ABSTRACT A close examination of the reparation decree-laws and laws enacted in Romania from December 1989 to December 2024 shows that successive post-communist governments had to reckon with multiple, layered recent pasts, not just one. The temporal order in which five victim groups were compensated for their past suffering introduced an implicit recognition of some victims that prioritised present political objectives over the nature of the gruesome past. A preference for corrective rather than transformative reckoning explains why the reparation programme overlooked the 500-year-long Roma slavery.

More than a decade after the EU launched the Belgrade–Pristina dialogue, Kosovo–Serbia relations remain unresolved despite the ICJ’s 2010 advisory opinion. The 2023 Brussels Agreement and its Ohrid Annex – presented as a Balkan analogue to the 1972 interGerman Basic Treaty and framed as a breakthrough grounded in indirect recognition, following a 2022 diplomatic initiative by the United States, France, Germany, and the EU that explicitly invoked the Basic Treaty as a model – were neither signed nor implemented, thereby exposing the structural fragility of an externally imposed, status-neutral framework. While hailed as a possible Zeitenwende for Balkan diplomacy, the Ohrid Agreement (2023), inspired by this framework, was neither signed nor implemented, as Serbia framed it as a political declaration rather than a binding treaty. This paper argues that applying the ‘Two Germanys model’ to Kosovo and Serbia is conceptually flawed: unlike the inter-German settlement, the Brussels– Ohrid framework lacks reciprocal political will, enforcement mechanisms, and a credible institutional end-state. A comparative analysis shows how the Ohrid Annex entrenches asymmetric obligations on Kosovo while allowing Serbia to preserve ambiguity and obstruct Kosovo’s international integration..

BackgroundRecognition abilities are often considered severely impaired in the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease and related neurocognitive diseases. However, implicit forms of recognition, supported by emotional and relational processes, may remain preserved despite profound cognitive decline.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore implicit recognition in older adults with advanced neurocognitive diseases through repeated interactions with an unfamiliar experimenter in emotionally modulated contexts.MethodsForty residents of long-term care facilities were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: a positive emotional condition (warm interaction and emotional expressions) or a neutral emotional condition (detached and factual interaction). An 11-session protocol was designed to capture the progressive emergence of recognition behaviors-verbal and nonverbal, spontaneous or elicited-toward the experimenter. Behavioral responses were analyzed across sessions using statistical analyses examining recognition type, emotional condition, and temporal progression.ResultsA main effect of recognition type was observed, with verbal responses, particularly those elicited by prompts, being predominant. The positive emotional condition significantly enhanced the expression of implicit recognition behaviors. A significant temporal progression was also identified, peaking at session 11, suggesting implicit learning across repeated exposures.ConclusionsDespite advanced neurocognitive diseases, older adults appear to retain the capacity for new learning mediated by implicit memory. Repeated exposure and emotionally meaningful interactions foster familiarity with the experimenter and highlight the persistence of relational and affective competencies. These findings emphasize the role of affective memory in sustaining interpersonal connections and support emotionally attuned human interaction as a valuable therapeutic approach in institutional care.

BackgroundA growing body of literature has documented emotional disorders in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). While emotional symptoms have been well studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), no study to date has provided a comprehensive overview of emotional disturbances specifically associated with DLB.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the emotional profile of patients with prodromal or mild DLB compared to healthy controls.MethodsBehavioral data were collected from 24 prodromal or mild DLB patients, and 24 healthy participants, matched for age, gender and educational level. Statistics, including group comparisons and correlation analyses, were conducted using the following measures: the Florida Affect Battery (FAB), the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Echelle d'Humeur Depressive (EHD), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale.ResultsPatients with DLB demonstrated significantly impaired performance on the FAB alongside elevated scores on the TAS-20, the EHD, and the GAD-7 compared to controls.ConclusionsThese findings highlight profound disruptions in internal emotional experience among patients with prodromal or mild DLB, notably marked by elevated alexithymic traits, altered emotional expression, emotional dyscontrol, anxiety, and impairments in automatic and implicit recognition of facial emotions. Our study supports the critical need for early detection, systematic evaluation, and personalized management of emotional symptoms through targeted interventions.

