Implication Logic Research Articles

A naked-eye visible colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for rapid detection of fluoride anions: Implication for toxic fluorine-containing pesticides detection

A dual-modal colorimetric and fluorescent probe based on 1,8-naphthalimide, 4-(2,2-dichloroacetamide)-N-n-butyl-naphthalimide (CNA), has been designed and synthesized for the detection of fluoride anion (F−) in CH3CN. CNA exhibited highly sensitivity and selectivity for F− over the other anions, such as Cl−, Br−, I−, NO3−, ClO4−, HSO4−, NO2− and SCN−. The evident colorless to yellow color change of the solution of CNA was observed with the naked eyes only in the presence of F− among the other anions, together with drastically fluorescence quenched. The Job's plot analysis revealed that the binding between the CNA with F− was in 1:1 stoichiometry. The detection limits of the CNA for F− from fluorescence and ratiometric absorption spectra were 0.52, 1.41 μM, respectively. The 1H NMR titration indicated that F− induced the deprotonation of the CNA through hydrogen bonding interaction between amino group of the CNA and F−. Based on this detection system, an IMPLICATION logic gate could be constructed. Furthermore, it could be successfully employed as a selective fluoride anion probe to the fluorescence detection of fluorine containing pesticides (oxyfluorfen).

A benzimidazole derivative based LMCT sensor for the detection of Cu2+ in DMSO/H2O (2:3 v/v) solution and its application in implication logic gates

Reversible dual channel sensor F2 for detection Cu2+ is designed and synthesized. F2 is substantially unaffected by other cationic ions during the recognition of Cu2+. It is worth noting that the low detection limit of sensor F2 is 9.09 × 10−9, and the detection limit is lower that to the reported sensor for identifying Cu2+. Through various experiments and characterization, it is proved that ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) is the interaction mechanism between F2 and Cu2+. It is further certified that the stoichiometry between F2 and Cu2+ is 1:1. In addition, the fluorescence changes of F2 upon the addition of Cu2+ and EDTA are applied as an ultrasensitive IMPLICATION logic gate at the molecular level. At the same time, molecular keyboard experiments have achieved information protection at the molecular level. More importantly, the test strips containing F2 can be easily and quickly tested to achieve on-site inspection.

A hydrophilic naphthalimide-based fluorescence chemosensor forCu2+ ion: Sensing properties, cell imaging and molecular logic behavior.

In this work, a hydrophilic naphthalimide-based fluorescence chemosensor (sensor 1) was synthesized for Cu2+ recognition, in which 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol was introduced to improve the hydrophily and Schiff base acted as the multidentate ligand for Cu2+. The effect factors, sensing mechanism and regenerability of sensor 1 for Cu2+ sensing were systematically investigated. It was found that sensor 1 displayed a long emission wavelength of 532nm upon excited in visible light region (436nm), and the good water solubility made it utilized in aqueous media. It could selectively react with Cu2+ over other common metal ions to form a 2:1 complex within 1min and result in significant fluorescence quench. The fluorescence change was linear to 0.5-10.0μmolL-1 of Cu2+ with a low detection limit of 3.74×10-8molL-1. Sensor 1 has been successfully utilized for analyzing Cu2+ in water samples as well as imaging cellular Cu2+. Moreover, in view of fluorescence "on-off-on" switches of sensor 1 induced by Cu2+ and EDTA, an IMPLICATION logic gate was constructed based on fluorescence mode with Cu2+ and EDTA as inputs.

Smart Logic-in-Memory Architecture for Low-Power Non-Von Neumann Computing

Low-power smart devices are becoming pervasive in our world. Thus, relevant research efforts are directed to the development of innovative low power computing solutions that enable in-memory computations of logic-operations, thus avoiding the von Neumann bottleneck, i.e., the known showstopper of traditional computing architectures. Emerging non-volatile memory technologies, in particular Resistive Random Access memories, have been shown to be particularly suitable to implement logic-in-memory (LIM) circuits based on the material implication logic (IMPLY). However, RRAM devices non-idealities, logic state degradation, and a narrow design space limit the adoption of this logic scheme. In this work, we use a physics-based compact model to study an innovative smart IMPLY (SIMPLY) logic scheme which exploits the peripheral circuitry embedded in ordinary IMPLY architectures to solve the mentioned reliability issues, drastically reducing the energy consumption and setting clear design strategies. We then use SIMPLY to implement a 1-bit full adder and compare the results with other LIM solutions proposed in the literature.

