Improvement In Visual Analog Scale Scores Research Articles

Pain Management Interventions for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Determine the relative effectiveness and safety profiles of percutaneous and minimally invasive interventions for chronic low back pain. A systematic search was performed for randomized controlled trials published in the past 20 years reporting on radiofrequency ablation of the basivertebral, disk annulus and facet nerve structures, steroid injection of the disk, facet joint, and medial branch, biological therapies, and multifidus muscle stimulation. Outcomes evaluated included Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, quality of life (SF-36 and EQ-5D) scores, and serious adverse event (SAE) rates. Basivertebral nerve (BVN) ablation was chosen as the subject of comparison to all other therapies using a random-effects meta-analysis. Twenty-seven studies were included. BVN ablation was found to provide statistically significant improvements in VAS and ODI scores for 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-up ( P ≤0.05). Biological therapy and multifidus muscle stimulation were the only 2 treatments with both VAS and ODI outcomes not significantly different from BVN ablation at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. All outcomes found to be statistically significant represented inferior results to those of BVN ablation. Insufficient data precluded meaningful comparisons of SF-36 and EQ-5D scores. The SAE rates for all therapies and all reported time points were not significantly different from BVN ablation except for biological therapy and multifidus muscle stimulation at the 6-month follow-up. BVN ablation, biological therapy, and multifidus stimulation all provide significant, durable improvements in both pain and disability compared with other interventions, which provided only short-term pain relief. Studies on BVN ablation reported no SAEs, a significantly better result than for studies of biological therapy and multifidus stimulation.

Clinical outcomes of primary Latarjet technique in recurrent shoulder dislocation using BioLatarjet® LCS cannulated flat head screws

Background: The Latarjet technique is an effective procedure that reconstructs and augments the glenohumeral joint instability. It improves stability by increasing the glenoid width and using the sling effect. The aim of the study was to assess the functional outcomes of the primary Latarjet treatment with BioLatarjet® LCS cannulated flat head screws in cases of recurrent shoulder dislocation. Methods: In this retrospective study, 30 patients were treated with the primary Latarjet technique. Rowe score, visual analog scale (VAS), Quebec back pain disability scale (QDS), and, American shoulder and elbow surgeon score (ASES), and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated in the selected population at the time point of 6-week, 3-month, and 6-month after surgery for the determination of the functional outcomes in them. Results: The results showed that all patients had excellent or good functional outcomes with significant improvements in Rowe score, VAS score, QDS, and ASES scores (p<0.0001). The ROM in patients for forward elevation, cross body adduction, external rotation by side of body/neutral, and internal rotation by side of body/neutral were related to better clinical outcome and less movement of recurrent instability with optimal graft placement. Conclusions: These findings have clinical significance in that they demonstrate the effectiveness of the Latarjet technique in improving stability without significantly increasing the risk of complications. The BioLatarjet® LCS cannulated flat head screws were found to be safe and efficient for primary Latarjet surgeries, providing appropriate graft healing and a low recurrence of instability, with a good return-to-sports rate.

Awake transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy in an ambulatory surgery center: early clinical outcomes and complications of 100 patients.

Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy has been found to have equivalent outcomes to traditional discectomy techniques. Controversy exists concerning whether this should be performed under general anesthetic with neuromonitoring or can be safely performed on awake patients without neuromonitoring. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of awake transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in an ambulatory setting. 100 consecutive patients with lumbar disc herniations treated with transforaminal endoscopic discectomy by a single surgeon were enrolled in the study. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation with local anesthetic. Preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores were recorded and compared. Time spent in recovery prior to discharge home and complications were also recorded. Average VAS score improved from a mean of 6.85 to 0.74 (median 7 to 0) immediately postoperatively. The average time spent in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) prior to discharge was 56.7min. Average VAS score at 2weeks was 3.07 (median 2.5). Complication rates were commensurate with published results in the literature. The most common complication was radiculitis, which appears to be more likely with foraminal/extraforaminal herniations at a rate of 20.7%, versus 2.6% for central/paracentral herniations. There were no cases that required conversion to general anesthetic or transfer to a hospital and no permanent nerve injuries in this cohort. Endoscopic discectomy can safely and successfully be performed in an ambulatory surgery center under conscious sedation and local anesthetic without neuromonitoring. This procedure leads to rapid recovery in the PACU and significantly improved VAS scores postoperatively. Level IV.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Intra-articular injection of autologous culture-expanded adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) has introduced a promising treatment option for knee osteoarthritis. Although the clinical efficacy and safety of ADMSCs have been reported, the treatment remains controversial owing to the small sample sizes and heterogeneous osteoarthritis grades in previous studies. Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of ADMSCs as compared with placebo in alleviating pain and improving functional capacity in a large sample of patients with knee osteoarthritis of Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade 3. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: This phase III multicenter clinical trial was a double-blind randomized controlled study that included 261 patients with K-L grade 3 symptomatic knee osteoarthritis who were administered a single injection of autologous culture-expanded ADMSCs or placebo. Clinical data were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after the injection. The primary endpoints were improvements in 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for function at 6 months after the injection. The secondary endpoints included clinical and radiologic examinations and safety after injection. The changes in cartilage defects after injection were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months. Results: The ADMSC and control groups included 125 and 127 patients available for follow-up, respectively. At 6 months, the ADMSC group showed significantly better improvements in 100-mm VAS (ADMSC vs control, 25.2 vs 15.5; P = .004) and total WOMAC score (21.7 vs 14.3; P = .002) as compared with the control group. The linear mixed model analysis indicated significantly better improvements in all clinical outcomes in the ADMSC group after 6 months. At 6 months, the ADMSC group achieved significantly higher proportions of patients above the minimal clinically important difference in 100-mm VAS and WOMAC score. Radiologic outcomes and adverse events did not demonstrate significant differences between the groups. No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no significant difference in change of cartilage defects between the groups at 6 months. Conclusion: Intra-articular injection of autologous culture-expanded ADMSCs provided significant pain relief and functional improvements in patients with K-L grade 3 osteoarthritis. Long-term results are needed to determine the disease-modifying effects of ADMSCs, such as structural changes, and the duration of effect of intra-articular injection of ADMSCs in knee osteoarthritis. Registration: NCT03990805 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Clinical and radiographic outcomes following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty utilizing an inset glenoid component at 2-year minimum follow-up: a dual center study.

Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) is a successful and reproducible treatment for patients with painful glenohumeral arthritis. However, long-term outcomes using traditional onlay glenoid components have been tempered by glenoid loosening. Inset components have been proposed to minimize glenoid loosening by reducing edge-loading and opposite-edge lift-off forces with humeral translation. Successful short- and long-term outcomes have been reported while using inset glenoid implants. The current study is the largest study presenting a minimum of 2-year follow-up data following aTSA with an all-polyethylene inset glenoid component (Shoulder Innovations, Holland, MI, USA). A dual center, retrospective review of patients undergoing aTSA using an Inset glenoid component by 2 fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons at 2 separate institutions from August, 2016, to August, 2019, was performed. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Range of motion (ROM), visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were obtained. Radiographic outcomes, including central peg lucency and glenoid loosening, were assessed by 3 independent reviewers on the postoperative Grashey and axillary radiographs obtained at the final follow-up. Seventy-five shoulders were included for the final analysis. The mean age of the entire cohort was 64 (±11.4) years. Twenty-one (28%) glenoids were type A1, 10 (13.3%) were type A2, 13 (17.3%) were type B1, 22 (29.3%) were type B2, 6 (8%) were type B3, and 3 (4%) were type D. At a minimum follow-up of 24months (mean: 28.7months), a significant improvement in ROM in all planes was observed. Significant improvements in VAS (5.1-0.9, P<.001), SANE (39.5-91.2, P<.001), and ASES (43.7-86.6, P<.001) scores were observed. There were 4 (5.3%) cases of central peg lucency about the inset glenoid component and one (1.3%) case of glenoid loosening. No revisions were performed for glenoid loosening. At a minimum of 2 years postoperatively, there were significant improvements in ROM, VAS, SANE, and ASES scores with very low rates of central peg lucency and glenoid loosening in patients undergoing aTSA with an inset glenoid component. Further work is needed to determine the long-term benefit of this novel implant.

