Imports Of Dairy Products Research Articles

Milking the region? South African capital and Zambia’s dairy industry

Abstract

Effects of probiotic bacteria and oils on fatty acid profiles of cultured cream

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of using various probiotic bacteria and plant oils in cultured cream on the fatty acid profiles including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, P. thoenii (jensenii) P126, and P. jensenii B1264 and a mixed culture (blend of L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus) were used in the fermentation of cream samples at a level of 2%. Cream samples were fortified with sunflower oil, soybean oil and hazelnut oil at a level of 2%. Microbial counts and fatty acid profile analysis were performed. The microbial results demonstrated that fermented cream could be a superior product for the presence of probiotics. Even though the cream samples contained 52% milk fat, in the majority of the samples growth of probiotic bacteria was higher than 106 cfu/g. Concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids such as butyric, caproic and capric acids in cultured cream samples differed depending on the cultures used, while long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids were significantly affected by the plant oil fortification. The highest CLA content was obtained in the sample produced with B. bifidum, containing 0.73 mg of CLA/g fat. The effect of different plant oils on CLA concentration was significant (p >0.05) for HO + YC, SFO + LBYC and SO + LBYC. Results of the study are important for the dairy industry since it is the first publication on fermented cream with improved functional properties. The development of functional cultured cream with plant oils and probiotic bacteria would provide an important alternative dairy product.

P8: Flavors Peak Calcium Consumption

One small change by a school meal program - adding enticing milk flavors - made a big impact on student calcium intake. That’s important because USDA data indicates 7 out of 10 teen boys and 9 out of 10 teen girls are not getting the calcium they need for the development of peak bone mass. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines recognized people who consume more dairy foods have better overall diets and see improved bone health. To produce awareness and behavior change to the above statistics and the superior health benefits of “flavored” milk, Searcy (AR) School District’s Food Service Director Charlotte Davis, created “School Lunch-Serving Up Smiles”, to focus on the importance of dairy products in achieving a healthy, balanced diet for all ages. By promoting strawberry, vanilla, orange cream and chocolate milk, preliminary consumption rose up to 15 percent. Up to a 12 percent increase was sustained one month after the intervention! This district-wide nutrition education campaign included participation of bus drivers, teachers, administrators and everyone in-between. Special promotions occurred at Southwest Middle School and Ahlf Junior High School because research shows this age group is at their peak for bone development, but their calcium consumption has decreased due to choosing other beverage choices. This eye-opening campaign provided additional opportunities for teachers to discuss the importance of calcium. Students realized the importance of consuming calcium-rich foods resulting in these two schools running out of milk! Developed as part of the Midwest Dairy Council’s 2006 Flavors Grant.

Economie pastorale et marchés laitiers au Sahel : l’âge d’or du commerce de beurre clarifié au Tchad de 1930 à 1970

L’histoire économique du Tchad a été marquée par l’essor, au début du XXe siècle, d’un circuit d’exportation de beurre clarifié. Des recherches bibliographiques doublées d’entretiens auprès de personnes ressources ont permis de mieux comprendre cet « âge d’or » du beurre tchadien. Ce négoce reposait sur l’existence de surplus importants issus de l’économie pastorale. Produit de conserve, le beurre clarifié constitue en effet une réserve de valeur mobilisable pour les échanges locaux, les arrangements pastoraux et pour l’usage familial. Comme dans d’autres pays sahéliens, l’existence d’un commerce traditionnel au Tchad servit de base à l’émergence d’une véritable filière contrôlée par des commerçants libano-syriens expédiant le produit par camion vers les pays du Moyen-Orient via Le Caire. A la fin des années 1930, les maisons de commerce coloniales détournèrent une partie de ce commerce vers l’Europe via le Nigeria et le Congo. La Grande-Bretagne et la France, en proie à une économie de guerre, importèrent chaque année plusieurs milliers de tonnes de beurre tchadien. Ces échanges vers l’Europe perdurèrent jusqu’au milieu des années 1950, mais ils furent bientôt freinés par la concurrence d’excédents laitiers sur les marchés du Nord. Sur le marché local, le beurre clarifié fut aussi concurrencé par diverses huiles végétales. Il connut enfin l’impact des sécheresses qui touchèrent le Sahel à partir de 1973. Cet épisode de l’histoire de l’élevage tchadien n’en constitue pas moins une expérience originale, dans une région aujourd’hui structurellement importatrice de produits laitiers. Ce travail historique permet d’ébaucher des recommandations pour les politiques d’élevage visant à renforcer l’intégration marchande des systèmes pastoraux en Afrique.

