Influx Process Research Articles

Integration of interpretable machine learning and environmental magnetism elucidates reduction mechanism of bioavailable potentially toxic elements in lakes after monsoon

Little information is available on the influence of substantial precipitation and particulate matter entering during the monsoon process on the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into lake sediments. Sediments from a typical subtropical lake across three periods, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon, were collected to determine the chemical forms of 12 PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sb, and Zn), magnetic properties, and physicochemical indicators. Feature importance, Shapley additive explanations, and partial dependence plots were used to explore the factors influencing bioavailable PTEs. The proportion of bioavailable forms of PTEs decreased from 3.85 % (Cd) to 87.84 % (Hg) after the monsoon. Gradient extreme boosting demonstrated robust fitting accuracy for the prediction of the bioavailable forms of the 12 PTEs (R2 > 0.84). Shapley additive explanations identified that the bioavailable forms were influenced by the total PTE concentrations, wind, shortwave radiation, and particle inputs (25.1 %–88.5 % for total importance), either individually or in combination. The partial dependence plots highlighted the influence thresholds of background values and anthropogenic factors on the bioavailable forms of PTEs. Changes in environmental properties could indicate the process of external sediment influx into lakes. The optimized model combined with magnetic parameters showed strong performance in other cases (coefficient of determination>0.58), confirming the ubiquitous decrease in bioavailable forms of PTEs in sediments across subtropical lakes after monsoons.

All Growing but Differently: Two Ideal-typical Forms of Continuity and Expansion Followed by Young German Activists

This paper seeks to further the discussions about what continuity in activism can look like, about the differentiated trajectories that activists can follow and how growth and continuity (as trait shared by all activists) might be differently patterned by factors at the micro- meso- and macro- levels. For this, the present analysis zooms into the trajectories of 9 activists and proposes two ideal typical kinds of trajectories (the abeyant-experimental and the lineal sustained) based on the patterns of growth, expansion, and change as narrated by the participants. The interview analysis suggests that activism has been experienced as an in-flux process during which growth and change have been constant. Participants report about gaining specific skills, expanding their networks, adopting new routines and repertoires of action, adopting different frames of cognition and even a experiencing changes in their self-perception due to their political engagement. The study proposes an analytical concept to further the analysis of activist trajectories and stress the differentiated expressions of growth and expansion revealed by activists.

Redox Enzymes P4HB and PDIA3 Interact with STIM1 to Fine-Tune Its Calcium Sensitivity and Activation.

Sensing the lowering of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca2+), STIM1 mediates a ubiquitous Ca2+ influx process called the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Dysregulated STIM1 function or abnormal SOCE is strongly associated with autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, and various forms of cancers. Therefore, uncovering the molecular intricacies of post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, on STIM1 function is of paramount importance. In a recent proteomic screening, we identified three protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs)-Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta (P4HB), protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), and thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5)-as the ER-luminal interactors of STIM1. Here, we demonstrated that these PDIs dynamically associate with STIM1 and STIM2. The mutation of the two conserved cysteine residues of STIM1 (STIM1-2CA) decreased its Ca2+ affinity both in cellulo and in situ. Knockdown of PDIA3 or P4HB increased the Ca2+ affinity of wild-type STIM1 while showing no impact on the STIM1-2CA mutant, indicating that PDIA3 and P4HB regulate STIM1's Ca2+ affinity by acting on ER-luminal cysteine residues. This modulation of STIM1's Ca2+ sensitivity was further confirmed by Ca2+ imaging experiments, which showed that knockdown of these two PDIs does not affect STIM1-mediated SOCE upon full store depletion but leads to enhanced SOCE amplitudes upon partial store depletion. Thus, P4HB and PDIA3 dynamically modulate STIM1 activation by fine-tuning its Ca2+ binding affinity, adjusting the level of activated STIM1 in response to physiological cues. The coordination between STIM1-mediated Ca2+ signaling and redox responses reported herein may have implications for cell physiology and pathology.