Elucidating sensing mechanisms of a pyrene excimer-based calix[4]arene for ratiometric detection of Hg(ii) and Ag(i) and chemosensor behaviour as INHIBITION or IMPLICATION logic gates.

This article reports the synthesis and characterisation of two lower rim calix[4]arene derivatives with thiourea as spacer and pyrene or methylene–pyrene as fluorophore. Both derivatives exhibit a fluorimetric response towards Hg2+, Ag+ and Cu2+. Only methylene–pyrenyl derivative 2 allows for selective detection of Hg2+ and Ag+ by enhancement or decrease of excimer emission, respectively. The limits of detection of 2 are 8.11 nM (Hg2+) and 2.09 nM (Ag+). DFT and TD-DFT computational studies were carried out and used to identify possible binding modes that explain the observed response during fluorescence titrations. Calculations revealed the presence of different binding sites depending on the conformation of 2, which suggest a reasonable explanation for non-linear changes in fluorescence depending on the physical nature of the interaction between metal centre and conformer. INHIBITION and IMPLICATION logic gates have also been generated monitoring signal outputs at pyrene monomer (395 nm) and excimer (472 nm) emission, respectively. Thus 2 is a potential primary sensor towards Ag+ and Hg2+ able to configure two different logic gate operations.

Lógica, ordem e sistemas implicativos

Neste artigo, tratamos de três tópicos básicos para o entendimento de uma noção de razão, a saber, relação de consequência, relação de ordem e sistema formal. A partir de uma caracterização de sistema formal, definimos as duas relações mencionadas. Destacamos uma inter-relação entre consequência e ordem. Então, apresentamos outros sistemas formais que consideram especificamente um conceito de implicação, dado pelas álgebras implicativas e pela lógica implicativa. Esta lógica implicativa, que tem como modelo as álgebras implicativas, apresenta apenas um operador, o de implicação; e este conceito de implicação, mais uma vez, remete para as noções de consequência e ordem. Por fim, a partir da caracterização de consequência que está no texto, introduzimos um modelo algébrico para esta lógica implicativa

A probabilistic separation logic

Probabilistic independence is a useful concept for describing the result of random sampling—a basic operation in all probabilistic languages—and for reasoning about groups of random variables. Nevertheless, existing verification methods handle independence poorly, if at all. We propose a probabili stic separation logic PSL, where separation models probabilistic independence. We first give a new, probabilistic model of the logic of bunched implications (BI). We then build a program logic based on these assertions, and prove soundness of the proof system. We demonstrate our logic by verifying information-theoretic security of cryptographic constructions for several well-known tasks, including private information retrieval, oblivious transfer, secure multi-party addition, and simple oblivious RAM. Our proofs reason purely in terms of high-level properties, like independence and uniformity.

A simple chemosensor for ultrasensitive fluorescent “turn-on” detection of Fe3+ and alternant detection of CN-

ABSTRACTIt is worth noting that Fe3+ is paramagnetic in nature. Thus, in most of the cases, Fe3+ behave as fluorescent quencher which makes it difficult to develop a fluorescent ‘turn-on’ chemosensor. Therefore, it is still a big challenge to devise and synthesise a simple chemosensor that could selectively detect Fe3+ via fluorescent ‘turn-on’ response. In this paper, A simple fluorescence chemosensor T based on N,N-(3,3-dimethyl biphenyl)-bis(2-methoxyphenol) has been synthesised. T could selectively detect Fe3+ via fluorescent ‘turn-on’ response. Meanwhile, the fluorescent spectrum limit of T towards Fe3+ was 0.178 nM, the detection limit was much lowest than previously reported fluorescent chemosensor and has reached to ultrasensitive level. In addition, T could also alternately detect CN−. Intriguingly, IMPLICATION logic gate was successfully constructed. Finally, the test papers and films based on T were prepared, which could be used as a fluorescent display material for the detection of Fe3+ and CN−.