Conséquences de la libéralisation des marchés sur les opérateurs de la filière laitière au Maroc

La filière laitière marocaine a connu une évolution mouvementée depuis le début des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours. La situation initiale, très protégée, se caractérisait par un interventionnisme étatique prononcé car il fallait pallier dans l’urgence la rareté du lait face à une demande en plein essor. A partir de 1980, l’application de mesures d’ajustement structurel a progressivement supprimé toute forme de subvention. De tels bouleversements et la rapidité avec laquelle ils se sont enchaînés ont eu des répercussions marquées sur l’organisation de la filière, en particulier dans les élevages de bovins laitiers où les caractéristiques de la production ont notablement évolué. Actuellement, un pas de plus va être franchi avec la préparation à l’entrée en vigueur des accords de libre-échange avec l’Union européenne. Ceci va induire la fin de toute protection et une concurrence accrue entre produits laitiers locaux et importés sur le marché marocain. Dans cette optique de libéralisation et compte tenu du renchérissement actuel des prix des intrants agricoles sur les marchés internationaux, une nécessaire mise à niveau des outils de production et de régulation au sein de la filière est attendue avec des conséquences certaines pour l’ensemble de ses opérateurs. Le maintien des activités de production, de collecte et de transformation du lait au Maroc, dans des conditions propices à leur développement durable, est en jeu : recherche de productivité optimale et de produits de qualité, efficience de la valorisation de l’eau, distribution équitable des revenus de la filière à tous ses intervenants, avec pour objectif un prix au consommateur en rapport avec le pouvoir d’achat.

Dairy products and health: a review of the epidemiological evidence

Evidence-based nutrition is essential to move forward in the science of community nutrition. The present study is a review of the epidemiological evidence of dairy products and health. There is an inverse association between the intake of dairy products and hypertension, stroke and colorectal cancer. There is no evidence of an association between the consumption of dairy products and breast cancer. There is some evidence linking high-fat dairy products and an incremental risk of prostate cancer and weak evidence of the protective capacity of dairy products on bone health. More prospective studies should be developed in order to establish better evidence of the relationship between dairy products and health. Due to the importance of dairy products in public health nutrition, quantitative recommendations should be established in the light of the scientific evidence.

Long-term consequences for Northern Norway of a hypothetical release from the Kola nuclear power plant

The spatial and temporal variation in radiocaesium and 90Sr doses to two population groups of the two Northernmost counties of Norway, Troms and Finnmark, following a hypothetical accident at the Kola nuclear power plant (KNPP) have been estimated using a model implemented within a geographical information system. The hypothetical accident assumes a severe loss of coolant accident at the KNPP coincident with meteorological conditions causing significant radionuclide deposition in the two counties. External doses are estimated from ground deposition and the behaviour of the different population groups, and internal doses from predicted food product activity concentrations and dietary consumption data. Doses are predicted for reindeer keepers and other Norwegian inhabitants, taking account of existing 137Cs and 90Sr deposition but not including the remedial effect of any countermeasures that might be used. The predicted doses, arising mainly from radiocaesium, confirm the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme assessment that residents of the Arctic are particularly vulnerable to radiocaesium contamination, which could persist for many years. External doses are predicted to be negligible compared to ingestion doses. Ingestion doses for reindeer keepers are predicted to exceed 1 mSv y −1 for several decades primarily due to their high consumption of reindeer meat. Other Norwegians would also be potentially exposed to doses exceeding 1 mSv y −1 for several years, especially if they consume many local products. Whilst reindeer production is the most important exposure pathway, freshwater fish, lamb meat, dairy products, mushrooms and berries are also significant contributors to predicted ingestion doses. Radionuclide fluxes, defined as the total output of radioactivity in food from an area for a unit time, are dominated by reindeer meat. The results show the need for an effective emergency response, with appropriate countermeasures, should an accident of the scale considered in this paper occur at the KNPP.