Modeling the Seepage-induced Damage in Water-Rich Fault Zones at Tunnel Faces by Double Point Material Point Methods

During tunnel construction, crossing water-rich fault fracture zones leads to water influx hazards at the tunnel face. Excavation exposes the fault, causing disturbances and changes in the hydraulic gradient. Thus, the tunnel face becomes a low hydraulic head surface. The naturally high permeability of the fracture zone provides a pathway for groundwater flow, resulting in water seepage along the fracture zone and subsequent water influx at the tunnel face. To investigate this interaction, a two-phase double-point material point method was employed aimed at developing a coupled fluid-solid numerical model for excavating submarine fault tunnels. The model incorporates solid-liquid phase interaction, including rock mass permeability, water viscosity, and tunnel geometry. It analyzes the changes in the liquid-phase flow velocity, pore water pressure, and particle trajectories in the fractured zone ahead of the working face after the fracture zone is exposed, revealing the dynamic evolution of water influx following excavation. Additionally, this study discusses the impact of the solid-liquid phase permeability coefficients on the range of water influx hazards. The research findings demonstrate that the two-phase double-point material point method effectively captures the seepage and water influx processes, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of sudden water influx in tunnel engineering.

Experimental study on the negative pressure loss generated by the gas influx process around a long borehole

In the process of gas extraction in long boreholes, gas influx in the radial direction causes a non-uniform variable mass flow field due to bore wall friction. This flow field can lead to a negative pressure decay along the hole length, thus affecting the gas extraction effect. With this effect in mind, a gas variation mass test was designed for pore-containing specimens with different pore wall roughnesses. It is also based on the variable mass flow pressure drop theory and analyzes the pressure variation, hole wall roughness, and gas influx rate inside the borehole. The result indicates that radial influx of gas along the borehole wall can interfere with the main flow in the borehole. The increase of the radial influx flow rate of the gas produces an obvious swirling phenomenon, which gradually makes the fluid mixing flow situation more and more complicated the more it differs from the mainstream velocity. The mainstream velocity and the pore wall influx velocity are the main factors causing mixing loss. The study results are important for understanding the long borehole gas sink process and the design of reasonable borehole parameters.

Quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment of PCBs available to sandworms (Alitta virens) in activated carbon remediated sediment during ongoing sediment deposition.

Marine mesoscale studies with sandworms (Alitta virens) were conducted to isolate important processes governing the exposure and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at contaminated sediment sites. Ex situ equilibrium sampling with silicone-coated jars, and in situ passive sampling with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were used to determine the performance of an activated carbon (AC) amendment remedy applied to the bed sediment. A quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment ('QTEA') was performed, showing that PCB concentrations in polymers at equilibrium with the surficial sediment were suited to measure and assess the remedy effectiveness with regard to PCB bioaccumulation in worms. In practice, monitoring the performance of sediment remedies should utilize a consistent and predictive form of polymeric sampling of the sediment. The present study found that ex situ equilibrium sampling of the surficial sediment was the most useful for understanding changes in bioaccumulation potential as a result of the applied remedy, during bioturbation and ongoing sediment and contaminant influx processes. The ultrathin silicone coatings of the ex situ sampling provided fast equilibration of PCBs between the sediment interstitial water and the polymer, and the multiple coating thicknesses were applied to confirm equilibrium and the absence of surface sorption artifacts. Overall, ex situ equilibrium sampling of surficial sediment could fit into existing frameworks as a robust and cost-effective tool for contaminated sediment site assessment.

Enhancing Sediment Bioaccumulation Predictions: Isotopically Modified Bioassay and Biodynamic Modeling for Nickel Assessment.

Quantifying metal bioaccumulation in a sedimentary environment is a valuable line of evidence when evaluating the ecological risks associated with metal-contaminated sediments. However, the precision of bioaccumulation predictions has been hindered by the challenges in accurately modeling metal influx processes. This study focuses on nickel bioaccumulation from sediment and introduces an innovative approach using the isotopically modified bioassay to directly measure nickel assimilation rates in sediment. Tested in sediments spiked with two distinct nickel concentrations, the measured Ni assimilation rates ranged from 35 to 78 ng g-1 h-1 in the Low-Ni treatment and from 96 to 320 ng g-1 h-1 in the High-Ni treatment. Integrating these rates into a biodynamic model yielded predictions of nickel bioaccumulation closely matching the measured results, demonstrating high accuracy with predictions within a factor of 3 for the Low-Ni treatment and within a factor of 1 for the High-Ni treatment. By eliminating the need to model metal uptake from various sources, this streamlined approach provides a reliable method for predicting nickel bioaccumulation in contaminated sediments. This advancement holds promise for linking bioaccumulation with metal toxicity risks in sedimentary environments, enhancing our understanding of metal-contaminated sediment risks and providing valuable insights to support informed decision-making in ecological risk assessment and management.

