Important Risk Factor For Cancer Research Articles

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Differentiation: Research Progress in Mechanism and Treatment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment, morbidity and mortality continue to rise. Chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis are still the most important risk factors for liver cancer. Although there are many treatments, it can only be cured by orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) or surgical resection. And the worse the degree of differentiation, the worse the prognosis of patients with liver cancer. Then it can be considered that restoring a better state of differentiation may improve the prognosis. The differentiation treatment of liver cancer is to reverse the dedifferentiation process of hepatocytes to liver cancer cells by means of drugs, improve the differentiation state of the tumor, and restore the normal liver characteristics, so as to improve the prognosis. Understanding the mechanism of dedifferentiation of liver cancer can provide ideas for drug design. Liver enrichment of transcription factors, imbalance of signal pathway and changes of tumor microenvironment can promote the occurrence and development of liver cancer, and restoring its normal level can inhibit the malignant behavior of tumor. At present, some drugs have been proved to be effective, but more clinical data are needed to support the effectiveness and reliability of drugs. The differentiation treatment of liver cancer is expected to become an important part of the treatment of liver cancer in the future.

Advanced gastric cancer detected during regular follow-up after eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important risk factor for gastric cancer and is a recognized carcinogen. Although eradication of H. pylori reduces the incidence of gastric cancer, cases can still occur after eradication therapy. A number of such cases have been reported, and their early clinicopathological characteristics are becoming clearer. Some reports mention that endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer may be difficult after eradication therapy, because the cancer is covered by non-cancerous epithelium. However, there are few reports on advanced gastric cancer after eradication therapy, and its characteristics remain poorly understood. In view of the predicted increase in frequency of advanced gastric cancer after eradication therapy in the near future, it is important to be aware of these cases. In this report, we describe three cases of advanced gastric cancer detected during routine follow-up after eradication.

Pan-Cancer DNA Methylation Analysis and Tumor Origin Identification of Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site Based on Multi-Omics.

The metastatic cancer of unknown primary (CUP) sites remains a leading cause of cancer death with few therapeutic options. The aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm) is the most important risk factor for cancer, which has certain tissue specificity. However, how DNAm alterations in tumors differ among the regulatory network of multi-omics remains largely unexplored. Therefore, there is room for improvement in our accuracy in the prediction of tumor origin sites and a need for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In our study, an integrative analysis based on multi-omics data and molecular regulatory network uncovered genome-wide methylation mechanism and identified 23 epi-driver genes. Apart from the promoter region, we also found that the aberrant methylation within the gene body or intergenic region was significantly associated with gene expression. Significant enrichment analysis of the epi-driver genes indicated that these genes were highly related to cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis, including T-cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and signal transduction. Based on the ensemble algorithm, six CpG sites located in five epi-driver genes were selected to construct a tissue-specific classifier with a better accuracy (>95%) using TCGA datasets. In the independent datasets and the metastatic cancer datasets from GEO, the accuracy of distinguishing tumor subtypes or original sites was more than 90%, showing better robustness and stability. In summary, the integration analysis of large-scale omics data revealed complex regulation of DNAm across various cancer types and identified the epi-driver genes participating in tumorigenesis. Based on the aberrant methylation status located in epi-driver genes, a classifier that provided the highest accuracy in tracing back to the primary sites of metastatic cancer was established. Our study provides a comprehensive and multi-omics view of DNAm-associated changes across cancer types and has potential for clinical application.

Racial Differences in Helicobacter pylori Prevalence in the US: A Systematic Review.

Helicobacter pylori remains an important risk factor for noncardia gastric cancer and a spectrum of disease from H. pylori infection to gastric cancer. As a step toward improved clinical strategies for gastric cancer prevention, we assessed racial differences in prevalence of H. pylori from studies across the United States. This systematic review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the literature regarding racial differences in H. pylori in the United States. MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science database searches were performed through May 26, 2021. Ultimately, 25 studies that reported H. pylori infection prevalence by race were included. All studies included in the review documented higher H. pylori prevalence in Blacks and Hispanics than in whites. The ratio of H. pylori prevalence for Blacks compared to non-Hispanic whites ranged from 1.3 to 5.4, and the ratio for Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites ranged from 1.8 to 4.4. Of the 5 studies that examined H. pylori CagA prevalence by race, 4 found higher prevalence among Blacks and Hispanics compared to whites, with CagA prevalence ranging from 19% to 77% in whites, 62% to 90% in Blacks, and 64% to 74% in Hispanics. In this review, across 25 studies, varying in underlying population, time period, and geographic location, Blacks and Hispanics appeared to have a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection than whites. This increased prevalence of H. pylori among populations also at a higher risk of gastric cancer is relevant in the clinical setting for decision-making related to H. pylori testing and gastric cancer prevention.