Purpose:Persistent disparities in neurological health outcomes and healthcare access represents an urgent need to equip future neurologists with the skills to address health inequities. Existing medical education efforts often lack the necessary depth and experiential learning required to effect systemic change. We describe the design, implementation, and evaluation plan for the national, longitudinal SEQUINS Scholars Program, an educational initiative for early-career trainees designed to cultivate health equity knowledge and advocacy skills.Program Design and Evaluation:The one-year virtual curriculum is guided by Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory and emphasizes health equity principles, implicit bias recognition, and community engagement. Key components include seven bi-monthly expert lectures and a capstone project in community engagement, advocacy, or quality improvement at the scholar’s home institution. The program’s evaluation uses a mixed methods approach, combining pre- and post-program self-report surveys to assess changes in knowledge and self-efficacy (with 12-month follow-up), and qualitative focus groups and interviews to explore long-term behavioral change and perceived impact.Implications:The SEQUINS Scholars Program represents a novel, action-oriented model that moves beyond didactic teaching to foster health advocacy and quality improvement skills, specifically in the context of neurological care. By documenting and disseminating the program’s outcomes, the long-term goal is to advocate for the formal integration of health equity competencies into medical school and neurological training.

Implicit Bias and Recognition of Biases Among Vascular Surgeons.

Background: As part of a Volunteer Project, which is developed in a High Complexity Emergency Hospital (HUAP), an institutional strategy is developed to improve the proactive orientation of the consulting population in the waiting room, especially at times of high demand. To address the low quality perceived by users, the strategy considers a support and orientation service for users in the waiting room, with roles and functions of facilitators and navigators for patients, families, and the community. This project involves 4th and 5th year students of the nursing career, since these students have as part of their graduation profile, the development of competencies of humanization of health care. Approach: A Volunteer Program was designed and implemented with the characteristics of service learning, allowing students to have experiential learning as an educational methodology based on the idea that students learn best through direct experience and reflection on user satisfaction, as a dimension of the quality of the service provided, which is the result of multiple interactions that significantly distinguish a person, from the moment he/she enters our health care center until the moment he/she leaves, whether it is a patient who comes for an emergency medical service or his/her companion who assists him/her in the care process. The project will formulate an explicit model of care, support, and coordination, which will provide an innovative scheme of action and roles associated with the functions of facilitator and guide for networked, person-centered, and humanized care. The framework of professional competence in the field of health humanization is based on those formulated by the Center for Humanization in Health of Spain. The competencies evaluated at the beginning and at the end were: Relational, Emotional, Ethical, Spiritual, Cultural and Management. Results: Both the exercise of the facilitating role and the guiding role have made it evident that user satisfaction is fundamentally based on personal perception (of the patient, family members or companions), as well as on the explicit or implicit recognition of the influence of psychological, social, economic and political conditions present, which directly or indirectly influence their way of classifying the experience. The relational domains with active listening, ability in the empathic response, capacity to personalize, adequate use of confrontation, prudent and ethical management of persuasion, and assertiveness, and the Emotional domain is adequate management of own and others' feelings, assertive management of feelings and their expression, temperance and tolerance to stress, are those that have been identified as having greater deficits and therefore greater needs for additional training for undergraduate students. Implications: This project has highlighted the need for training in skills and abilities that foster humanization in the relational, emotional, ethical and cultural dimensions of care. The skills of active listening, empathic response, ability to personalize, appropriate use of confrontation, prudent and ethical management of persuasion, and assertiveness, are key to the function and roles of healthcare navigators. The participation of students in these functions and roles provides them with key experiential learning to bring about change in their future professional behaviors.

The recognition of one's own body is a fundamental component of body self-representation. While several studies have reported a self-advantage (enhanced performance when processing one's own body parts), this phenomenon appears complex and inconsistently observed across tasks. In particular, a self-advantage often emerges in implicit tasks, where self-recognition is incidental, whereas explicit self-recognition tasks sometimes reveal no advantage or even a self-disadvantage. Although previous research has examined various aspects of movement self-recognition, systematic investigations directly comparing self-advantage effects in implicit versus explicit recognition of one's own movements, and disentangling the respective contributions of vision and proprioception within this framework, remain scarce. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the self-advantage effect previously reported for static body parts extends to the recognition of one's own movements, in visual and proprioceptive conditions. In the implicit task, participants judged the perceived lateral direction (left or right) of their own or others' arm reaching movements, which were pre-recorded and replayed using an upper-limb exoskeleton. In the explicit task, participants judged whether reaching movements were their own or not. In the visual condition, they observed the exoskeleton executing the reaching movements, while in the proprioceptive condition their arm was passively moved by the exoskeleton. Results showed self-advantage in the implicit recognition task, with participants demonstrating higher accuracy in discriminating their own actions in both visual and proprioceptive modalities. Notably, this self-advantage for movement ownership was also observed in the explicit recognition within the visual modality, but was absent in the proprioceptive modality. Thus, individuals can implicitly differentiate distinct proprioceptive and visual kinematic patterns associated with their own movements, this advantage extending to explicit recognition in the visual modality. These findings reveal the role of proprioceptive experience in implicitly favoring action discrimination and highlight the differential influence of visual and proprioceptive cues in motion self-recognition.

