Important Quality Characteristics Research Articles

Comparison of sugars, organic acids and aroma components of five table grapes in Xinjiang

The sugar, organic acid and aroma Components are very important quality characteristics of fruits. In this study, sugars, organic acids and volatile substances in five varieties of Xinjiang table grape pulp were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that among the five varieties of table grapes in Xinjiang, fructose and glucose were the main sugars, accounting for 46.53-48.82% and 49.35-51.49% of the total sugar content, respectively. Tartaric acid and malic acid were the main organic acids, accounting for 55.72-60.07% and 28.54-39.52% of the total organic acids, respectively. The composition of sugars and organic acids ratio plays a significant role in the taste of table grapes. The sweetness of Red Globe was the highest while the acidity of Centennial Seedless was the highest. In addition, 87 varieties of volatile compounds were identified in table grape pulp with aldehydes as the major compounds (30.93-71.83%). In particular, trans-2-hexenal accounted for 19.33-44.56% of the total volatiles. Analysis of active odorants showed that nerol, geraniol, (Z)-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, phenylacetaldehyde, citral and β-myrcene had great contributions to the flavors of Centennial Seedless and Muscat Hamburg, providing flowery, fruity, green and grassy flavors. Hexanol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, damascone and ethyl butyrate had great contributions to the flavors of Rizamat, providing flowery, green and fruity flavors. Nonanal and 1-octen-3-one had great contributions to the flavors of Manaizi, providing mushroom and fruity flavors. The results provided the complete chemical characteristics of sugar, organic acids and volatile compounds of five varieties of table grapes in Xinjiang, China.

Laser-assisted thermochemical ultrahigh-precision polishing of titanium in phosphoric acid solution

Surface finish is one of the most important quality characteristics of titanium implants in the medical field. In this paper, a laser-assisted thermochemical polishing system based on scanning galvanometer was designed and built for the ultrahigh-precision polishing of titanium. The influence of the laser processing parameters and initial surface roughness of the workpiece on the final polishing results were systematically studied, and the polishing mechanisms were discussed. The results show that the final polishing quality was closely related to the laser pulse energy, spot overlapping rate, scanning times, and properties of the material itself but not to the initial surface roughness of the workpiece. In addition, the laser destroyed the passivation layer on the surface of the workpiece, resulting in direct contact between the titanium and etching solution. On the other hand, it induced the generation of a thermo-electromotive force, which caused the electrochemical corrosion on the workpiece surface, accelerating the dissolution of peaks on the surface of the material. The workpiece surface finish was improved because of the difference between the material dissolution rates of the peaks and valleys. Finally, ultrahigh-precision polishing of a commercially pure titanium surface was achieved using the optimized process parameters.

The Optimization of Machining Parameters on Surface Roughness for AISI D3 Steel

Surface finish is one of the most important quality characteristics in manufacturing industries which influences the performance of mechanical parts. This research is focused on the optimization of machining parameters on surface roughness for parting or cut-off operation for the turning process. In machining operations, achieving desired surface quality features of the machined product are really a challenging job. These quality features are highly correlated and are expected to be influenced directly with the effect of process parameters used. Thus, the inputs of machining parameters such as cutting speed (v), feed rates (f) and depth of cut (d) have been selected and the experimental works were designed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for machining AISI D3 steel. The results revealed that at a minimum cutting speed of 140m/min, a minimum feed rate of 0.01mm/rev and a minimum of depth of cut 1 mm give better surface finish. The study concludes that the surface roughness AISI D3 steel is greatly influenced by feed rate and cutting speed which is proven its reliability to obtain the desired level of surface roughness.

Optimization of Instrument Design for In-Line Monitoring of Dry Matter Content in Single Potatoes by NIR Interaction Spectroscopy.

Dry matter (DM) content is one of the most important quality features of potatoes. It defines the physical properties of the potatoes and determines what kind of product the potatoes can be used for. This paper presents the results obtained by a novel prototype NIR (near-infrared) instrument designed to measure DM content in single potatoes in process. The instrument is based on interaction measurements to measure deeper into the potatoes. It measures rapidly, up to 50 measurements per second, allowing several moving potatoes to be measured per second. The instrument also enables several interactance distances to be recorded for each measurement. The instrument was calibrated based on three different potato varieties and the calibration measurements were done in a process plant, making the calibration model suitable for in-line use. A good calibration for DM was obtained by partial least squares regression (RMSECV = 0.78% DM, R2 = 0.91). The instrument was tested in-line in the process plant and several batches of potatoes were monitored for the estimation of the DM distribution per batch. Accuracy of DM determination as function of measurement position on the potato was studied, and results indicate that NIR scans along the center part of the potatoes give slightly better results compared to scans taken on either side of the center. Small differences in optical measurement geometry influence the accuracy of the calibration models, underlining the importance of optimizing instrument design for successful measurements.