Does axial cervical pain improve with surgical fusion? A meta-analysis.

Axial neck pain is a prevalent condition that causes significant morbidity and productivity loss. This study aimed to review the current literature and define the impact of surgical intervention on the management of cervical axial neck pain. A search was conducted of three databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane) for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies written in the English language with a minimum 6-month follow-up. The analysis was limited to patients with axial neck pain/cervical radiculopathy and preoperative/postoperative Neck Disability Index (NDI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores. Literature reviews, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, surveys, and case studies were excluded. Two patient groups were analyzed: the arm pain predominant (pAP) cohort and the neck pain predominant (pNP) cohort. The pAP cohort had preoperative VAS neck scores that were lower than the arm scores, whereas the pNP cohort was defined as having preoperative VAS neck scores higher than the arm scores. A 30% reduction in patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) scores from the baseline represented the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Five studies met the inclusion criteria, involving a total of 5221 patients. Patients with pAP showed a slightly higher percent reduction in PROM scores from baseline than those with pNP. The NDI reduction in patients with pNP was 41.35% (mean change in NDI score 16.3/mean baseline NDI score 39.42) (p < 0.0001), whereas those with pAP had a reduction of 45.12% (15.86/35.15) (p < 0.0001). Surgical improvement was slightly but similarly greater in pNP patients compared with pAP patients (16.3 vs 15.86 points, respectively; p = 0.3193). Regarding VAS scores, patients with pNP had a greater reduction in neck pain, with a change from baseline of 53.4% (3.60/6.74, p < 0.0001), whereas those with pAP had a change from baseline of 50.3% (2.46/4.89, p < 0.0001). The difference in VAS scores for neck pain improvement was significant (3.6 vs 2.46, p < 0.0134). Similarly, patients with pNP had a 43.6% (1.96/4.5) improvement in VAS scores for arm pain (p < 0.0001), whereas those with pAP had 66.12% (4.43/6.7) improvement (p < 0.0001). The VAS scores for arm pain were significantly greater in patients with pAP (4.43 vs 1.96 points, respectively; p < 0.0051). Overall, despite significant variations in the existing literature, there is mounting evidence that surgical intervention can lead to clinically meaningful improvements in patients with primary axial neck pain. The studies suggest that patients with pNP tend to have better improvement in neck pain than in arm pain. In both groups, the average improvements exceeded the MCID values and reached substantial clinical benefit in all studies. Further research is necessary to identify which patients and underlying pathologies will benefit most from surgical intervention for axial neck pain because it is a multifaceted condition with many causes.

The efficacy and feasibility of fractional CO2 laser therapy for the treatment of urinary incontinence: a multicentric case-control study.

Female urinary incontinence is a significant public health problem. Conservative treatments require high patient compliance, while surgery often leads to more complications and recovery time. Our aim is to evaluate the efficacy of microablative fractional CO<inf>2</inf> laser (CO<inf>2</inf>-laser) therapy in women with urinary incontinence (UI). This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) with predominant SUI subjected to four sessions of CO<inf>2</inf>-laser therapy performed once a month, between February 2017 and October 2017, with a 12-month follow-up. The subjective Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 0-10 was used to score and variables were evaluated at baseline and at one, six and 12 months after initiation of therapy. Finally, results were compared to a control group. The cohort consisted of 42 women. The proportion of patients with vaginal atrophy among those younger than 55 years was substantially lower (3/23; 13%) than among those older than 55 years (15/19; 78.9%). CO<inf>2</inf> laser treatment was associated with a significant improvement in VAS scores recorded one-month, six-months, and one-year, after conclusion of therapy (P<0.001). VAS scores improved significantly in patients with either SUI (26/42; 61.9%) or mixed UI (16/42; 38.1%). No major post treatment complications were registered. Women with vaginal atrophy demonstrated significantly better results (P<0.001). Results confirm the efficacy and a good safety profile, for CO<inf>2</inf> laser treatment in SUI, mostly in women with postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and should be considered as a treatment option for female patients with concomitant SUI and vaginal atrophy.

Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Percutaneous Kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) with a unilateral versus bilateral approach in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). We retrospectively analyzed a total of 147 patients (unilateral group: 79, bilateral group: 68) with OVCFs treated with PKP at the Department of Spine Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital between August 2020 and January 2022. Patients' personal information, operation time, bone cement injection volume, as well as pre- and post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), anterior vertebral body height and Cobb angle were recorded. All 147 patients were successfully treated with PKP and were followed up for at least 6 months. Our results showed that the operative time was significantly shorter in the unilateral group (41.60±5.64) minutes than in the bilateral group (66.53±9.40) minutes, and the volume of bone cement injected was also significantly less in the unilateral group (5.27±0.73) mL than in the bilateral group (6.87±0.93) mL (P<0.01). The VAS score, ODI index, vertebral height and Cobb angle at postoperative follow-up were significantly improved in both groups compared to the preoperative period (P<0.01); However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Repeat thoracic and lumbar radiographs showed cement leakage in seven cases (8.86%) in the unilateral group and five cases (7.35%) in the bilateral group, but all were asymptomatic and required no further management. During our entire follow-up period, there were five adjacent vertebral fractures in the unilateral group (6.33%) and four in the bilateral group (5.88%). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of improvement in VAS score, ODI index, restoration of vertebral body height, and posterior convexity deformity, but unilateral puncture had the advantage of shorter operative time and less cement injection.

Clinical response to probiotic supplementation in patients with osteoarthritis

Background: Amelioration of pain and symptoms in osteoarthritis (OA) is a challenge owing to potential side effects of current medications and need of its long-term use. Probiotic supplementation has a promising profile on immunomodulation, reduction in inflammation, and beneficial effect on bone metabolism. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation in OA patients. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based intervention was conducted among 58 patients with OA-knee for a period from June 2021 to August 2021, who were randomized into control and interventional groups and who were asked to consume conventional curd and probiotic curd, respectively. However, data analysis was limited to 25 and 27 participants in the control and interventional groups, respectively, after 8 weeks, owing to dropouts. Anthropometric measurements, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC), visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP levels) were obtained at the beginning and end of the study period. Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant improvement in WOMAC and VAS scores in the interventional group as compared to the control groups. Furthermore, hs-CRP levels were significantly reduced in interventional group than the control group. Conclusion: Probiotics supplementation has the potential as a disease-modifying therapeutic agent in clinical management of OA knee patients, by improving WOMAC scores and VAS scores and reducing hs-CRP levels.

Somatosensory Stimulation Therapy in Patients with Somatosensory Tinnitus: A Pilot Study.

To explore the efficacy and safety of EMS (Exercise to improve muscle strength, Motion of joints, and Stretch training) in somatosensory tinnitus symptoms. A randomized delayed-start controlled trial. At the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital between February 2019 and May 2019. Patients with somatosensory tinnitus. In the immediate-start group, the participants received EMS somatosensory stimulation therapy for 3 weeks and were followed up for 3 weeks. In the delayed-start group, the participants first waited for 3 weeks and were treated with EMS somatosensory stimulation therapy for 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was the changes in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and the visual analog scale (VAS) scores after 3 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving improvements in VAS and THI scores. THI and VAS were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Sixty-four patients were randomized to the immediate-start group and delayed-start treatment with each 32. After the 3-week treatment, the immediate-start group showed significant lower in VAS (25.7 ± 3.3 versus 38.9 ± 5.8, p < 0.001) and THI (29.1 ± 5.1 versus 42.8 ± 6.6, p < 0.001). There were no differences in VAS and THI between the two groups after treatment (i.e., at weeks 6, 9, and 12). All patients were followed up for 6, 9, and 12 weeks, and the therapeutic effect was stable. The EMS somatosensory stimulation therapy might be an effective and safe treatment for improving symptoms, and the therapeutic effect was still stable in 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. ChiCTR1900020746.