Leprosy is described as a curable infectious disease but is considered a stigmatizing disease due to the damage it causes to the skin and nerves. The stigma associated with leprosy promotes social isolation and reinforces maladaptive behaviours. This study aims to investigate long-term emotional brain changes in the amygdala and cortex insular of treated leprosy patients using psychometric scales and a multimodal neuroimaging approach. Fourteen treated leprosy patients and fourteen paired healthy controls were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using two approaches, functional connectivity analyses and brain volume morphometry. During the functional MRI exam, the participants underwent an implicit emotional recognition task comprising aversive emotional stimuli. The patient's group showed greater connectivity between the amygdala and supramarginal gyrus. Granger causality analysis revealed that the patient group connectivity was bidirectional while in the control group it was unidirectional with left amygdala activity being predicted by the left supramarginal gyrus. Also, there was a positive correlation between this connectivity and anxiety scores. Leprosy-treated patients also showed a smaller bilateral amygdala volume. The changes in brain connectivity and brain morphometry in the present study may represent a cumulative neurobiological effect of their mental suffering in their stigmatizing leprosy-related condition.

Research on discrimination and health has predominantly relied on explicit self-report data for single types of discrimination; use of implicit measures is scant. Our exploratory cross-sectional study investigated associations between psychological distress (Kessler-6 [K6] score) and implicit and explicit measures for 6 types of discrimination: racism, sexism, heterosexism, cissexism, ageism, and sizeism. The 699 participants were recruited (May 28, 2020 to August 4, 2022) from rosters of 3 Boston, MA, community health centers. Covariate-adjusted linear regression models estimated associations between K6 scores and the discrimination measures. Participants’ mean K6 score was 7.47 (SD = 5.15); 17.0% experienced “severe psychological distress” (K6 ≥ 13). Target vs dominant groups experienced higher discrimination for both the implicit and explicit measures (P < .01). Participants who both self-reported and implicitly recognized 4–6 vs 0–3 types of discrimination had elevated K6 (adjusted model β: 0.29 [95% CI, 0.07–0.51]). In crude models, K6 scores were positively associated with self-reported discrimination for all 6 types, and with implicit measures for sexism, heterosexism, cissexism, and ageism. In adjusted models, K6 was positively associated with both explicit and implicit metrics only for sexism, for example, for self-reported experiences of sexism among women (β: 0.25 [95% CI, 0.13–0.36]) and nonbinary/genderqueer participants (β: 0.26 [95% CI, 0.13–0.39]), and for implicit recognition of sexism toward women among women (β: 0.12 [95% CI, −0.01 to 0.24]). Using both implicit and explicit measures for multiple discrimination types, with attention to differences between target vs dominant groups, is warranted.

The concept that early life experiences profoundly program adult physiology and behavior is now a cornerstone of neurobiology, a paradigm shift largely founded on the visionary work of Seymour “Gig” Levine. This review traces the intellectual lineage from Levine's pioneering behavioral and physiological studies to the modern molecular era, underscoring his indispensable contribution to understanding developmental stress. Levine's initial elegant experiments established the critical regulatory role of maternal care and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the discovery of the Stress Hyporesponsive Period (SHRP)—a crucial, sensitive window for developmental programming. Building on this legacy, subsequent research, including my own, has utilized advanced molecular tools to bridge the gap from these macroscopic observations to precise mechanistic detail. I highlight the role of gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions, particularly involving HPA axis modulators like FKBP51 and CRH signaling, in shaping vulnerability. Furthermore, I discuss how Levine's implicit recognition of individual differences has evolved into a central focus on biological sex differences, the match/mismatch hypothesis of adaptive programming, and the use of deep phenotyping to unravel the molecular bases of resilience and vulnerability. Ultimately, the journey from “Gig” to “Genes” provides a foundational understanding that is crucial for developing effective, targeted strategies to promote mental health and resilience across the lifespan.

According to some authors, implicit recognition persists in people with neuro-evolutionary diseases. This would enable individuals to recognize people without being able to name them. The aim of this study is to present a literature review, the concepts of implicit memory, emotions, recognition and to study their influence on recognition and recalling capacities in elderly people with advanced neuro-evolutionary diseases, in order to propose an initial definition of affective implicit memory. Souvenirs are not the only components of memory. It includes many personal affects and emotional memories. However, the concept of implicit recognition remains far too little documented and discussed in literature on normal and pathological aging. The importance of such a model is to show that non-internalized recognition exists. Its aim is to define implicit recognition as the process that enables elderly people with severe cognitive disorders to verbalize or perform non-verbal behavior that shows recognition of a close person (family, carer) without being able to express it explicitly.