Nondestructive prediction model of internal hardness attribute of fig fruit using NIR spectroscopy and RF

Hardness is one of the most important quality characteristics, which has an important influence on the processing and product quality of figs. A rapid non-destructive detection method for the hardness of figs was proposed based on visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy technology. This study attempts to optimize the construction of a fig hardness model and predict the accuracy of thereof. An NIR spectrometer was used to collect the diffuse reflectance spectrum data in the wavelength range of 950–1700 nm, while the hardness index was measured using texture analyzer. Random forest (RF) and partial least square (PLS) methods were used to model the spectral data and hardness, respectively, and a better algorithm for the model construction was obtained. The RF model performed better in the characteristic band (1150.83–1232.43 nm), with correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.76, 67.61, and 83.94 respectively. The PLS model worked well at the full band (R2 = 0.77, RMSEC = 59.20, RMSEP = 91.84). However, the prediction time of the PLS was slightly shorter than that of RF model (0.0004 s < 0.0098 s). The results show that it is feasible to detect the hardness of figs without destroying them by using VIS/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy combined with sample set partitioning based on joint x–y distances (SPXY), RF, and PLS algorithms. This study provides new technical means for fig products enterprises to determine the hardness of figs in the early stages of production rapidly and evaluate the processing quality of fig products, which has a high practical application potential.

Abundance and diversity of soil mesofauna in six municipalities of Norte de Santander, Colombia

Introduction- The edaphic mesofauna intervenes in the decomposition processes of organic matter, constituting an important characteristic of soil quality. Objective-. Characterize the soil mesofauna in six municipalities of Norte de Santander Methodology. The present study was developed in 15 farms of the municipalities; Arboledas, Convencion, La Playa, La Esperanza, Ocaña and Mutiscua in the Department of Norte de Santander where 18 agroecological models would be established (3 / municipality). The abundance and diversity of the mesofauna were characterized before establishing the crops, comparing the situation of the main groups by municipalities. Results- In Arboledas the highest abundance of mesofauna was observed, with the presence of six classes, with detritive habits Crustacea, Collembola, Anelida, Symphyla and Arachnia: Oribatida, while in Esperanza and Mutiscua there were four classes; Insecta, Collembola, Symphyla and Arachnida and in the rest, the last three, which gives a measure of the processes of decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients in these farms. Conclusions: In five municipalities, the highest abundance of mesofauna corresponded to the Collembola class, while Insecta was more abundant in Esperanza and ranked second in Mutiscua, Symplyla was second in Convencion, and La Playa and Arachnida in Ocaña and Arboledas. The specific richness varied from 5.0 for Convencion and Ocaña to 28 for Arboledas and the diversity of species from 0.91 in Convencion to 3.54 in Arboledas, a municipality that was statistically separated from the rest, leaving Mutiscua and Esperanza intermediate concerning the rest.

Interaction between nestling behaviour and nest-space use

For most animals, the rearing environment is an important factor influencing early offspring development and behaviour. Also, in altricial birds, where the rearing environment (nest) is usually restricted, it is known that if sufficient nest space is provided, offspring show social interactions and a variety of other behaviours. In fact, the available nest space has been identified as an important determinant for the occurrence or outcome of social interactions. In this context, we predict different behaviours like food acquisition, intra-brood competition, comfort behaviour or defecation activities also happen at specific sites within the nest and allow differential nest-space use. We further predict, that even offspring within a brood may differently experience their rearing environment. In line with this, e.g. nestling age, brood size or parental food allocation rules could be influential factors. In this study, we therefore investigated offspring nest-space use in altricial hoopoe nestlings (Upupa epops) raised in spacious nest boxes. In particular, we focused on nest-space use in relation to four major offspring behaviours, namely successful food acquisition, aggressive interactions, comfort and resting behaviour and defecation, additionally including parental feeding strategy (feeding from inside or outside the nest box), nestling age and brood size as potentially influential factors. Our results reveal that nestlings do not use the nest space equally but use specific locations for different purposes. Our results further suggest that beside behaviour also offspring age, brood size and parental feeding strategy influence their nest-space use. In conclusion, differential nest-space use can occur even in nestlings and already at an early age. Thus, nest space seems to be an important nest quality feature determining not only nest-space use but also affects offspring social interactions.