Bacon on Business: Advice From an Elizabethan Sage to 21st Century Medical Leaders

Bacon on Business: Advice From an Elizabethan Sage to 21st Century Medical Leaders

AHA Science Advisory: Lyon Diet Heart Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease.

Diet is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and treatment efforts. Step I and Step II diets are widely recommended as the first line of CVD intervention.1 At the core of this dietary guidance are the recommendations to decrease saturated fat and cholesterol and to consume more fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products. Information from an extensive database, especially regarding saturated fat, indicates that these diets significantly lower blood cholesterol levels, a major risk factor for CVD. Consequently, it is beyond debate that these diets reduce CVD risk. Since the advent of Step I and Step II diets, nutritionists have sought to develop effective implementation strategies, including identifying dietary patterns that augment the beneficial effects of these diets. Recent findings indicate that we are making impressive progress in attaining these goals. There is provocative evidence from the Lyon Diet Heart Study2 suggesting that a Mediterranean-style, Step I diet (emphasizing more bread, more root vegetables and green vegetables, more fish, less beef, lamb and pork replaced with poultry, no day without fruit, and butter and cream replaced with margarine high in α-linolenic acid) has effects that may be superior to those observed for the usual Step I diet. These findings raise the interesting, but not yet corroborated, question of whether a modified Step I diet (ie, a Mediterranean-style Step I diet) that features a dietary pattern consistent with the new American Heart Association (AHA) Dietary Guidelines may augment the Step I or Step II diets that are presently implemented in clinical practice. Defining a Mediterranean-style diet is challenging given the broad geographical region, including at least 16 countries, that borders the Mediterranean Sea. As would be expected, there are cultural, ethnic, religious, economic, and agricultural production differences that result in different dietary practices in these areas and that …

Predictors of Milk Consumption in a Population of 17- to 35-Year-Old Military Personnel

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to survey an entire population of Air Force recruits (N=32,144) regarding milk consumption and demographic and health-related factors that may predict milk consumption.Design All subjects were required to fill out a 53-item health survey at the start of basic military training.Subjects/setting All recruits who entered the US Air Force from August 1995 to August 1996 participated in this study (N=32,144).Statistical analyses performed Potential correlates of milk intake were analyzed using Spearman rank order correlations and multiple linear regression. Variables were removed if they did not make a meaningful contribution to variance in milk intake. Because of skewed distributions, several variables were dichotomized (eg, age: 17 to 24 vs 25 to 35 years).Results In terms of milk consumption, 51.7% of the respondents reported intake of fewer than 1 serving per day; only 17.9% reported intake of 3 servings or more per day. Milk intake was positively associated with body weight and fruit/vegetable intake and negatively associated with age, education level, reported milk-related gastric distress, physical activity level, dieting frequency, and concern about weight. Gender (women reported lower intake) and ethnicity (minorities reported lower intake) were independently related to milk consumption. Of all respondents, 16.1% reported themselves to have milk-related gastric distress, but rates varied depending on age, gender, and ethnicity (ranging from 10.2% for younger non-Hispanic white men to 60.4% for older Asian men).Applications/conclusions Despite the efforts of large, costly campaigns designed to increase milk consumption, self-reported milk consumption in young adults is extremely low. Given the importance of dairy products as a major source of calcium in the American diet, dietetics practitioners should assess milk consumption among young adults to ensure sufficient calcium intake to maximize peak bone mass in this group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:821–826.