Spatial transition dynamics of urbanization and Rohingya refugees’ settlements in Bangladesh

Urbanization needs to conceptualize land use policy beyond the city boundaries. It might be explained by exploring complex and interconnected interdependencies in regional key driving factors that can have tele-coupling effects during sudden shocks. Over one million Rohingya have settled in the rural/forest area in Cox’s Bazar for locational proximity and comparatively easy escape from Myanmar after domestic conflicts. This study aims to explore the spatial dimension of urbanization in a regional transition context focusing on the newly built refugee settlements in the south-eastern coastal area of Bangladesh. Additional, we also identify further research scopes and gaps in the context of the case study. Analysis of openly available global data products from historical built-up expansion from 1975 to 2021 suggests that refugee settlements impact spatial development intensity (annual rate ⁓2.55 ha/year) and population density (annual rate ⁓9431 person/year) dimensions, which have a transition (rural-to-urban) of a greater regional scale than local urbanization. Our results from the expert-based key informant interviews have a broad agreement with the quantitative findings; however, the environmental: deforestation, economic: increasing business and employment opportunities and daily living expenses; and socio-cultural impacts: increasing conflict between host and refugee communities due to prostitution, drug dealing, and insecurity, are more local than findings from the geospatial analysis. Therefore, the local development policies need an urgent adjustment to comply with the local and regional balances in the above factors, along with that international development actors may also need attentive measures in the policy formulation. Further investigations in scenario-based urbanization dynamics are required to avoid an urban desert initiated in the absence or relocation of refugee settlement. Similar kinds of studies may also be replicated even in prosperous global North countries in order to conceptualize the spatial transformative process of rapid migration influx on urbanization with innovative open data in the absence of up-to-date official datasets and adoptions of mixed methods approaches with related actors including policymakers.

러시아의 쌍두독수리 상징: 문화의 혼종성에서 국가의 정체성으로

The nature of mankind dates back to ancient times. Among them, the bird has been one of the ancient totems of mankind as a being that connects gods and humans, heaven and earth. In particular, the eagle is used today as a crest symbolizing the history, tradition, and ideology of each country. The double-headed eagle of the Russian coat of arms was brought from the Byzantine and has undergone several transformations before settling into today’s form. The double-headed eagle of the coat of arms solidifies Russia’s identity as the successor of Byzantium and at the same time makes it clear its status as a great power.BR This paper aims to clarify the establishment and importance of Russia’s cultural and national identity by examining influx process of the double-headed eagle from Byzantium to Russia, the process of its transformation, and the process of meaning extension as a coat of arms according to the times. In studies so far, the Russian coat of arms has been treated only as a Byzantine succession on a superficia level, while the symbolic meaning of an eagle symbol in the universal culture of mankind, the process of reinterpretation as it is introduced into each culture, and its meaning as a legitimate child of Christian civilization and faith around the world has been overlooked. This paper examined that the double-headed eagle not only played an important role in establishing Russia’s identity, but also was a symbol of strong pride of the suzerain of Christianity. It reveals not only Russia’s national and cultural identity, but also acts as declaration which announce the legitimacy of Russia as a BRChristian country and the central axis of the world, connected with the theory of BR“Moscow as the third Rome”.

6-O-angeloylplenolin inhibits anti-IgE-stimulated human mast cell activation via suppressing calcium influx and ERK phosphorylation.