An Approach to Evaluate Dehydration of Apples (Malus Domestica L) with the Effect of Temperature and Time Interval under the Response Surface Method

ABSTRACT Moisture content is an important quality feature that directly influences the storability of fruits and vegetables. The main goal of the present study was to estimate the drying behavior of apple slices (Malus Domestica) in a laboratory dryer at the drying temperatures of (40.9, 45, 55, and 65°C) and the time interval of (155.2, 180, 240, 300 and 324.9 minutes) with response surface method. The response surface methodology is used to optimize the dehydration of apple slices, and three thin-layer drying models are applied to the drying data. The effect of drying temperature and time interval tested at three levels on the percentage of moisture content, drying rate, hardness, and rehydration ratio were determined, with R2 values of 0.0761, 0.0519, 0.0564, and 0.2341, respectively. From the results, the actual optimum drying temperature with a time interval of 55°C and 240 min was better suited for the dehydration of apple slices. Therefore, the exact values of moisture content, drying rate, hardness, and rehydration ratio were noted in 11.40%, 0.030 (gwater. gdry. matter −1 cm−2 min−1), 2.35 N m, and 1.03 with a run factor of seven, respectively. Newton, Henderson & Pabis, and Page mathematical models are applied to the drying data, and consistent quality of the proposed models determined by using the calculation of the coefficient of determination (R2), reduced chi-square (X2), and root mean square error (RMSE). Further, from the results, it was conducted that the Newton model was better describing the data with R2, X2, and RMSE values of 0.9989, 0.00014, and 0.0145, respectively, of the apple slices. This manuscript will be helpful for researchers working on commercializing Apple slice processes in China as well as in other countries.

Complex biochemical characteristics of broccoli and cauliflower

Relevance.A commonly cultivated and demanded type of vegetable crops – cabbage Brassica oleracea L. – in the process of evolution and domestication was divided into three clusters: leafy cabbage, headed cabbage and broccoli (cauliflower). According to modern data, Broccoli was developed by hybridization from collard greens and is the genetic precursor to cauliflower. Broccoli andcauliflower have a valuable biochemical composition and are recommended for daily consumption.The characteristic of cultures of Brassica oleracea L. (broccoli and cauliflower) is given according tothe most important biochemical quality characteristics.Material and methods.The research material included 30 accessions of broccoli and 35 accessionsof cauliflower from the VIR collection, reflecting the ecological, geographical and genetic diversity.Accessions were grown at the research and production base "Pushkin and Pavlovsk LaboratoriesVIR" (St. Petersburg), biochemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory of biochemistry andmolecular biology VIR using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Results.The characterization of Brassica oleracea L. species (broccoli and cauliflower) is givenaccording to the main most important biochemical quality characteristics. As a result of using of themodern gas chromatography/mass spectrometry approach to the study of the biochemical composition in samples of broccoli and cauliflower, about 136 components have been identified from thegroups of organic acids, free amino acids, including essential, fatty acids, including essential, polyhydric alcohols, sugars, and also phenolic compounds, nucleosides, and others. Regularity in theaccumulation of nutrient and biologically active substances by cultures of Brassica oleracea L., bycultivar types and individual samples were revealed. As a result of our research using modern techniques new data on the biochemical composition of broccoli and cauliflower were obtained. B.oleracea within the studied botanical varieties and cultivar types has a complex biochemical compositionthat characterizes them as accessions with potentially high value, which confirms the need for indepth control of the biochemical composition of plants when breeding new varieties. Accessions withthe optimal component composition for balanced human nutrition, which are proposed to be used inbreeding for quality, including obtaining varieties for healthy (functional) and therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation were found.