A Family of Stateful Memristor Gates for Complete Cascading Logic

The conditional switching of memristors to execute stateful implication logic is an example of in-memory computation to potentially provide high energy efficiency and improved computation speed by avoiding the movement of data back and forth between a processing chip and memory and/or storage. Since the first demonstration of memristor implication logic, a significant goal has been to improve the logic cascading to make it more practical. Here, we describe and experimentally demonstrate nine symmetry-related Boolean logic operations by controlling conventional Ta/TaOx/Pt memristors integrated in a crossbar array with applied voltage pulses to perform conditional SET or RESET switching involving two or three devices, i.e., a particular device is switched depending on the state of another device. We introduce a family of four stateful two-memristor logic gates along with the copy and negation operations that enable two-input-one-output complete logic. In addition, we reveal five stateful three-memristor gates that eliminate the need for a separate data copy operation, decreasing the number of steps required for a particular task. The diversity of gates made available by simply applying coordinated sequences of voltages to a memristor crossbar memory significantly improves stateful logic computing efficiency compared to similar approaches that have been proposed.

General Characterization of Implication's Distributivity Properties: The Preference Implication

It is widely accepted that distributivity properties play a key role in fuzzy research, especially in fuzzy control. Making use of the solution of the autodistributivity functional equations, we give a characterization of all the four types of distributivity of fuzzy implication. The necessary and sufficient condition for all the four distributive equation is that the operator belongs to the pliant operator class. This theorem leads to a new implication called preference implication. It is well known that there is no implication in (continuous-valued) fuzzy logic that satisfies all the properties that are valid in (classical) two-valued logic. We show that preference implication fulfills: 1) the law of contraposition, 2) the $T$ -conditionality, 3) the ordering property, 4) the exchange principle, 5) the law of importation, 6) the identity principle, and 7) the general hypothetical reasoning. Preference implication has a $\nu$ parameter, i.e., the fixed point of the negation. This $\nu$ value serves as a threshold and with this value we can go back by projection to the two-valued logic case. At the end of the article, we indicate that the preference implication is closely related to the preference relation used in multicriteria decision making. We point out that if the preference implication is multiplicative, transitive, and reciprocal, then the pliant system is reduced to some particular generator function of Dombi.

A Semiparallel Full-Adder in IMPLY Logic

Passive implementation of memristors has led to several innovative works in the field of electronics. Despite being primarily a candidate for memory applications, memristors have proven to be beneficial in several other circuits and applications as well. One of the use cases is the implementation of digital circuits such as adders. Among several logic implementations using memristors, IMPLY logic is one of the promising candidates. In this brief, we present a new architecture for a digital full-adder, which is up to 41% faster than existing IMPLY-based serial designs while requiring up to 78% less area (memristors) compared to the existing parallel design.

A Novel 19.6 GHz, High Speed and Low Power Dual Modulus 2/3 Design based on Implication Logic Cells in 130nm CMOS Technology

In this paper, we describe the merging technique and non-traditional logics for design of a divide - (÷) by-2/3 design. The proposed circuit of design consumes a smaller amount of power than true single - phase clock (TSPC), Current - mode logic (CML) logic styles and operates faster than enhanced TSPC(ETSPC) designs. By theoretical analysis, one can conclude that the switching power and propagation delay of the proposed circuit is less than that of conventional ÷ - by - 2/3 prescaler. The Power consumption of proposed circuit is reduced by 39% as compared with the conventional design. The design is realised in 130 nm CMOS process at power consumption of 8μW under 0.8V of a supply voltage, andthe maximum working frequency reaches up to 19.6 GHz.