Comparison of full-endoscopic and tubular-based microscopic decompression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.

We aimed to demonstrate non-inferiority in terms of functional outcomes in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent full-endoscopic decompression compared with tubular-based microscopic decompression. This prospective, randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial included 60 patients with single-level lumbar spinal stenosis who required decompression surgery. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the full-endoscopic group (FE group) or the tubular-based microscopic group (TM group). Based on intention-to-treat analysis, the primary outcome was the Oswestry Disability Index score at 24 months postoperative. The secondary outcomes included the visual analog scale (VAS) score for back and leg pain, European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) score, walking time, and patient satisfaction rate according to the modified MacNab criteria. Surgery-related outcomes were also analyzed. Of the total patients, 92% (n = 55) completed a 24-month follow-up. The primary outcomes were comparable between the two groups (p = 0.748). However, the FE group showed a statistically significant improvement in the mean VAS score for back pain at day 1 and at 6, 12, and 24months after surgery (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the VAS score for leg pain, EQ-5D score, or walking time (p > 0.05). Regarding the modified MacNab criteria, 86.7% of patients in the FE group and 83.3% in the TM group had excellent or good results at 24months after surgery (p = 0.261). Despite the similar results in surgery-related outcomes, including operative time, radiation exposure, revision rate, and complication rate, between the two groups (p > 0.05), less blood loss and shorter length of hospital stay were observed in the FE group (p ≤ 0.001 and 0.011, respectively). This study suggests that full-endoscopic decompression is an alternative treatment for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis because it provides non-inferior clinical efficacy and safety compared with tubular-based microscopic surgery. In addition, it offers advantages in terms of less invasive surgery. Trial registration number (TRN): TCTR20191217001.

The Effect of CT-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Combined with Ozone Injection on Zoster-Associated Pain: A Retrospective Study.

Globally, the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) is increasing, and the resulting zoster-associated pain (ZAP) severely affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, active treatment of ZAP and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) are very important for patients in the early stage of the disease. This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the effect of CT-guided pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) combined with ozone injection on zoster-associated pain. From 2018 to 2020, 84 patients with AHN (n=28), SHN (n=32), or PHN (n=24) underwent PRF combined with ozone injection treatment after pharmacologic and conservative therapies failed. The visual analogue scale (VAS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and pregabalin consumption were recorded at baseline, post-PRF, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The number of remediations performed and adverse reactions were recorded, and treatment inefficiency was calculated using a VAS score greater than 3 as the criterion. The pooled results demonstrated statistically significant decreases in VAS scores, PSQI scores and consumption of pregabalin post-PRF and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up (P<0.05). Compared with the PHN group, both the AHN and SHN groups showed clinical and statistical improvement in VAS scores and PSQI scores and in consumption of pregabalin (P< 0.05). At 1 year after the operation, the PHN group had a significantly greater number of remediation events and greater treatment inefficiency than the other two groups. No serious adverse events were observed during the procedure or during the follow-up period. CT-guided PRF combined with ozone injection is safe and effective for individuals with ZAP, and its short-term and long-term effects are significant. In a sense, early PRF combined with ozone injection is more effective.

436 Transforaminal Endoscopic Decompression for Foraminal Stenosis: Single-Arm Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this single-arm systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of transforaminal endoscopic foraminal decompression (TEFD) in patients with symptomatic LFS. METHODS: The meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The Medicine, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from inception to February 20, 2022. Primary research results were Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry Disability Index scores (ODI), MacNab Criteria (MNC) scores, and reported adverse events (AEs). Subgroup analyses were performed on the primary outcome to evaluate the potential effects of several clinical factors that affected the results. RESULTS: Of the 2020 studies identified, nine met the inclusion criteria, and 316 participants were eligible for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results found that transforaminal endoscopic surgery for the treatment of LFS was associated with a significant improvement in postoperative 12-month clinical indicators: 8 studies reported improvements in VAS scores: -5.38, ODI scores: -40.44, and MNC scores: OR (odds ratio) = 0.86; 8 studies reported 11.53% AEs occurred in a total of 295 patients, and the most commonly reported event was transient postoperative dysesthesia, which occurred in 26 patients in a total of six studies with 240 patients (10.83%). CONCLUSIONS: Transforaminal endoscopic surgery positively affects postoperative LFS patients' clinical indicators; however, high-level literature with randomized controlled trials is needed to confirm this technique's applicability in LFS.