A Research on Herbal and Quality Properties of Lice Local Tobacco as Genetic Source

Tobaccos produced in Turkey are grouped under different names according to the different environmental properties and various characteristics of the regions where they were grown. Lice tobacco is an important local tobacco variety cultivated under Lice-Hazro and Kulp districts conditions. In recent years, a large number of tobacco origin and village populations disappeared from production and faced the danger of extinction. Especially the Lice local tobacco variety has gained a very good adaptation ability against the stress factors of the region. Different environmental factors such as high altitude, stony areas and high temperature, low rainfall and low nitrogen soils have determined the important quality characteristics that distinguish Lice tobacco from other tobacco types. The short plant height and reverse conical plant shape in Lice Tobacco produced in Lice District and around of Diyarbakır draws attention firstly. In Lice tobacco, the number of leaves per plant is 15-17 pieces / plant, the ratio of the length of the leaves to the width (38 cm / 23 cm), the elliptical leaf blade, dark green leaves and plant color, early flowering, the petal color is pinkish red. It is a local variety with high cigarette yield, low nicotine ratio (1-2%), protein nitrogen ratio 1%, total reducing substance ratio 15%, and the highest alkaloid ratio. In this study, the plant and quality characteristics of the local Lice tobacco variety, which has a high degree of genetic diversity, were investigated in farmer conditions and the differences with other Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian tobacco varieties were tried to be revealed.

Differences of sucrose accumulation concentration and related genes expression between two sucrose accumulation types of Actinidia eriantha

According to the investigation of wild Actinidia eriantha in Jiangxi province of China, we found that soluble solids content of fruit was lower than edible standard (14%). However, we found a high-sugar type A. eriantha line (code was ‘MM24’, test material) during investigative process at Nancheng county (E 116° 48′, N 26° 23′, 845 m). We sheared its scions to asexual reproduction in Fengxin County (rootstock was A. deliciosa ‘Miliang 1’ with 7 years old) and at the same time DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) test was also carried out. There were uncontested differences between the two comparative genotypes according to the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it can be judged as a new cultivar. In addition, there was great similarity on most important morphological and quality characteristics. While, there was difference on SSC, DM and TS between the two materials on ripen fruit, these indicators were much higher on test material than on control. The sugar degree assessment showed that the sugar degree of test material was strong and retention time was long. Further, no sucrose was found before DAF 135 d in test material and sucrose were significantly higher than in control only at DAF 165 d and DAF 175 d. The qRT-PCR results of sucrose-related genes showed that the relative expression levels of AcSPS1, AcSPS3, AcSPS5 and AcSUS5 genes were consistent with the sucrose accumulation trend, which was probably the main genes for the difference in sugar degree.

Monitoring number of non-conforming items based on multiple dependent state repetitive sampling under truncated life tests

In this study, an attribute np control chart based on multiple dependent state repetitive sampling is proposed for monitoring the lifetime of the products since the lifetime of the products is considered as an important quality characteristic of many production processes. It is assumed that the lifetime of the product follows any one of the three lifetime distributions namely Weibull distribution, gamma distribution, and Pareto distribution of second kind with known shape parameter. The proposed chart is based on two pairs of control limits that utilize past subgroup information some times in addition to the current samples’ information under time truncated life test. The performance of the proposed chart is assessed by using out-of-control average run length. In order to get specific average run length, the optimal values of the parameters are determined by using a search procedure. A real time example is provided to assess the performance of the proposed chart. Moreover, performance of the proposed chart is compared with the control chart designed under single sampling procedure by using out-of-control average run length.

On the Usability of Object-Oriented Design Patterns for a Better Software Quality

Abstract Software design patterns incarnate expert knowledge distilled from the practical experience in object-oriented design, in a compact and reusable form. The article presents a quantitative study of the usability of the object-oriented software design patterns (known as Gang of Four patterns) applied for improving the testability, maintainability, extendibility, readability, reliability, and performance efficiency of software applications. We received 82 usable responses from software professionals in Bulgaria, with 65 of them addressing both the usability and recognition of each one of the Gang of Four patterns, together with their impact on important software quality characteristics. As well, we studied the approach of each software developer in choosing a particular design pattern to use in order to solve a problem. We found statistically significant differences between the most recognized and most useful patterns and between the most unrecognized and most useless patterns, split into creational, structural, and behavioral groups.

