10 were pT3b with an associated median PFIr of 56% (42-63%). In total, 14 (32%) patients had positive soft tissue surgical margin, with 11 (79%) being of PUC histology and ten patients with a positive ureteral margin, 80% of which consisted of PUC histology. A total of 97 lymph nodes removed were positive for malignancy with 51.5% demonstrating PUC and 48.5% CUC histology. Univariate analysis confirmed an increasing percentage of PUC histology portended a worse OS (HR 3.27, 95% CI 1.22-8.73, p = 0.018). Additionally, we calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficient for percent of plasmacytoid histology with pathologic tumor stage (r = 0.468, p = &lt; 0.001), soft tissue margin (r = 0.283, p = 0.031), and lymph node density (r = 0.264, p = 0.138). Finally, KM analysis for histologic subtype (PUC vs CUC) at positive margin or positive lymph did not affect OS (p &gt; 0.05), likely a product of our small numbers. Conclusions: The plasmacytoid component of bladder cancer is more likely to spread through direct extension along tissue planes to the surrounding soft tissue and ureters rather than through lymphatics. Also, given the discohesive nature of PUC histology, gross peri-vesical extension may be an inadequate method of sub-stratifying stage pT3 disease.

Utilization of Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials in the Formulation of Cancer Vaccines.

Immunology research has focused on developing cancer vaccines to increase the number of tumor-specific effector cells and their ability to fight cancer over the last few decades. There is a lack of professional success in vaccines compared to checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell treatment. The vaccine's inadequate delivery method and antigen selection are most likely to blame for the poor results. Antigen-specific vaccines have recently shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical investigations. To target particular cells and trigger the best immune response possible against malignancies, it is necessary to design a highly efficient and secure delivery method for cancer vaccines; however, enormous challenges must be overcome. Current research is focused on developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials, which are a subset of the range of levels of materials, to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety and better regulate the transport and distribution of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. A concise analysis of current developments in the area of biomaterials that respond to stimuli has been provided in brief research. Current and anticipated future challenges and opportunities in the sector are also highlighted.

Computer Vision Implementation in Scratch Inspection and Color Detection on The Car Roof Surface

The automotive industry in Indonesia is one of the important pillars in the manufacturing sector. High speed productivity and high-level quality of their products are required for increasing the company value. The car roof inspection is still in low speed and inadequate quality control method for most of the car company’s manufacturing production line. This inspection process is highly dependent to human expertise and skill of the assembly operators. This study purposes to increase the productivity in the inspection line by eliminate human error using computer vision. This research aims to find an automatic and accurate method for visual inspection of the color quality and scratch defect on car roof surfaces, using the data generated from the standardized database QR Code. The proposed solution uses MobileNet-SSD method of computer vision in recognizing scratch defects, while color detection of the roof is attained through hue saturation method. The study employs data capture from a camera and compares the amount of object inspected in real time. The scratch inspection with 70 image samples and 4000 training steps results in a 3.33% error with color detection and inspection success rate of 80%.

Contraception in women with diabetes: adequacy of medical files registration and prescription - a cross-section study.

To describe the adequacy of diabetes mellitus (DM) patient's files registry regarding contraception method (CM), factors associated with lack of registry, and if prescription is in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) eligibility criteria. This cross-sectional study was developed in two phases: (1) electronic medical records of women with DM who attended the outpatient clinic of a university hospital were reviewed to identify women in reproductive age and to look for CM registration and (2) interviews regarding contraception use, comorbidities and chronic DM complications. Among 1069 files analyzed, 313 women with DM in childbearing age were identified. Out of those, 55.3% had a CM registered. Age >40 years, non-white skin color, and ≤11 years of education were associated with no registration. Of the 270 women interviewed, 201 (74.4%) were using CM. Out of the 69 patients not on CM, 51 fertile patients were at risk of an unplanned pregnancy (18.8% of the sample). The most frequently used method was oral hormonal (combined: 34.3%; progestin-only: 17.9%), and 67 (33.3%) were using an inadequate method (WHO eligibility category 3/4). One third of women with DM are in childbearing age. Older age, non-white skin color, and lower education level were associated with lack of CM registration. One-third of respondents were using CM inappropriate for their clinical condition and one-fifth were at risk for an unplanned pregnancy. So, improvements in family planning for women with DM should be instituted.