Safety and efficacy of intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intra-articular injective treatments for ankle osteoarthritis (OA). A systematic literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library until May 2022. Both randomized and non-randomized studies were included with the assessment of the risk of bias. We recorded the participant's age, gender, type of PRP, injection volume, the kit used, and activating agent. We subsequently assessed the short-term and long-term efficacy of PRP using the functional scores and visual analog scale (VAS). We included four studies with a total of 127 patients, with a mean age of 56.1years. 47.2% were male (60/127), according to eligibility criteria. There were three cohort studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) study, and no study reported severe adverse events. All included studies used the Leukocyte-poor PRP. Short-term follow-up results suggested significant improvement of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score in the PRP injection group compared to the control group (n = 87 patients; MD: 6.94 [95% CI: 3.59, 10.29]; P < 0.01). Consistently, there was a statistical difference in AOFAS score between PRP injection and control groups in the final follow-up (≥ 6months) (n = 87 patients; MD: 9.63 [95% CI: 6.31, 12.94]; P < 0.01). Furthermore, we found a significant reduction in VAS scores in the PRP groups at both the short-term follow-up (n = 59 patients; MD, - 1.90 [95% CI, - 2.54, - 1.26]; P < 0.01) and the ≥ sixmonths follow-up (n = 79 patients; MD, - 3.07 [95% CI, - 5.08, - 1.05]; P < 0.01). The improvement of AOFAS and VAS scores at ≥ sixmonths follow-up reached the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Nevertheless, the treatment effect of AOFAS and VAS scores offered by PRP at short-term follow-up did not exceed the MCID. Substantial heterogeneity was reported at the ≥ sixmonths follow-up in VAS scores (I2: 93%, P < 0.01). This meta-analysis supports the safety of PRP intra-articular injection for ankle OA. The improvements of AOFAS and VAS scores in the PRP group at short-term follow-up do not exceed the MCID to be clinically significant. PRP injection provides significant improvement of AOFAS score and reduced pain at ≥ sixmonths follow-up. The efficacy of PRP should be interpreted with caution regarding the high heterogeneity and the scarcity of available literature, which urges large-scale RCTs with longer follow-up to confirm the potential efficacy of PRP injection for ankle OA.

The effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy to oral pharmacological medication in patient with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We aimed to find out whether the combined treatment of acupuncture and oral medication is more effective than sole oral medication in reducing pain and improving knee function at the end of treatment and after short-term period (4-6 weeks after treatment). Second, if it is effective, we investigated whether the effect surpasses the minimal clinically important difference. Articles published between January 1, 1992, and August 31, 2022, were searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. The PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome) of this study are as follows: Population: knee osteoarthritis patients; Intervention: acupuncture (non-sham acupuncture) + oral medication (analgesic or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs); Comparison: oral medication (analgesic or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs); Outcome: visual analog scale (VAS) or Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index. The combined treatment of oral medication and adjuvant acupuncture showed statistically significant improvement in VAS and WOMAC scores at the end of acupuncture treatment and short-term follow-up time (between 4 and 6 weeks after acupuncture). In addition, the degree of improvement of VAS and WOMAC index showed effects beyond minimal clinically important differences compared to pretreatment at both the end of acupuncture treatment and the short-term follow-up of acupuncture treatment. The existing evidence suggests that adjuvant acupuncture may play a role in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. However, physicians should be aware of adverse effects such as hematoma in adjuvant acupuncture treatment.