Fruit quality and biochemical characteristics of new early ripening apricots of Turkey

In this study, the important fruit quality characteristics of 11 early ripening and promising apricot hybrids and reference cultivars recently developed in Turkey were analyzed. A large variation was observed between the genotypes in terms of fruit size (fruit weight ranged from 34.28 to 72.53 g). The total soluble solids which is one of the significant fruit quality parameters for the table apricots, was found between 10.07 and 18.27% and fruit flesh/kernel rate was between 9.6 and 18.42. Epicatechin, rutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and β-carotene were found to be the highest bioactive compounds. A large variation was also determined among the genotypes in this regard. ABP-4-23 and ABP-7-12 apricot genotypes were rich with respect to catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin and β-carotene. The highest catachin and epicatechin contents were obtained in ABP-4-23 (176.76 and 517.45 mg/kg, respectively). In terms of β-carotene ABP-2-24 and ABP-1-18 presented the highest values (127.45 and 119.54 mg/kg, respectively). Fruit weight was found highly and positively correlated with kernel weight and total soluble solids (r = 0.65 and r = 0.61, respectively). Fruit weight was also found to be moderately correlated with rutin, quercetin, and β-carotene, while corrrelations was negative for rutin and β-carotene. Total acidity was moderately correlated with catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and β-carotene in positive way.

Methodical Approach to Accounting Intangible Assets and Brand Values in Marketing Pricing

The article presents a methodological approach to the valuation of intangible assets and brand value in marketing pricing policy. This approach takes into account the specifics of the formation of intangible assets and sources of brand value in the B2B markets. It was proposed a modified ROI (Return on Investment) to assess the effectiveness of the brand promotion system as an intangible asset. It was proved the interrelation of an estimation of efficiency of marketing activity with pricing on the basis of the complex account of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the goods. With the help of the BEST-marketing program, the most important quality characteristics of engineering products in the B2B market have been identified. Keywords: marketing pricing, brand valuation, intangible assets, B2B market, machine-building industry.

Improved qualitative properties of pear pekmez by natural zeolite treatment during production process

AbstractThe effect of zeolite treatment on color change, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), total phenolic compounds (TPCs), ionic composition and texture of sweet pear pekmez was investigated for two different zeolite concentrations during pekmez production. HMF was not detected in clarified pear juice and pekmez samples subjected to 5 g/L (5ZP) and 10 g/L (10ZP) zeolite adsorption. HMF content of pekmez sample without zeolite treatment (PP) was measured as 2.76 ± 0.07 mg/kg. The addition of zeolite just after the clarification results in the reduction of the HMF content of pekmez samples. The highest TPC was determined as 4,958.1 ± 167 mg GAE/kg dry weight in PP sample. Application of zeolite together with conventional clarification resulted in 31.4% and 33.2% reduction in TPC of 5ZP and 10ZP, respectively, compared to PP samples. Zeolite application improved the color quality of pekmez samples. While the amount of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and potassium decreased with the zeolite treatment, the amount of calcium, sodium and magnesium in pekmez samples increased significantly. Zeolite treatment did not significantly affect the texture of the samples.Practical applicationsPekmez is concentrated fruit juice with long shelf life and high nutritional value. HMF formation is a very important problem that must be prevented or eliminated in the pekmez production process. This study provides the pear pekmez production process and determination of some important quality features such as color change and amount of HMF and metal ions. Besides, zeolite treatment is applied for the first time during pekmez processing. The results reveal that zeolite treatment is useful means to reduce undesirable metal ions and HMF formation during pekmez production while improving the color quality. Consequently, the use of zeolite in pekmez production has great potential to produce the high quality and safe pear pekmez.

Определение морфологических характеристик частиц сыпучих материалов на основе цифрового анализа изображений

Enriched coal as an energy source has a number of undeniable environmental and economic advantages, and has a higher calorific value. Important characteristics that affect the technological process of coal flotation are the particle size distribution, the shape of the coal particles and their surface texture. Screen analysis is the most common method for determining the granulometric composition of granular media. However, it is not sensitive to the shape of the particles and the nature of their surface. With the sieve method of analysis, there is no direct measurement of any axes of the particle, except the case when the particle is ball-shaped. In this case, its size coincides with the edge length of the square mesh of the sieve. Thus, two particles of completely different shapes can pass through the same sieve opening. Our task was to develop a simple technique that allows identifying the shape and texture parameters of particles of the bulk material. To solve the problem in question, the algorithm implemented in MATLAB (Image Processing Toolbox) and the concept of fractals are used. A method for estimating the shape and texture of bulk material particles based on digital image processing has been proposed. The particle size distribution curves are constructed, obtained by sieving method and image processing method. It was found that these curves are in good agreement with each other. Digital image processing is an alternative to identifying the important quality characteristics of bulk materials.