Objective(s):Mast cells are important immune cells that primarily localize in the interface between the host and external environment, and protect us from pathogen infection. However, they are also involved in the pathology of allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. A novel S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1) inhibitor 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP), was studied with its potential ability to alleviate the anti-IgE-induced inflammatory responses of primary human cultured mast cells (HCMCs) and LAD2 cell line. Materials and Methods:We isolated the HCMCs from the buffy coat of voluntary blood donors. The effects of 6-OAP on mast cell activation were evaluated by measuring degranulation, cytokine release, migration, calcium influx, and ERK phosphorylation using spectro-fluorescence assay, multiplex cytometric bead assay/ELISA, migration assay, Fluo-4 calcium flux assay, and western blot, respectively. Results:It was found that 6-OAP exerted anti-inflammatory effects on human mast cells by dose-dependently suppressing the anti-IgE-mediated degranulation and release of cytokines such as proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α), growth factors (GM-CSF, VEGF, and FGF), and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3) in HCMC and LAD2 cells. It also suppressed the migration of immature HCMCs induced by CXCL12. Moreover, the process of calcium influx and ERK phosphorylation in activated HCMC cells were inhibited by 6-OAP administration. Conclusion:Our results showed that 6-OAP inhibited anti-IgE-induced inflammatory responses of human mast cells via suppressing calcium influx and ERK phosphorylation.

The effect of rock permeability value on groundwater influx in underground coal gasification reactor

Rock permeability value is one of the most significant rock’s physical properties that affect groundwater influx processes in underground coal gasification (UCG). This value of rock permeability (K), namely the vertical permeability of flanking rocks (Kv) and horizontal permeability of coal (Kh). The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the influence of the value of rock permeability on the potential of groundwater influx. The effect of rock permeability on groundwater influx into the UCG gasification reactor cavity in the presence of thermal loads and mineral composition content is large and significant to consider. Based on the resistance to heat loads, the type of sandstone lithology is relatively more resistant compared to siltstone and claystone lithology.

Natural and technogenic changes in geochemistry of soils in the Ciscaucasian steppe landscapes

The work is based on landscape-geochemical studies, uniformly conducted in the Ciscaucasian region on a scale from 1:500,000 to 1:10,000. Analyses of over 15,000 samples allowed to consider natural and technogenic factors affecting migration and accumulation of elements. The greatest technogenic geochemical changes occurred in the soils of the landscapes during the plowing of steppe. The intensity and direction of the studied regional processes of influx and loss of elements depend mainly on such natural factors as the zonal type of steppes, geomorphological features of the sites, and the intensity of wind erosion. Depending on the land topography, the influence of wind erosion on the geochemical features of steppe soils was described. The impact of dumpsites located at different distances from discrete parts of the steppe landscapes and the post-steppe arable lands were studied alongside the impact of sedimentation tanks of chemical enterprises on the steppe soils.

Multidimensional Regulation of Cardiac Mitochondrial Potassium Channels.

Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the energetics of cardiac cells. Moreover, mitochondria are involved in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore which is the major cause of cell death. The preservation of mitochondrial function is an essential component of the cardioprotective mechanism. The involvement of mitochondrial K+ transport in this complex phenomenon seems to be well established. Several mitochondrial K+ channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane, such as ATP-sensitive, voltage-regulated, calcium-activated and Na+-activated channels, have been discovered. This obliges us to ask the following question: why is the simple potassium ion influx process carried out by several different mitochondrial potassium channels? In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of both the properties of mitochondrial potassium channels in cardiac mitochondria and the current understanding of their multidimensional functional role. We also critically summarize the pharmacological modulation of these proteins within the context of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection.

From irregular immigrants to naturalised citizens: Indian immigration and immigration policies in Spain, 1985–2018

ABSTRACT Immigration policies have a considerable impact on the influx and settlement process of immigrants, including ways and routes of immigration, regularisation, access to public services (such as education, housing and medical services), entry into the labour market, family reunification and access to citizenship. Consequently, changes in immigration policy determine the pace and direction of migrant integration and status mobility in host countries. Drawing from 64 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Indian immigrants in Spain, this paper explores the perceived effects of changes in immigration policies in Spain on immigration conditions, status mobility and integration of Indian immigrants, and strategies adopted by them to deal with these policies, during the period between 1985 and 2018. Results show that the Spanish immigration policies had several unintended negative effects on immigration conditions, regularisation, family reunification and access to Spanish citizenship, which in turn have slowed down their pace of integration and upward social mobility.