Management Model to Increase Inventory Rotation in SMEs in the Mining Industry

Logistics is an area that determines, in many cases, the prosperity of a company. Regardless of its size, the search for new tools, procedures and management techniques has increased in recent years. In the mining sector, the 49,9% of companies do not have an inventory control mechanism; therefore, a low turnover of this. This can be for three reasons: inefficient purchasing policy, inadequate demand planning, and inadequate storage method. For this reason, a model conformed by the following tools was developed: ABC classification, JIT, MRP, and inventory management. Likewise, the Arena Software was used in an SMEs that imported drill bits for the mining industry to validate the described model. The results were a 62% improvement over the purchasing policy, a 73% decrease in cycle time, and only the use of one worker for the import process, allowing the other worker to be in another area. Finally, with this research is possible to conclude that correct inventory management has a positive impact on the company's economy.

THE LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF IDIOMS IN TV DRAMA: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHING IDIOMS TO IRAQI LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

As English is heavily idiomatic, this paper attempts to answer the question how Iraqi learners can better understand and speak English when interacting with native speakers of English from hearing and being exposed to constructed dialogue in TV drama. Hence, the paper has two focal points: the linguistic (semantic and syntactic) construction of idioms in dialogue scripted for the screen and the problems that Iraqi learners encounter in learning English idioms and fixed expressions. An idiom is the assigning of a new meaning to a group of words which already have their own meaning. Idioms can be easily identified with the familiar parts of speech. Thus, some idioms are clearly verbal in nature: "figure out/shy away from," an equally large number are nominal in nature: "feet of clay", many are adjectives: "butterflies in my stomach," and many are adverbial: "high and dry." These idioms which correlate with the familiar parts of speech can be called "lexemic idioms." The other most important group of idioms are of larger size. Often they are an entire clause in length: "have the guts," "have the stomach for," "to be caught between the rock and a hard place. As the English of advanced students, while grammatically, phonologically, and lexically correct, may sound rather bookish and pedantic to a native speaker. Iraqi learners have difficulties in understanding idioms for a number of reasons: idioms have figurative unpredictable meaning, distinctive cultural features, they exist in large numbers and thus difficult to memorize, lack of frequent use, and inadequate method of learning idioms. The study shows that learning idioms in the appropriate context of situation will result in learners' understanding and speaking better and more fluent English. The study hence not only contributes to the fields of linguistic stylistics and media studies, but also to applied linguistics and pragmatics, in particular through revising the concept and meaning of idioms.

Intravenous lidocaine infusion in children

BACKGROUND: The problem of adequate analgesia in the early postoperative period is not relevant at present, both in our country and abroad because 50% of children experience pain after surgical interventions despite the ongoing therapy. Inadequate ideal method for assessing the pain syndrome severity, age restrictions with several drugs, and difficult communication with young children, as well as drug selection, lead to inadequate detection in pediatric practice.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intravenous infusion of lidocaine in the early postoperative period in children operated on the abdominal cavity organs.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 119 children who were randomized into 3 groups, in which intravenous lidocaine infusion, prolonged epidural blockade, or systemic fentanyl analgesia were used for pain relief after abdominal surgery. Hemodynamic parameters, respiratory system, pain intensity, resolution time of intestinal paresis, cortisol, glucose and lidocaine levels in blood plasma, and complications were monitored and compared intergroup.&#x0D; RESULTS: Lidocaine infusion had no effects on the hemodynamics and respiratory system in children. Cortisol level was markedly decreased through the day to baseline (32065 nmol/l). Early recovery of peristalsis corresponded to 233.75 h postoperatively. The pain syndrome intensity during the observation period did not exceed 2 points. The maximum level of free lidocaine in blood plasma was 2.811.31 g/ml, and the time spent in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 4810 h.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine after abdominal surgery in children is a safe method that provides effective pain relief, restores peristalsis early, and reduces the length of ICU stay.

Factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs: the case of Ekiti State, Nigeria

Abstract One of the major problems confronting public water utilities in Nigeria is how to realise effective piped water tariff revenues collection. This study was therefore conducted to identify the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in Nigeria, using Ekiti State as a case study, and possible interventions which might help to improve the situation from the perspective of piped water customers. A tested survey has been used through a representative sampling process. The research findings were checked with additional data from relevant literature and legal documents. Findings revealed that political promise, availability of other water sources, lack of recognition of drinking water as a human right, inadequate method of collecting tariff revenues, and poor response to complaints were the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in the studied case in Nigeria. The suggested major possible interventions which might help to improve the situation include the installation of water meters, instituting a customer consultative forum, as well as putting in place improved customer relations. To be effective, it is crucial that public water utilities in Nigeria incorporate these factors into piped water supply decision-making and policy measures.