Paper 03: Suprascapular Neuropathy: Two Distinct Presentations and Outcomes of Decompression

Objectives: Suprascapular neuropathy due to nerve compression or tension at the suprascapular notch is an uncommon source of shoulder pain and rotator cuff weakness with recent increased recognition and treatment. Long considered an elusive diagnosis, work-up can be lengthy and patients may experience treatment delay. We aimed to review presentation patterns and outcomes of arthroscopic suprascapular nerve decompression in a predominantly young and active military population. Methods: The surgical databases of two surgeons were queried for patients treated with arthroscopic suprascapular nerve decompression at the suprascapular notch from 2013 to 2021. Patient data, presentation and workup findings, and outcome measures were collected through review of the electronic medical record. Primary outcome measures were rate of return to active-duty military service, shoulder abduction and external rotation strength, and VAS pain scores. Secondary outcome measures were American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation (SANE) score. Results: Twenty-five patients were identified. Average age was 26.6 years and follow-up 17.9 months (4-62 months). There were two distinct primary presentation types in this cohort: the chief complaint was pain in 13 patients (52%) and weakness in 12 (48%). Supraspinatus and/or infraspinatus atrophy was present on MRI in 10/12 patients with weakness and 0/13 with pain. Electromyography was positive in 9/12 with weakness and negative when obtained in 5 patients with pain. Ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve injection was performed in 10/13 with pain and provided mean 91% symptom relief. Patients with pain had longer duration of pre-operative symptoms (22.2 [±13.1] vs. 10.3 [±13.6] weeks). Postoperatively, the pain group had significant improvement in VAS scores (6.2 [±1.6] to 1.0 [±0.9]), while the weakness group had significant improvement in abduction and external rotation motor grading (3.7 [±0.7] to 4.7 [±0.4] and 3.3 [±0.8] to 4.4 [±0.6] respectively). Return to duty or sport was 92% at a mean of 14.6 (±9.3) weeks. Conclusions: In this young, active cohort, suprascapular neuropathy presented with one of two distinct primary presenting complaints: pain or weakness. Given different expected work-up findings, categorizing patients into one of these two groups may be beneficial in effectively diagnosing and treating suprascapular neuropathy. Outcomes after arthroscopic suprascapular nerve release at the suprascapular notch predictably led to successful pain relief and strength improvement in patients presenting with pain and weakness respectively. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Comparative Effectiveness of the Corticosteroid Injection and Prolotherapy in Patients With Hallux Rigidus: A Clinical Trial

Objectives: Hallux rigidus is one of the main etiologies of disability in the elderly. It is a degenerative disease of the first metatarsophalangeal joint causing restriction of movement as well as pain and swelling. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of methylprednisolone and dextrose prolotherapy in pain reduction and functional improvement of patients with hallux rigidus. Methods: A randomized double-blind control trial was designed with the inclusion of 32 patients assigned to the two groups. Group one received a mixture of 1 cc methylprednisolone 40 mg with 1 cc lidocaine 2% while the second group received a combination of 1 cc dextrose 50% with 1 cc lidocaine 2%. Standard questionnaires, including visual analog scale (VAS) and Manchester-Oxford foot questionnaire (MOXFQ) were completed by all patients at baseline and 1, 4, and 8 weeks after injections. Results: Both groups revealed significant improvement in VAS and MOXFQ scores 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-injection with no difference between the two groups in the follow-up. Discussion: Both corticosteroid injections and prolotherapy are effective in pain reduction and functional improvement in patients with hallux rigidus but neither is superior to the other.

Comparison of Feng spinal mobilization with Maitland mobilization in management of chronic nonspecific low back pain: A cohort study.