A comparative study of decision implication, concept rule and granular rule

Decision implication is a basic form of knowledge representation of formal concept analysis in the setting of decision-making. Concept rules are decision implications that reveal the dependencies between condition concepts and decision concepts. Granular rules are concept rules that reveal the dependencies between condition object concepts and decision object concepts. This paper conducts a comparative study of decision implication, concept rule and granular rule. First, we conclude that both concept rules and granular rules are not complete w.r.t. decision implications, and that granular rules are not complete w.r.t. concept rules, implying that there exists information loss when studying decision implications by using only concept rules or granular rules, or when studying concept rules by using only granular rules. Next, with the help of decision implication logic, we identify accurately the information loss in concept rules and granular rules, and explore the underlying reason behind the information loss in concept rules and granular rules. Finally, by using the obtained results, we revisit some work on concept rule and granular rule, make some insightful remarks on the non-redundancy of concept rules and clarify some seemingly misleading statements on the representation of concept rules by granular rules.

Nitrogen doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots for on-off-on detection of Hg2+ and glutathione in aqueous medium: Live cell imaging and IMPLICATION logic gate operation

The present work describes the synthesis of N-CQDs via one step hydrothermal methods. The synthesized N-CQDs was fully characterized by TEM, P-XRD, FT-IR, XPS and Zeta sizer. It exhibited excitation independent emission behaviour with fluorescent quantum yield of 41% respect to quinine sulphate standard. The excellent optical properties of N-CQDs made it fluorescent probe for turn off detection of toxic heavy metal ion Hg2+ with good selectivity and sensitivity. The limit of detection was found to be 0.08 μM with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.992). After addition of various reducing agent such as amino acid, EDTA and GSH in the quenched solution of N-CQDs + Hg2+, the fluorescence property was selectively recovered in the presence of GSH and hence the quenched solution further acts as selective turn on sensing of GSH up to lower limit of 2.0 μM with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.996). The on-off-on sensing behaviour of N-CQDs was utilized for the implication of logic gate in absence and presence of Hg2+ and GSH to construct the molecular switches. The MTT assay of N-CQDs was performed on MCF-7 cancer cell line to check their applicability in biological system and the result showed negligible cytotoxicity and good permeability. The cell imaging on MCF-7 cells visualized in dichromic region (blue and green). Therefore, it could be smart material for sensing of heavy toxic metal as well as cell imaging application.

Construction of Genetic Logic Gates Based on the T7 RNA Polymerase Expression System in Rhodococcus opacus PD630.

Rhodococcus opacus PD630 (R. opacus) is a nonmodel, Gram-positive bacterium that holds promise as a biological catalyst for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to value-added products. In particular, it demonstrates both a high tolerance for and an ability to consume inhibitory lignin-derived aromatics, generates large quantities of lipids, exhibits a relatively rapid growth rate, and has a growing genetic toolbox for engineering. However, the availability of genetic parts for tunable, high-activity gene expression is still limited in R. opacus. Furthermore, genetic logic circuits for sophisticated gene regulation have never been demonstrated in Rhodococcus spp. To address these shortcomings, two inducible T7 RNA polymerase-based expression systems were implemented for the first time in R. opacus and applied to the construction of AND and NAND genetic logic gates. Additionally, three isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible promoters were created by inserting LacI binding sites into newly characterized constitutive promoters. Furthermore, four novel aromatic sensors for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, sodium benzoate, and guaiacol were developed, expanding the gene expression toolbox. Finally, the T7 RNA polymerase platform was combined with a synthetic IPTG-inducible promoter to create an IMPLY logic gate. Overall, this work represents the first demonstration of a heterologous RNA polymerase system and synthetic genetic logic in R. opacus, enabling complex and tunable gene regulation in this promising nonmodel host for bioproduction.

Doping Dopamine in Carbon Nanoparticles: A New Multifunctional Logic-Based Decision-Making Molecule.

A dopamine-functionalized carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-based platform is designed to reversibly control the optical signal, leading to a multifunctional logic system regulated by pH and light. pH-regulated unique reversible transformation of oxidized and reduced forms of a neurotransmitter, dopamine, conjugated with CNPs plays a decisive role in capturing the final output of the logic function. Inspired by this phenomenon, herein, we report the use of dopamine-docked CNPs to construct different molecular logic gates with an intention to develop the next-generation molecular logic gates. We could successfully construct two basic molecular logic gates, namely, YES and NOT, using one input; two modular logic gates; an IMPLICATION logic gate using two inputs; and finally a combination of OR and AND gates using three inputs. The optical response of the synthesized NP conjugate provides a fluorescence-based "Erase-Read-Write-Read" function. The proposed phenomenon may open a new concept of biochemical logic gates with fluorescence output for neuronal imaging.