POSC183 Epidemiological Disease Burden of Malignant Neoplasm of Oropharynx Based on Routinely Collected Health Insurance Claims Data

The incidence rates for oropharyngeal cancers have been increasing during recent decades, predominantly in developed countries. Worldwide tobacco and alcohol use remains the most important risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer. The aim of our study was to determine the epidemiological disease burden of malignant neoplasm of oropharynx.

Exploring the spatial and inter-temporal spill-over effects of Air Pollution in Chennai City- A Study

The impact of industrialization is manifold causing more employment, increased export, GDP growth but causing deterioration in the environment situation Air pollution, odourless air, smelly air which harms health, destroys plants and damages property. The effect of pollutants like SO2 is primarily by industrialisation and increasing growth of population. CO2 is also a key pollutant in the atmosphere and the sources of CO2 are fossil fuel burning and deforestation. CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight but partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space. Particulates are tiny particles of solid or liquid matter present in the atmosphere and they are very helpful for the operations in the atmosphere like the formation of clouds and fog, absorbing gases in the atmosphere and creating reactions by being catalysts and the decomposition of ozone is possible only by dust, maintain the radiation balance and heat balance of the earth, and helps in the absorption capacity of the gases. The consequences of Air Pollution are severe on the environment, ecological impact, groundwater, soil, air, living organisms, acid rain, global warming, the greenhouse effect, climate changes etc. Ozone affects the upper layers of the skin, the tear ducts, lungs, biochemical, morphologic, functional, and immunological disorders (Lippmann, 1989). They are an important risk factor for lung cancer. Air pollution is also harmful to the environment and causes severe and permanent issues to a country. Considering the impact of Air Pollution, the Government of India has amended the AIR (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 vide G.O.Ms.3, DT.03.09.1983. This article is exploring the spatial and intertemporal spill-over effects of Air Pollution in Chennai City

Cancer survivors have a lower frequency of dementia in the 95+ oldest‐old

AbstractBackgroundAdvancing age is an important risk factor for dementia and cancer. An inverse association between these conditions has been described, yet caution from potential biases/confounders is warranted. Dementia and cancer may represent a spectrum of opposing dysregulated degenerative (apoptosis) and growth (proliferative) pathways respectively (Driver, 2014). Risk or resiliency factors affecting these pathways may influence cognitive outcomes in the oldest‐old. We sought to investigate demographics, clinical characteristics, and the impact of medical comorbidity on possible risk‐resiliency factors for neurodegeneration in nondemented and demented oldest‐old who died and underwent autopsy.MethodMedical records of 161 decedents (female n=134) from the Mayo Clinic 95+ year‐old cohort (age range 95‐106 years‐old) were reviewed. Groups consisting of nondemented (n=72) and demented (n=89) decedents were stratified and compared according to demographics and clinical variables, including history of cancer. Autopsy and neuropathologic evaluation was also conducted.ResultAge at death, sex, race, and education showed no differences between nondemented and demented decedents. History of cancer was higher in nondemented (57%) compared to demented decedents (30%) (p=0.002). APOE ε4 allele presence did not differ amongst groups, while APOE ε2 allele was more common in the nondemented group (p=0.026). History of coronary artery disease was higher in the nondemented (p=0.033). No differences were observed in other vascular risk factors, alcohol use, or depression. Smoking history approached significance and was higher in nondemented compared to demented (p=0.068). MMSE scores were higher in the nondemented group (p<0.001). Neuropathology findings included a lower Braak tangle staging in nondemented (median=III) compared to demented (median=V) groups (p<0.001) and less frequent diffuse plaques observed in the nondemented (67%) compared with those demented (93%) (p<0.001).ConclusionDementia is less frequent among cancer survivors in the 95+ oldest‐old. Disease‐related mechanisms associated with malignancy and surviving it may be protective against neurodegeneration in the oldest old.

Identifying Novel Causes of Cancers to Enhance Cancer Prevention: New Strategies Are Needed.