Feng spinal mobilization (FSM) is one of the most widely practiced techniques in traditional Chinese osteopathy, especially in China. However, whether this FSM technique is more effective than the Maitland posteroanterior mobilization (MM), which is widely used all over the world, is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze and compare the efficacy of these 2 treatments in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) as to provide a basis for the clinical treatment of chronic low back pain. A total of 83 patients, including 43 patients in the FSM group and 40 in the MM group, were enrolled in this cohort study. FSM or MM was performed on patients 3 times during a period of 2 weeks. Changes in the subjective and objective measurements were measured before and after the third treatment. The subjective symptoms recorded included the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The objective symptoms, including the lumbar range of motion (ROM), and straight leg raise (SLR) height were also checked for any changes. The VAS scores were reassessed at the 1-year follow-up visit. The results showed that 2 weeks of FSM treatment significantly improved CNLBP patients modified Schober test (P < .05), extension ROM (P < .01), and SLR height (P < .05) while MM treatment did not. Both treatments significantly decreased the values of VAS, Oswestry disability index, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (P < .01). Compared to the MM treatment, the FSM treatment showed a much more significant improvement in VAS score (P < .01), range of motion of extension (P < .01), and SLR of both sides (P < .05). At the 1-year follow-up, VAS scores in both groups decreased significantly compared to pretreatments; however, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Our data suggested that the FSM treatment can provide better efficacy than MM in CNLBP patients, improving the VAS scores, lumbar extension ROM, and SLR height in a shorter time.

Can lumbar paraspinal muscle/fat ratio and spinopelvic parameters predict short-term outcomes after decompressive surgeries in lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis?

We aimed to investigate whether the lumbar paraspinal muscle/fat ratio influences the outcomes of patients who had simple decompressive surgeries for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) or lumbar spinal stenosis. We also wanted to see if the spinopelvic parameters change with surgery and whether this change influences the outcomes. This was a prospective study on patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (20 patients) and LDH (20 patients) who underwent simple discectomy or decompressive surgery between November 2021 and May 2022. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score were performed before and 3 months after surgery. Spinopelvic parameters were measured on whole spine radiographs before and 3 months after surgery. On axial magnetic resonance images, paraspinal muscle volume and muscle/fat ratios were calculated. All data were statistically analyzed with SPSS program. There was a significant improvement in VAS, Oswestry, and JOA scores after surgery. We observed that more preoperative paraspinal muscle mass was positively correlated with lumbar lordosis (LL) and negatively correlated with sagittal vertical axis (SVA), VAS leg scores, and Oswestry scores. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between preoperative SVA and VAS leg scores. Despite limited number of patients, and shorter follow-ups, this prospective study demonstrates a correlation among the lumbar paraspinal muscle/fat ratio, preoperative/postoperative spinopelvic parameters, and surgical outcomes. Increased paraspinal muscle ratio was correlated with lower SVA values and increased LL; lower VAS leg scores; higher Oswestry scores which reflects better surgical outcomes.

The Effect of the Overweight Condition on Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Outcomes.

This study sought to investigate the influence of a preexisting overweight condition (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m2) on functional outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery. A retrospective review was performed examining the outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in a normal-weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and an overweight (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m2) population. Functional outcomes were assessed to include the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, and the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, as well as range of motion in forward flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation. A total of 52 normal-weight patients (mean BMI, 23.7±2.1 kg/m2) and 57 overweight patients (mean BMI, 28.4±1.4 kg/m2) were included. Both groups demonstrated statistically and clinically significant improvements in VAS score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, and ASES score at final follow-up (P<.0001), with no difference in range of motion (P>.05). Overall, when comparing outcomes between the groups, there were significantly better outcomes in the normal-weight group's VAS scores (mean, 0.56±0.96 vs 1.3±1.7; P=.0064), ASES scores (mean, 96.1±5.8 vs 92.4±9.7; P=.0187), and internal rotation (mean thoracic vertebrae, 9.2±3.0 vs 10.4±2.6; P=.0289). However, these differences did not reach clinical significance regarding the threshold of patients meeting standard minimal clinically important difference, substantial clinical benefit, and patient-acceptable symptomatic state for rotator cuff repairs. Over-weight patients have improved outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery with noninferior clinical results when compared with normal-weight patients. More data regarding outcomes of overweight patients will help physicians make better-informed decisions when considering rotator cuff repair. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(4):242-249.].