The global Islamic finance industry is growing rapidly, with its primary legitimacy resting on the claim of ijmāʿ (scholarly consensus) regarding the prohibition of bank interest. However, murabahah contracts, which dominate 76.95% of Indonesian Islamic banking financing, have received structural criticism similar to that of the interest system. This study analyzes the validity of the ijmāʿ claim regarding the prohibition of bank interest, according to uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence), and examines whether murabahah practices contain elements that lead to the interest system. Qualitative research with descriptive-analytical and critical-evaluative library research approach using data from classical uṣūl al-fiqh texts (Khallaf, al-Shāfiʿī) and 33 journal articles (2000-2025). Analysis was conducted through data reduction, comparative analysis, critical-methodological evaluation, and source triangulation. The ijmāʿ claim regarding the prohibition of bank interest does not meet the requirement of an agreement among all mujtahids (qualified scholars capable of independent reasoning) without exception, due to ongoing disagreements and methodological debates; thus, it is more appropriately categorized as a jumhūr (majority) opinion. Murabahah practices contain three elements leading to the interest system: the bank's role as a disguised financier with risk transfer to customers, mark-up systems influenced by market interest rates and varying based on time period (implicit recognition of time value of money), and structural-functional similarity with interest-bearing financing confirmed by empirical studies (12.87% margin approaching conventional rates). The double inconsistency between methodologically invalid ijmāʿ claims and murabahah practices resembling interest creates risks of a credibility crisis. Reconstruction is necessary through genuine ownership, a real economy-based margin setting, transparency, reorientation towards PLS (Profit and Loss Sharing), and strengthened shari'ah supervision.

Purpose In response to the common problems of static indicators (78% of universities use fixed weights) and insufficient recognition of implicit abilities (unstructured data utilization rate<12%) in the evaluation of university teachers, this study aims to construct a dynamic and accurate evaluation model to solve the problems of imbalanced subjective and objective weights and evaluation validity under small sample data. Design/methodology/approach An evaluation framework integrating combined weighting (analytic hierarchy process (AHP) + improved criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method) and adaptive neural networks is proposed. By combining dynamic weighting mechanisms with adaptive feature extraction techniques, transfer learning and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are introduced to compress the training cycle. Findings The experimental results show that after applying this model, the interdisciplinary evaluation error decreases by 23.7%, the implicit ability recognition rate reaches 81%, the small sample (500 groups) error rate remains at 0.61%, the weight perturbation sensitivity coefficient is 0.62, the evaluation feedback delay is compressed to 1.2 days, and the graphics processing unit utilization rate increases to 89%. Originality/value For the first time, a dynamic weighted game model called “AHP Improved Critic” is established to address the bottleneck of interdisciplinary weight adaptation. Next, an attention-driven particle swarm optimized transfer learning and multi-scale VGG model (PTMVGG) network is designed to achieve a 92% feature conversion rate for unstructured data. Finally, a closed-loop system for “weight-optimized feature extraction and dynamic correction” is constructed to support the real-time generation of capability profiles.

ABSTRACT This research critically examines the extent to which the Reserves Act 1977, the primary legislative framework governing many parks and reserves, especially those associated with territorial local authorities, aligns with and upholds Indigenous Māori values and rights guaranteed under Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Treaty of Waitangi. Using Critical Tiriti Analysis (CTA), a methodological approach developed by Indigenous Māori scholars, we assess the Act's responsiveness to Te Tiriti and explore opportunities to embed Māori perspectives in public land management. Our study highlights the colonial underpinnings of current governance and reveals how the implicit recognition of Te Tiriti in conservation law fails to honour Māori rights fully. We identify legislative gaps by analysing local government land management practices and national land database records and propose pathways for integrating Māori-led stewardship into parks and reserves governance. As Indigenous Māori researchers with lived experiences of land alienation, we position this work within broader conversations on decolonising and re-indigenising public land management. We argue that true partnership under Te Tiriti may require the uncoupling of Māori land from the Reserves Act 1977 to restore tino rangatiratanga (self-determination) of ancestral lands. Our research underscores the potential for parks and reserves to serve as sites of cultural and environmental restoration, enacting ahi kā and reinforcing the vital connection between Māori identity and whenua (land).

The self in motion: The advantage for one's own movements at an implicit but not explicit level.