The burden of cancer from a clinical, societal, and economic viewpoint continues to increase in all parts of the world, along with much debate regarding how to confront this. Projected increases in cancer indicate a 50% increase in the number of cases over the next 2 decades, with the greatest proportional increase in low- and medium-income settings. In contrast to the historic high cancer burden due to viral and bacterial infections in these regions, future increases are expected to be due to cancers linked to westernization including breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate cancer. Identifying the reasons underlying these increases will be paramount to informing prevention efforts. Evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted in high-income countries over the last 70 years has led to the conclusion that approximately 40% of the cancer burden is explained by known risk factors—the 2 most important being tobacco and obesity in that order—raising the question of what is driving the rest of the cancer burden. International cancer statistics continue to show that approximately 80% of the cancer burden in high-income countries could be preventable in principle, implying that there are important environmental or lifestyle risk factors for cancer that have not yet been discovered. Emerging genomic evidence from population and experimental studies points to an important role for nonmutagenic promoters in driving cancer incidence rates. New research strategies and infrastructures that combine population-based and laboratory research at a global level are required to break this deadlock.

Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk.

Simple SummaryPrimary prevention approaches are urgently needed to curb the growing global breast cancer burden. Mammographic density, also known as breast density, is one of the most significant and common independent risk factors for breast cancer. As such, it is an exciting new potential target to reduce the incidence of breast cancer; we could in the future identify women with high mammographic density at an increased risk of breast cancer and take steps to reduce that risk. However, more research is needed to understand the biological mechanisms that underlie high mammographic density and how these might be used to develop new prevention strategies. Here, we review the current knowledge around the biology of mammographic density with a particular focus on immune system factors that could provide new therapeutic targets.Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer; women with extremely dense breasts have a four to six fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with mostly fatty breasts, when matched with age and body mass index. High mammographic density is characterised by high proportions of stroma, containing fibroblasts, collagen and immune cells that suggest a pro-tumour inflammatory microenvironment. However, the biological mechanisms that drive increased mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are not yet understood. Inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1, peroxidase enzymes, transforming growth factor beta, and tumour necrosis factor alpha have been implicated in breast development as well as breast cancer risk, and also influence functions of stromal fibroblasts. Here, the current knowledge and understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to high mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are reviewed, with particular consideration to potential immune factors that may contribute to this process.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years and Mortality Rate Attributed to Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa Countries

Background: Primary brain tumors are among the main causes of death. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological features of the brain and central nervous system cancer in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Methods: In this study, data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to estimate the incidence, prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality in 21 countries in the MENA region from 1990 to 2019 based on age and sex. The percentage of the changes of epidemiologic indicators was calculated between 1990 and 2019. Results: Palestine and Turkey had the highest rate of brain and central nervous system cancer in 2019. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iraq, and Lebanon had the highest percentage of incidence rate changes from 1990 to 2019. The prevalence of brain and central nervous system cancer in the MENA region was increased from 7.51 (95% CI: 4.95–11.01) in 1990 to 16.45 (95% CI: 10.83–19.54) in 2019 (percentage of changes = 54.35%). The standardized age mortality rate in the MENA region was increased by 2.7% in 2019 compared to that in 1990. The rate of standardized age of DALY per 100,000 individuals in the MENA region decreased from 135.09 (95% CI: 92.57–199.92) in 1990 to 128.34 (95% CI: 87.81–151.3) in 2019. Conclusion: The incidence rate, prevalence, and standardized age mortality (per 100,000) had increased significantly in the MENA region in 2019 compared to those in 1990. Focusing on the diversity of the estimates of such indices in different countries of MENA can lead to the identification of important risk factors for brain cancer in future studies.

OA14.01 Family History of Cancer and Lung Cancer: Information from the Thoracic Tumors Registry (TTR Study)

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Smoking habit has been regarded as the most important risk factor for lung cancer and therefore smoking control is considered the most effective method of prevention. Nevertheless, genetic susceptibility may also affect lung cancer risk

P61.06 Participants With Family History of Cancer Have a Higher Participation Rate of Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening

Family history of cancer is an important risk factor for lung cancer. Studies have shown that it may also affect the willingness to lung cancer screening. To describe the low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) participation rate with a history of common cancers in a population-based screening program. The analysis was conducted in the context of the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China, which recruited 282,377 eligible participants aged 40-74 years from 8 cities in Henan province from 2013 to 2019. A total of 55,428 participants were evaluated to be high-risk for lung cancer by an established risk score system and were subsequently recommended for LDCT. In this study, we calculated the overall and group-specific participation rates by a family history of common cancers, as well as compared the differences in participation rates between different groups. Obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs derived by multiple logistic regression model. Of 55,428 with high-risk for lung cancer, 22,260 subjects undertook LDCT (participation rate of 40.16%). We found that a family history of lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer were associated with increased participation in LDCT screening. The odds of participants with a family history of one cancer, two cancers, three cancers, and four or more cancers undertaking LDCT screening were 0.9-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.5-fold higher than participants with no family history of cancer (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.80-1.96; OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.51-2.79; OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 2.64-3.04; OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 3.15-3.79), respectively. Compared with those without a history of cancer, as the number of cancer family history increases, compliance gradually increases (P<0.001). There was room for improvement regarding lung cancer screening yield given the relatively low participation rate. Lung cancer screening in populations with a family history of cancer may be a choice.

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Geriatric Patients: Current Situation and Treatment Regimens.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has so far infected more than half the global population. It is the most important and controllable risk factor for gastric cancer. The elderly, who are at a higher incidence of the infection, are also commonly found to develop antibiotic resistance. The symptoms, diagnosis, clinical features (of gastric or extra-digestive diseases), and treatment of H. pylori infection in the elderly, are different from that in the non-elderly. Health conditions, including comorbidities and combined medication have limited the use of regular therapies in elderly patients. However, they can still benefit from eradication therapy, thus preventing gastric mucosal lesions and gastric cancer. In addition, new approaches, such as dual therapy and complementary therapy, have the potential to treat older patients with H. pylori infection.

Corosolic acid inhibits cancer progression by decreasing the level of CDK19-mediated O-GlcNAcylation in liver cancer cells

Diabetes is an important risk factor for liver cancer, but its mechanism is unknown. Corosolic acid (CA) has been proven to have both hypoglycemic and antitumor effects, so revealing the function of CA can help us understand the relationship between diabetes and liver cancer. In previous studies, we confirmed that CA can effectively inhibit the expression of YAP, an important oncoprotein in HCC cells, and the proliferation of HCC cells. In addition, we also found that O-GlcNAcylation plays an indispensable role in HCC tumorigenesis. However, it is not clear whether CA can inhibit the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on HCC cells. In this study, the antitumor ability of CA was investigated by inhibiting the O-GlcNAcylation level and its corresponding mechanism. The results showed that HG (high glucose) could promote the proliferation of liver cancer cells, while CA could inhibit cell growth under HG conditions and tumor growth in a xenotransplantation model. CA can inhibit the activation of the HBP pathway and reduce the expression of YAP and OGT under HG conditions. Importantly, we found that CA can reduce YAP expression and O-GlcNAcylation by inhibiting the activity of CDK19. Overexpression of CDK19 partially reversed the CA-induced decrease in YAP and O-GlcNAcylation. This is the first evidence that CA can reduce the proliferative capacity of cells with high glucose levels and further inhibit tumor growth by inactivating the CDK19/YAP/O-GlcNAcylation pathway, suggesting that CA is a candidate drug for the development of treatments against diabetes-associated liver cancer.

1730P Cancer long survivor artificial intelligence follow-up (CLARIFY): Family history of cancer and lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Smoking habit has been regarded as the most important risk factor for lung cancer and therefore smoking control is considered the most effective method of prevention. Nevertheless, genetic susceptibility may also affect lung cancer risk.