Star-Shaped ESIPT-Active Mechanoresponsive Luminescent AIEgen and Its On-Off-On Emissive Response to Cu2+/S2.

Design and development of multifunctional materials have drawn incredible attraction in recent years. Herein, we report the design and construction of versatile star-shaped intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-coupled excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-active mechanoresponsive and aggregation-induced emissive (AIE) luminogen triaminoguanidine-diethylaminophenol (LH3) conjugate from simple precursors triaminoguanidine hydrochloride and 4-(N,N-diethylamino)salicylaldehyde. Solvent-dependent dual emission in nonpolar to polar protic solvents implies the presence of ICT-coupled ESIPT features in the excited state. Aggregation-enhanced emissive feature of LH3 was established in the CH3CN/water mixture. Furthermore, this compound exhibits mechanochromic fluorescence behavior upon external grinding. Fluorescence microscopy images of pristine, crystal, and crushed crystals confirm the naked-eye mechanoresponsive characteristics of LH3. In addition, LH3 selectively sensed a Cu2+ ion through a colorimetric and fluorescence “turn-off” route, and subsequently, the LH3-Cu2+ ensemble could act as a selective and sensitive sensor for S2– in a “turn-on” fluorescence manner via a metal displacement approach. Reversible “turn-off–turn-on” features of LH3 with Cu2+/S2– ions were efficiently demonstrated to construct the IMPLICATION logic gate function. The Cu2+/S2–-responsive sensing behavior of LH3 was established in the paper strip experiment also, which can easily be characterized by the naked eye under daylight as well as a UV lamp (λ = 365 nm).

Implicational Logic, Relevance, and Refutability

The goal of this paper is to analyse Implicational Relevance Logic from the point of view of refutability. We also correct an inaccuracy in our paper “The RM paraconsistent refutation system” (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/LLP.2009.005 ).

A Demonstration of Implication Logic Based on Volatile (Diffusive) Memristors

Implication logic gates that are based on volatile memristors are demonstrated experimentally with the use of relay-based volatile memristor emulators of an original design. The fabricated logic circuit involves two volatile memristors and it is capable of performing four fundamental logic functions (two types of material implication and the negations thereof). Moreover, current-voltage characteristics of individual emulators are recorded and self-sustained oscillations in a resistor-volatile memristor circuit are found. The developed emulator offers a great potential for memristive circuit experiments because of its simplicity, similarity of response with volatile memristors, and low cost. Our findings, which are based on emulators, can easily be reproduced with physical volatile memristors and, thus, open up possibilities for emerging in-memory computing architectures.

Unique G4-nanowires-mediated switch-modulated electrochemical biosensing for sensitive detection of nickel ion and histidine

Herein, we reported a unique G4-nanowires-mediated switch-modulated electrochemical biosensing platform for sensitive nickel ion (Ni2+) and histidine (His) detection. The as-proposed electrochemical strategy got the utmost out of the peculiar characteristics including addressable and highly stable DNA-tetrahedron substrate; Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-generated stochastic G4-nanowires with unique peroxidase-mimic DNAzyme activity; freewheeling and interesting electrochemical switch modulated by Ni2+ and His. As expected, the direct effect of Ni2+ on the peroxidase-mimic DNAzyme activity of the G4-nanowires could be associated with the inhibition and decrease of the signal significantly. Moreover, the emerging His gave rise to a resurgence of electrochemical signal owing to the affinity between Ni2+ and His. In view of these, the proposed biosensor displayed a suitable detection limit of 0.15nM for Ni2+ or 1.2nM for His, respectively (S/N=3). More importantly, taking on Ni2+ and His as the model inputs, representative NOT, YES and IMPLICATION logic gates had been accomplished and outputted by readable electrochemical signal change. It is expected to that the unique G4-nanowires-based electrochemical assay hold huge potentials in applications including environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis and clinical diagnosis.