This study analyzes the representation of the bōsōzoku subculture in the anime Tokyo Revengers by Koichi Hatsumi, focusing on two main aspects: visual representation and public perception. Using a qualitative approach, the research applies Roland Barthes' semiotics to explore denotative, connotative, and mythological meanings, alongside Ikuya Sato’s theoretical framework on bōsōzoku to understand their socio-cultural dynamics. The findings reveal that the anime depicts bōsōzoku through distinctive visual elements such as tokkōfuku and sentōfuku uniforms, sarashi and tasuki accessories, and customized motorcycles, which serve as symbols of identity, resistance, and group hierarchy. According to Sato’s framework, these portrayals reflect bōsōzoku as a symbolic rebellion and a means of identity exploration. Public perception is shown to be ambivalent: while authorities and adults view them as threats to social order, the group’s values of brotherhood and loyalty gain implicit societal recognition. The anime presents bōsōzoku not merely as deviant youth, but as a community with strong internal ethics and identity. This research contributes to the understanding of subcultural representation in Japanese popular media and invites further inquiry into identity transformation in evolving social contexts.

In response to alarming and persistent perinatal health inequities, policymakers, professional organizations, researchers, and advocates have called for the widescale dissemination of implicit bias training (IBT) for health care professionals. However, evaluations of such trainings are lacking. This study examines maternal health care professionals' self-reports of knowledge, awareness, and skills changes after completing an IBT developed specifically for this audience. We conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative responses to a posttest-only evaluation of a one-hour online IBT delivered to 2760 maternal health care professionals, 2257 (81.8%) of whom completed the evaluation survey. We applied reflexive thematic analysis to responses to 2 open-ended questions that directly addressed learning outcomes: (1) What did you learn that will help you in your practice? and (2) Please explain how this activity improved your competence. We then assessed the themes for alignment with Sukhera and Watling's conceptual framework for the integration of implicit bias recognition and management into training for health professionals. Five themes identified were foundational knowledge, general awareness, self-awareness, skills and strategies, and practice change. These themes mapped onto 5 of the 6 domains of the conceptual framework. A one-hour online IBT can lead to intended learner outcomes that align with a theorized framework reflecting an individual-level progression from increasing knowledge about implicit bias to building sensitivity to the experiential effects of one's bias on others. Learner responses indicate that building awareness of structural drivers and fostering a sense of acceptance and personal responsibility to address implicit bias may be additional key training components.

Financial text analytics methods are employed to examine social media comments, allowing investors to gain insights and make informed financial decisions. Some emojis within these comments often convey diverse semantics, emotions, or intentions depending on the context. However, traditional financial text analysis methods relying on public annotations struggle to identify implicit expressions, leading to suboptimal performance. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an implicit expression recognition model of emojis in social media comments (IER-SMCEM). Firstly, IER-SMCEM innovative designs a data enhancement method based on the implicit expression of emoji. This method expands the pure text financial sentiment analysis dataset into the implicit expression dataset of emoji by homophonic replacement. Secondly, IER-SMCEM designs a prompt learning template to identify the implicit expression of emoji. Through hand-designed templates, large-scale language models can predict the true meaning that emojis are most likely to express. Finally, IER-SMCEM recovers implicit expression by choosing the predictions of models. Thus, the downstream financial sentiment analysis model can more precisely realize the sentiment recognition of the text with emoji by the recovered text. The experimental results indicate that IER-SMCEM achieves a 98.03% accuracy in semantically recovering implicit expressions within financial texts. In the task of financial sentiment analysis, the sentiment analysis model achieves the highest accuracy of 3.99% after restoring the true implied expression of the texts. Therefore, the model can be effectively applied to sentiment analysis or quantitative analysis.

Multi-Modal Sarcasm Detection (MSD) aims to combine multiple modal information to identify implicit sarcastic sentiment. However, the significance of commonsense knowledge in implicit emotion recognition has been frequently overlooked. Additionally, the important visual emotions associated with textual modal sarcastic cues are typically dispersed throughout the entire image, making it difficult to accurately focus on crucial sarcastic features. Therefore, we propose a Knowledge-Aware Focused Graph Convolutional Networks (KFGC-Net) to tackle these issues. Specifically, we first construct a cross-modal knowledge-aware graph based on commonsense concepts for each instance. This graph explicitly establishes connections between significant visual sentiments and relevant textual tokens of knowledge. Next, we integrate the transformer encoder optimized with convolutional operations with the Convolutional Block Attention Module to compensate for the model’s lack of attention to important features. Finally, we design a Global Modality Synergistic Fusion (GMSF) block, aiming to model the global relationships in each modality for complementing global sarcasm detection result. Notably, we analyze the proposed framework by testing it on several benchmark datasets, and the results outperform the existing state of the art.