MP33-08 GUT MICROBIOTA PROFILE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-GRADE PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyProstate Cancer: Basic Research & Pathophysiology I (MP33)1 Sep 2021MP33-08 GUT MICROBIOTA PROFILE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-GRADE PROSTATE CANCER Kazutoshi Fujita, Makoto Matsushita, Daisuke Motooka, Koji Hatano, Shota Fukae, Norihiko Kawamura, Eisuke Tomiyama, Yujiro Hayashi, Eri Banno, Tetsuya Takao, Shingo Takada, Shinichi Yachida, Takafumi Minami, Masahiro Nozawa, Kazuhiro Yoshimura, Hirotsugu Uemura, Shota Nakamura, and Norio Nonomura Kazutoshi FujitaKazutoshi Fujita More articles by this author , Makoto MatsushitaMakoto Matsushita More articles by this author , Daisuke MotookaDaisuke Motooka More articles by this author , Koji HatanoKoji Hatano More articles by this author , Shota FukaeShota Fukae More articles by this author , Norihiko KawamuraNorihiko Kawamura More articles by this author , Eisuke TomiyamaEisuke Tomiyama More articles by this author , Yujiro HayashiYujiro Hayashi More articles by this author , Eri BannoEri Banno More articles by this author , Tetsuya TakaoTetsuya Takao More articles by this author , Shingo TakadaShingo Takada More articles by this author , Shinichi YachidaShinichi Yachida More articles by this author , Takafumi MinamiTakafumi Minami More articles by this author , Masahiro NozawaMasahiro Nozawa More articles by this author , Kazuhiro YoshimuraKazuhiro Yoshimura More articles by this author , Hirotsugu UemuraHirotsugu Uemura More articles by this author , Shota NakamuraShota Nakamura More articles by this author , and Norio NonomuraNorio Nonomura More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002042.08AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The gut microbiota is involved in a variety of diseases that affect the entire body. Diet and body size influence the gut microbiota and are important risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa). However, the association between the gut microbiota and PCa is not well understood. To clarify this association, we analysed the gut microbiota profiles of men with high-grade PCa. METHODS: We collected rectal swab samples of 189 Japanese men who were suspected of PCa based on screening such as MRI or prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests and underwent prostate biopsies from December 2018 to March 2020 at the Osaka University Hospital, Osaka Police Hospital and Osaka General Medical Center. All hospitals are located in Osaka, Japan. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-two Japanese men undergoing prostate biopsies were included in the study and divided into two cohorts: discovery cohort (114 subjects, 72 with cancer and 42 without cancer) and external test cohort (38 subjects, 24 with cancer and 14 without cancer). The gut microbiota in the discovery cohort was compared between two groups, a high-grade PCa group (men with Gleason score 7 or higher PCa) and a negative+low-grade PCa group (men with negative biopsy or Gleason score 6 PCa) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha diversity and beta diversity did not differ significantly between the two groups. Using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method, the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae, Alistipes, and Lachnospira were shown to be significantly increased in patients with high-grade PCa (LDA score>2.5). Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) showed a significant increase in five metabolic pathways: multiple amino acid metabolisms, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine (LDA score>2.0). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the index calculated from the amount of 18 bacterial genera, including Lachnospira, which were selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, detected high-grade PCa in the discovery cohort with higher accuracy than the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test (area under the curve (AUC)=0.85 vs. 0.74). Validation of the index in the test cohort showed similar results (AUC = 0.81 vs. 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate an association between a gut microbiota composed of 18 genera and the presence of high-grade PCa in Japanese men. This gut microbiota profile could be a novel useful marker for the detection of high-grade PCa with greater accuracy than the PSA test. Source of Funding: The Japanese Urological Association, Yakult Bio-Science Foundation © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e609-e609 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Kazutoshi Fujita More articles by this author Makoto Matsushita More articles by this author Daisuke Motooka More articles by this author Koji Hatano More articles by this author Shota Fukae More articles by this author Norihiko Kawamura More articles by this author Eisuke Tomiyama More articles by this author Yujiro Hayashi More articles by this author Eri Banno More articles by this author Tetsuya Takao More articles by this author Shingo Takada More articles by this author Shinichi Yachida More articles by this author Takafumi Minami More articles by this author Masahiro Nozawa More articles by this author Kazuhiro Yoshimura More articles by this author Hirotsugu Uemura More articles by this author Shota Nakamura More articles by this author Norio Nonomura More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and HPV infection: a systematic review.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer, although not the only one. The allelic polymorphism of enzymes acting on carcinogen metabolism has shown to influence the risk of both intraepithelial lesions and cervical carcinogenesis. Several studies found an association between GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes and risk of cancer. This research aimed to review studies addressing the relationship between GSTT1 and GSTM1 and HPV infection in women, with or without cervical pathologies. A database search was conducted in four databases - PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Virtual Health Library - using the following descriptors: Glutathione transferase, HPV, and Genetic polymorphism. In total, we found 319 studies. After screening titles and abstracts, 27 articles were selected for full-text read, among which 20 were excluded and 7 were included in the review. No study has exclusively approached the relationship between the virus and GSTM1/GSTT1 variants. However, studies investigating the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and cervical lesions or cancer found a probable relationship between them and infections with high-risk oncogenic subtypes. Although inconclusive, GSTT1 null alleles were more common in women with more aggressive HPV than GSTM1.

Global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.