Population pharmacodynamic modeling of intramuscular and oral dexamethasone and betamethasone effects on six biomarkers with circadian complexities in Indian women

Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis was performed for extensive data for differing dosage forms and routes for dexamethasone (DEX) and betamethasone (BET) in 48 healthy nonpregnant Indian women in a partial and complex cross-over design. Single doses of 6 mg dexamethasone phosphate (DEX-P), betamethasone phosphate (BET-P), or 1:1 mixture of betamethasone phosphate and acetate (BET-PA) were administered orally (PO) or intramuscularly (IM) where each woman enrolled in a two-period cross-over study. Plasma concentrations collected over 96 h were described with a two-compartment model with differing PO and IM first-order absorption inputs. Overall, BET exhibited slower clearance, similar volume of distribution, faster absorption, and longer persistence than DEX with BET acetate producing extremely slow absorption but full bioavailability of BET. Six biomarkers were assessed over a 24-h baseline period with four showing circadian rhythms with complex baselines. These baselines and the strong responses seen after drug dosing were fitted with various indirect response models using the Laplace estimation methods in NONMEM 7.4. Both the PK and six biomarker responses were well-described with modest variability likely due to the homogeneous ages, weights, and ethnicities of the women. The drugs either inhibited or stimulated the influx processes with some models requiring joint inclusion of drug effects on circadian cortisol suppression. The biomarkers and order of sensitivity (lowest IC50/SC50 to highest) were: cortisol, T-helper cells, basophils, glucose, neutrophils, and T-cytotoxic cells. DEX sensitivities were generally greater than BET with corresponding mean ratios for these biomarkers of 2.86, 1.27, 1.72, 1.27, 2.69, and 1.06. Overall, the longer PK (e.g. half-life) of BET, but lesser PD activity (e.g. higher IC50), produces single-dose response profiles that appear quite similar, except for the extended effects from BET-PA. This comprehensive population modeling effort provides the first detailed comparison of the PK profiles and six biomarker responses of five commonly used dosage forms of DEX and BET in healthy women.

Nitrate supply decreases uptake and accumulation of ciprofloxacin in Brassica parachinensis

How nitrate (NO3−) fertilization influences ciprofloxacin (CIP) uptake by crops remains unsolved. Here, two Brassica parachinensis cultivars differing in CIP accumulation were cultivated to investigate the effects of NO3− supply on CIP uptake and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that NO3− supply effectively reduced CIP toxicity and accumulation in the two cultivars, especially in the low CIP cultivar. Moreover, NO3− supply induced different mechanisms of coping with CIP stress in the two cultivars through influencing subcellular distribution of CIP. The uptake of CIP by root was demonstrated to be a carrier-mediated, energy-consuming, and proton motive force-dependent influx process. Consequently, a mechanism of nitrate supply decreasing CIP uptake was proposed that uptake of CIP and NO3- into root cell would compete for the proton motive force and share a common energy source provided by plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Besides, regulating the concentration balances of cytoplasmic NO3- and proton by inhibiting the activities of NRase and two tonoplast proton pumps (V-ATPase and V-PPase) led to opposite effect on CIP uptake, further supporting this inference. Our results provide a novel insight into CIP uptake by plant roots, and improve the strategy of minimizing CIP accumulation in crops for food safety by fertilization management.

Elevated plasma RANTES in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva – A novel therapeutic target?