A rare case of L5-S1 right severe foraminal stenosis and paramedian disc herniation result in foot drop of right lower extremity: A case report

Objective: the authors presented a extremely rare case of severe foraminal stenosis combined with huge lateral lumbar disc herniation &#x0D; Case presentation: The authors presented a 74 – year old, male with type II chronic diabetes, had severe pain of the dermatomal distribution of L5, S1 nerve roots, and foot-drop of the right lower limb. When we evaluated the patient’s MRI, the huge paramedian disc herniation of the right L5-S1 level was seen and the right L5-S1 laminotomy and discetomy were planned for the treatment of the patient. However, the clinical symptoms were not completely correlated with that MRI findings so that, we re-checked the MRI, particularly at the lumbosacral region, and the right severe foraminal stenosis of L5-S1 level was found. The patient underwent surgery with facetectomy, transforaminal interbody fusion, and pedicle screw fixation. After the operation, the patient has quickly reduced radiating pain of the right lower extremity, although the foot-drop was not improved. Because of the huge lateral lumbar disc herniation impression, that could affect the assessing the patient’s injury correctly, leaded consequences of a missing diagnosis of foraminal stenosis and inadequate surgery method.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is essential to detail examination of the clinical manifestations and thorough assessment of MRI for evaluation of the correlation between the physical examination and MRI findings before making the decision of surgical method.

Efficient and high-throughput pseudorecombinant-chimeric Cucumber mosaic virus-based VIGS in maize.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a versatile and attractive approach for functional gene characterization in plants. Although several VIGS vectors for maize (Zea mays) have been previously developed, their utilities are limited due to low viral infection efficiency, insert instability, short maintenance of silencing, inadequate inoculation method, or abnormal requirement of growth temperature. Here, we established a Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-based VIGS system for efficient maize gene silencing that overcomes many limitations of VIGS currently available for maize. Using two distinct strains, CMV-ZMBJ and CMV-Fny, we generated a pseudorecombinant-chimeric (Pr) CMV. Pr CMV showed high infection efficacy but mild viral symptoms in maize. We then constructed Pr CMV-based vectors for VIGS, dubbed Pr CMV VIGS. Pr CMV VIGS is simply performed by mechanical inoculation of young maize leaves with saps of Pr CMV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana under normal growth conditions. Indeed, suppression of isopentenyl/dimethylallyl diphosphate synthase (ZmIspH) expression by Pr CMV VIGS resulted in non-inoculated leaf bleaching as early as 5 d post-inoculation (dpi) and exhibited constant and efficient systemic silencing over the whole maize growth period up to 105 dpi. Furthermore, utilizing a ligation-independent cloning (LIC) strategy, we developed a modified Pr CMV-LIC VIGS vector, allowing easy gene cloning for high-throughput silencing in maize. Thus, our Pr CMV VIGS system provides a much-improved toolbox to facilitate efficient and long-duration gene silencing for large-scale functional genomics in maize, and our pseudorecombination-chimera combination strategy provides an approach to construct efficient VIGS systems in plants.

Debunking the Concept of Dentinal Tubule Penetration of Endodontic Sealers: Sealer Staining with Rhodamine B Fluorescent Dye Is an Inadequate Method.

The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of rhodamine B dye staining of an epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus) and calcium-silicate-based sealers (Total Fill BC Sealer, BioRoot RCS) to represent the penetration depth of the sealers into dentinal tubules after root canal obturation. In a three-step process, (1) leaching of rhodamine B from sealers into a buffer solution, (2) passive penetration of leached rhodamine B into dentinal tubules, and (3) conformity of rhodamine B penetration assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and sealer penetration assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in root-canal-filled teeth, were evaluated. Rhodamine B dye massively leached out of Total Fill BC Sealer and BioRoot RCS into the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A pinkish coloration of AH Plus was found after contact with PBS. Leached rhodamine B dye passively penetrated dentinal tubules from all three sealers when placed on root dentin. No correlation was observed between sealer penetration in SEM and rhodamine B penetration in CLSM. Staining of sealers using rhodamine B is an inadequate method with which to evaluate sealer penetration depth into dentinal tubules, as it overestimates the penetration of sealers into root dentin tubules.