Some aspects of the periurban dairy system in Cameroon

A survey to establish baseline data for future intervention in milk and dairy production in the peri‐urban areas of Garoua, Maroua and Bamenda was carried out. Dairy products are still produced in a traditional way in areas around Maroua and Garoua with milk from native zebu cattle (Red and White Fulani breeds). The important dairy products are pendidam and kindirmu, both of which are fermented milks. Naturally sour milk was found occasionally. Around Bamenda, milk is produced by herds comprising pure Holsteins, Jerseys and their crosses with local zebu cows; cross‐breeding is being intensified to increase rapidly the size of the dairy herds. Appreciable volumes of milk are produced daily, so allowing the industrial processing of fresh milk into pasteurized milk, yogurt and cheese. The potential for expansion of the dairy industry, and the possible constraints, were identified and solutions proposed.

Returns to smallholder dairying in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

Abstract Tanzania is a net importer of dairy products despite its large cattle herd and successive government efforts to promote dairying. This paper draws on survey data to examine the financial attractiveness of dairying to smallholders in an area of high dairy potential on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. On mixed farms in which coffee and bananas are the other main enterprises, producers keep small herds of mainly crossbred and grade cattle, mostly fed in stalls on cut forage and crop residues. Using a herd model, a benefit-cost analysis of dairying was carried out. This showed that at prevailing prices, returns to dairying were around 20%. There was, however, no difference in the returns gained by the larger scale farmers who had more of the grade cows and managed them intensively, compared to those using a less intensive system with lower potential stock. Moreover, the profitability of dairying for the former was underwritten by subsidies on inputs and fuel which are difficult to justify. Policy has apparently over-emphasised improving yields and the development of intensive dairying, and has not been sufficiently concerned with keeping down the costs of dairying.

Returns to smallholder dairying in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

AbstractTanzania is a net importer of dairy products despite its large cattle herd and successive government efforts to promote dairying. This paper draws on survey data to examine the financial attractiveness of dairying to smallholders in an area of high dairy potential on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. On mixed farms in which coffee and bananas are the other main enterprises, producers keep small herds of mainly crossbred and grade cattle, mostly fed in stalls on cut forage and crop residues. Using a herd model, a benefit‐cost analysis of dairying was carried out. This showed that at prevailing prices, returns to dairying were around 20%. There was, however, no difference in the returns gained by the larger scale farmers who had more of the grade cows and managed them intensively, compared to those using a less intensive system with lower potential stock. Moreover, the profitability of dairying for the former was underwritten by subsidies on inputs and fuel which are difficult to justify. Policy has apparently over‐emphasised improving yields and the development of intensive dairying, and has not been sufficiently concerned with keeping down the costs of dairying.

Demand for dairy products in Mexico

Abstract Mexico is the world's largest importer of non-fat dry milk (NFDM) and imports of cheese, fluid milk, and whey have increased rapidly in the past four years. In the wake of GATT and the NAFTA, as well as recent economic developments in Mexico, world dairy markets will be affected as a result of changes in the Mexican dairy sector. The study analyzes both domestic and import demand for dairy products in Mexico to determine price and income elasticities as well as import elasticities. The results indicate that the demand for fluid milk is the most responsive to price changes and NFDM demand is inelastic with respect to its own price. There is little subtitution between fluid milk and non-fat dry milk, although fluid milk is relatively elastic, which suggests the existence of other substitutes for fluid milk. Estimation of import demand equations reveal similar trends in response to price changes, but income elasticity of imports was highest for fluid milk which suggests that Mexico will import possibly more fluid than dry milk as incomes rise. The exchange rate was the most significant variable influencing all dairy product imports.