Effect of Pulsed Light Treatment on Natural Microbiota, Enzyme Activity, and Phytochemical Composition of Pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) juice

The effect of pulsed light (PL) on numerous important quality characteristics of pineapple juice was studied and compared with untreated and thermally pasteurised samples. The laboratory scale PL batch system used was operated with each three different voltages (1.8, 2.1, and 2.4 kV) and numbers of pulses (47, 94, and 187). Treatments with 2.4 kV and either 94 or 187 pulses (757/1479 J·cm−2) resulted in a 5-log reduction in aerobic mesophiles and the yeast and mould counts. Peroxidase was more resistant to PL than polyphenol oxidase, whereas the bromelain activity was completely retained in all PL-treated juices. Colour and antioxidant capacity were minimally affected, while vitamin C, genuine pineapple furanones, and phenolic compounds declined. In contrast, thermal pasteurisation was more detrimental to colour, antioxidant capacity, and vitamin C content, but resulted in a superior inactivation of microorganisms and enzymes and retention of phenolic compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) permitted the differentiation of fresh, thermally pasteurised, and all PL-treated juices. PCA on the basis of the individual juice constituents additionally arranged the latter juices according to the number of pulses and voltage levels applied, particularly promoted by the oxidation of ascorbic to dehydroascorbic acid. In conclusion, PL treatment represents a promising new alternative to conventional thermal preservation techniques, whereby the inactivation of deteriorative enzymes may be further optimised.

Fuzzy Supplier Selection Method Based on Smaller-The-Better Quality Characteristic

Many important parts of tool machines all have the important smaller-the-better (STB) quality characteristics. The important STB quality characteristics will impact on the quality of the end-product. At the same time, supplier quality influences the quality and functionality of the end-product, so suppliers must be selected with caution. The six sigma quality index for the STB quality characteristics can directly reflect process quality levels. Besides, this index possesses a mathematical relationship with process yield. Nevertheless, the point estimation will cause the risk of misjudgment, due to sampling errors. As a result, this study applies the confidence interval of the index to a two-tailed fuzzy testing method, in order to select appropriate suppliers. Now that this method is on the basis of the confidence interval, the possibility of misjudgment caused by sampling errors will be reduced, while the precision of the selection will be enhanced. The method can help companies increase product quality, as well as the competitiveness of the industry chain as a whole. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show how to approach this method and its efficacy.

Restraint of Bagging on Fruit Skin Coloration in on-Tree Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta)

Fruit skin color is an important characteristic of fruit quality. The light-mediated regulation on fruit skin coloration in Actinidia arguta remains unclear. To better understand the role of light in fruit skin coloration, we performed bagging treatments in both on-tree and off-tree ‘Hongbaoshixing’, which is a kind of all-red-typed A. arguta cultivar. Non-bagging kiwifruits were used as control. For off-tree fruits, there was no difference between non-bagging and bagging treatments. For on-tree fruits, physiological and molecular changes were investigated during fruit development in non-bagging and bagging treatments. Phenotypic identification and the hue angle measurement showed that the stage of most significant color difference between non-bagging and bagging treatments was 130 days (after full bloom). Determination of five anthocyanin components suggested cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-xylose-galactoside made a main contribution to the fruit skin coloration. Gene expression profiles and cluster analysis showed AaLDOX and AaUFGT were highly expressed at 130 days and obviously clustered into the same class in non-bagging treatment, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested only AaLDOX expression was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content in non-bagging treatment while no correlation in bagging treatment. Similar results was observed for MYB1 transcription factor. The result of subcellular localization showed that AaLDOX was located in the cytoplasm, indicating AaLDOX is indeed structural gene that encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase participated in anthocyanin biosynthesis. All results were used to establish a possible working model, showing that light is indispensable for normal fruit skin coloration, and bagging treatment suppresses anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation mainly by inhibiting AaMYB1 and AaLDOX expression in A. arguta.