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare hereditary disease caused by a mutation in the intracellular domain of the activin A receptor type I and is characterized by episodes (flare-ups) of progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification (HO) in the soft tissues. The mutation alone is not sufficient for the occurrence of HO since flare-ups are triggered by inflammation and activation of the innate immune system. A number of cellular and humoral mediators have been implicated in animal and in vitro models. Observations in humans support the inflammatory nature of the condition, but data on the involved mediators are variable. We hypothesize that for induction of flare-ups in patients with FOP increase in at least one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is both essential and sufficient to trigger the entire process of the inflammatory cells influx resulting in the novel ectopic bone formation and we suggest that C–C motif ligand 5 (CCL5), a pro-inflammatory chemokine also known as Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), might be the key candidate. CCL5 is a chemoattractant for all cellular types implicated in HO and is produced by the cells of the tissue microenvironment at the sites of HO as well as by the pro-inflammatory cellular mediators. CCL5 induces ossification in cultured human pluripotent mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) and in the primary culture of monocytes from FOP patients (but not from their healthy relatives), stimulation with lipopolysaccharide induces CCL5 expression. Finally, in a pilot study we used a panel of 23 cytokines and chemokines to screen the plasma samples of three subjects: a female patient with FOP during a flare-up; a female patient with hyperostosis corticalis generalisata (van Buchem disease), another rare disease characterized by excessive bone formation at the sites where it regularly occurs that does not include inflammatory events; and a healthy woman without bone disorders. There appeared a rather clear-cut signal of a 2-fold higher level of CCL5 in the FOP patient vs. the healthy subject and the van Buchem patient. Evaluation of the hypothesis would require an international prospective study, with main motivation being the lack of a conclusive treatment as the major unmet need in FOP. A treatment targeting CCL5 receptor already exists and is used in HIV-infected patients.

Quantitative analysis of ammonia adsorption in Ag/AgI-coated hollow waveguide by mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy

The adsorption effect of ammonia gas molecules on the inner surface of silver and silver iodide-coated hollow waveguides (Ag/AgI-HWGs) was studied by using a direct absorption spectrometry system with a 9.56-µm quantum cascade laser as the light source. The dynamic changes in ammonia concentration in the Ag/AgI-HWG during the process of NH3 influx and N2 purge were measured with a high time resolution. The adsorption and desorption processes of ammonia were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that the density of ammonia molecules adsorbed on the inner wall surface of the Ag/AgI-HWG was 1015 molecules/cm2, characterized as multilayer adsorption, and the corresponding F value (a dimensionless number commonly used to characterize influence of the adsorption effect) was about 5.89. The adsorption capacity increased with the pressure and decreased with the temperature, which is consistent with Le Chatelier's principle. The differential heats of adsorption were deduced to be 7.6 and 6.1 kJ/mol for monolayer and multilayer adsorption, respectively, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model was established and agreed well with our measurement results. The adsorption kinetic process also fit well to both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This study fills in the gap in the research of Ag/AgI-HWGs adsorption and is meaningful for accurate gas detection using HWG-based spectroscopy systems.

Allele Frequency of SLC22A1 Met420del Metformin Main Transporter Encoding Gene among Javanese-Indonesian Population.

BACKGROUND:Genetic variation in the genes that encode metformin transporters has been proven to cause pharmacokinetic variability and various glycemic response to metformin. Organic Cation Transporter (OCT) 1 protein encoded by the SLC22A1 gene is primarily responsible for the process of metformin influx to the hepatocytes as the target of antihyperglycemic action as well as metformin elimination through the renal. This study aimed to determine the allele frequency distribution of the SLC22A1 Met420del gene in OCT1 among the Javanese population, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia with T2DM.METHODS:The research involved 100 adult patients from 9 healthcare facilities in Yogyakarta Province. The PCR-RFLP method was employed as a genotype analysis to detect polymorphism using 5’-AGGTTCACGGACTCTGTGCT-3’ forward primer and 5’-AAGCTGGAGTGTGCGATCT-3’ reverse primer.RESULTS:No AA variant (wild type) type was found in the SLC22A1 Met420del gene, and only 4% of the subjects had Aa heterozygote type. The allele frequencies of A and a were 2.0% and 98.0% in all subjects, respectively.CONCLUSION:The allele frequencies in the Javanese-Indonesian population were almost the same as those in the studies involving Japanese, Chinese-Han, and Asian-American populations. This study recommends further research on the correlation between the influence of methionine deletion at codon 420 on the variability of pharmacokinetic profiles and the glycemic response to metformin as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance due to metformin administration.

Fundamentals of Continuous Growth Processes in Technology and Nature

Fundamentals of mathematical modeling of surface growth process are under consideration. Mathematical models of 3D and 2D solids that grow owing to processes of continuous influx of new elements (surfaces and fibers) are proposed. Complete systems of equations and boundary value problems are obtained. A method for solving these boundary value problems is developed. Qualitative conclusions and numerical results concerning the behavior of growing solids are presented.