Demand for dairy products in Mexico

AbstractMexico is the world's largest importer of non‐fat dry milk (NFDM) and imports of cheese, fluid milk, and whey have increased rapidly in the past four years. In the wake of GATT and the NAFTA, as well as recent economic developments in Mexico, world dairy markets will be affected as a result of changes in the Mexican dairy sector.The study analyzes both domestic and import demand for dairy products in Mexico to determine price and income elasticities as well as import elasticities. The results indicate that the demand for fluid milk is the most responsive to price changes and NFDM demand is inelastic with respect to its own price. There is little subtitution between fluid milk and non‐fat dry milk, although fluid milk is relatively elastic, which suggests the existence of other substitutes for fluid milk.Estimation of import demand equations reveal similar trends in response to price changes, but income elasticity of imports was highest for fluid milk which suggests that Mexico will import possibly more fluid than dry milk as incomes rise. The exchange rate was the most significant variable influencing all dairy product imports.

Changing food consumption patterns in East Asia: Implications of the trend towards livestock products

Rapid economic growth in East Asia is encouraging the increased contribution of livestock products to human diets. Consumption functions are estimated for white and red meats and dairy products and used to make projections to the year 2002. Consumption projections are next compared with likely developments in domestic production of livestock products. It is concluded that increased volumes of red meat imports will be required, that increased demand for white meat imports will be partially satisfied from within the region, and that all study countries will require increased dairy product imports. Uruguay Round implications are also considered. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Changing food consumption patterns in East Asia: Implications of the trend towards livestock products

Rapid economic growth in East Asia is encouraging the increased contribution of livestock products to human diets. Consumption functions are estimated for white and red meats and dairy products and used to make projections to the year 2002. Consumption projections are next compared with likely developments in domestic production of livestock products. It is concluded that increased volumes of red meat imports will be required, that increased demand for white meat imports will be partially satisfied from within the region, and that all study countries will require increased dairy product imports. Uruguay Round implications are also considered. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

IMPLIKASIES VAN TARIFERING VIR DIE VRYSTAATSE LANDBOU / COMMENT: IMPLICATIONS OF TARIFFICATION FOR FREE STATE AGRICULTURE

According to Potgieter and Van der Vyver (1995) existing import tariffs provide adequate protection against imports, with the result that the abolition of quantitative import control will not impact heavily on the dairy industry. This article shows that import tariffs did not restrict imports of dairy products. The main reason for this was the high levels of subsidisation of dairy products in especially the EU. If the domestic milk producer and the dairy industry are not protected against subsidised imports the industry will experience serious problems despite its efficiency.

Household Consumption Patterns of Dairy Products in Bamenda Urban Town; Northwest Province, Cameroon

An analysis of data collected from 207 households from Bamenda urban town revealed a high preference for fresh milk though actual consumption was low. Only 36% of households reported consuming fresh milk. Apart from butter, all households reported consuming local and imported dairy products on a daily basis. Only 4%, 3% and 16% of low-, medium- and high-income households consumed fresh milk daily, while 7%, 12% and 6% of low-, medium- and high-income households consumed fresh milk weekly. Mean household consumption of fresh milk was 3 kg for the high-income households, 3 kg for the low-, and 2 kg for the medium-income households. Although high-income households spent more money on fresh milk compared to the medium- and low-income households, the proportion of income spent on fresh milk was lowest for the high, followed by medium and low income households. The study suggests the need to organize home-based education programmes on nutrition as a strategy for boosting the consumption of dairy products among ...

Bread and butter issues in Ecuadorian food policy: A comparative advantage approach

The effects of policy interventions on price incentives and resource use in wheat and dairying are analyzed for the Ecuadorian Sierra from 1970 to 1983, a period of rapid economic growth induced by a boom in petroleum revenues. Exchange rate and trade policies combined with subsidized transport services and farm credit, to substantially tax wheat producers while milk producers received significant subsidies. Consequently self-sufficiency in wheat production fell from about 50% in 1970 to near zero in 1983, while imports of dairy products remained very low throughout this period of rapidly expanding demand for both bread and livestock products. Measures of comparative advantage are constructed to show that these price distortions have led to substantial inefficiency in resource use due to thewidening gap between private and social profitability for wheat and for dairying.