BackgroundTo investigate the burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories during 30 years.MethodsWe extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database, including incidence, mortality, disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs), and the attributable risk factors of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess the changes in age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age‐standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age‐standardized DALYs rate (ASDR). We also examined the associations between cancer burden and the sociodemographic index (SDI).ResultsThe global new cases, death, and DALYs of thyroid cancer in 2019 were 233 847 (95% UI: 211 637–252 807), 45 576 (95% UI: 41 290‐48 775), and 1 231 841 (95% UI: 1 113 585–1 327 064), respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of thyroid cancer showed an upward trend (EAPC = 1.25), but ASMR (EAPC = −0.15) and ASDR (EAPC = −0.14) decreased. The burden of thyroid cancer varied at regional and national levels, but the association between ASIR and SDI was positive. We found that the burden of thyroid cancer was mainly concentrated in females and that the age of onset tended to be younger. The proportion of DALYs from thyroid cancer attributable to high body‐mass index was higher in high SDI regions, especially in males.ConclusionsThe global incidence of thyroid cancer has continued to increase in the past three decades. The high body‐mass index as an important risk factor for thyroid cancer deserves greater attention, especially in high SDI regions.

The Role of Chronic Inflammation in the Development of Breast Cancer.

Simple SummaryChronic inflammation is an important cause of multiple cancers. While chronic inflammation is present in breast cancer and may influence its outcome, its role in the initiation and development of breast cancer is unclear. A review of the literature was conducted to determine if chronic inflammatory processes are present, both systemically and in normal breast tissue, which may contribute to the development of breast cancer in women. This indicates that several chronic inflammatory factors may influence breast cancer development, with some such as adipose tissue and obesity occurring early in breast carcinogenesis, while others, such as the microbiome and inflammation from genomic changes, may occur with the transition to malignancy. Chronic inflammation appears to be an important risk factor for breast cancer and may influence both the development and conduct of breast cancer.Chronic inflammation contributes to the malignant transformation of several malignancies and is an important component of breast cancer. The role of chronic inflammation in the initiation and development of breast cancer from normal breast tissue, however, is unclear and needs to be clarified. A review of the literature was conducted to define the chronic inflammatory processes in normal breast tissue at risk for breast cancer and in breast cancer, including the role of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, chronic active adipocytes and fibroblasts, and processes that may promote chronic inflammation including the microbiome and factors related to genomic abnormalities and cellular injury. The findings indicate that in healthy normal breast tissue there is systemic evidence to suggest inflammatory changes are present and associated with breast cancer risk, and adipocytes and crown-like structures in normal breast tissue may be associated with chronic inflammatory changes. The microbiome, genomic abnormalities, and cellular changes are present in healthy normal breast tissue, with the potential to elicit inflammatory changes, while infiltrating lymphocytes are uncommon in these tissues. Chronic inflammatory changes occur prominently in breast cancer tissues, with important contributions from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated adipocytes and crown-like structures, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, while the microbiome and DNA damage may serve to promote inflammatory events. Together, these findings suggest that chronic inflammation may play a role in influencing the initiation, development and conduct of breast cancer, although several chronic inflammatory processes in breast tissue may occur later in breast carcinogenesis.

Obesity impact on symptomatology associated with pelvic floor dysfunction

The increasing incidence of obesity, a significant health problem worldwide, represents a major socio-economic burden with a high impact on the quality of life. It is considered a risk factor for multiple medical conditions. More than half of women from developed countries are overweight or obese, this comorbidity can affect them from puberty through the reproductive period and then in the menopausal period, involving multiple medical and surgical specialties. It has a significant impact on the onset of puberty, the menstrual cycle, ovulation, fertility rate, and pregnancy outcome. In postmenopausal women, obesity represents an important risk factor for breast cancer, endometrial cancers or polyps, fibroids, pelvic organ prolapse, or stress urinary incontinence in addition to a higher risk of post-operative complications and also to some types of fragility fractures, especially if diabetes mellitus is associated. Pelvic floor disorders include pelvic organ prolapse, urinary or fecal incontinence. Obese patients seem more affected compare with normal-weighted females. We introduce a single-center, retrospective study on 74 patients (admitted between 2016 and 2019) with pelvic organ prolapses that were referred for surgical correction, and further on they were evaluated after one month, respective after 6 months since procedure. On admission, the subjects, aged between 41-82 years (median of 57 years) showed a strong correlation between the symptomatology caused by the prolapse degree and obesity (40.54% of them), as it appears that the discomfort and symptoms are significantly higher in the women with higher body mass index. In the reevaluation form, the patients with obesity complaint more frequently compared to the non-obese females about urinary and colorectal distress and low sexual desire and interest. The use of surgical treatment for pelvic organ dysfunctions is a contributor to improved quality of life in adult obese females.