Implementation Of Management Policies Research Articles

Driving factors and assessment of changes in the use of arable land in Tanzania

Analysis of land use and land cover change (LULCC) offers useful results for the determination and implementation of land management policies. In this study, the change in the amount of arable land in Tanzania and its main determinants were identified, and suggestions for agricultural land management policy were put forward. For this purpose, datasets related to spatial, biophysical, demographic, and socio-economic variables that can affect the amount of arable land were prepared and analysed with appropriate econometric models. The coefficients of the established models were estimated by the Engle-Granger method and according to the results of the forecast; the increase in amount of variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), the quantity of exported goods, annual population growth and the amount of arable land per capita cause a positive effect in the amount of total arable land compared to an increase in other land use areas such as residential settlement areas, infrastructure land areas, while the increase in the presence of forested land has a negative effect on the amount of arable land. On the other hand, the results of the Granger causality test, conducted to analyse the causality relationships among the GDP, annual population growth, residential areas and other lands and arable land have determined that there is causality of residential areas and other lands to arable land with annual population growth. According to the results of the research, the demographic and socio-economic factors have been determined to have a greater influence on the change in the amount of arable land in Tanzania. In this context, it is possible to contribute to the sustainability of land resources by developing non-agricultural activities and opportunities by reducing population pressure on the land, as well as developing efforts towards land ownership and tenure systems in rural areas and urban fringe premises.

Analysis of Implementation of Drugs Management Policy in Public & Private Hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: This study, which was conducted from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, aims to assess the level of compliance with formal drug management standards at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic and to verify which of the two medical structures successfully applies formal drug management standards more than the other.
 Methods: The study involved 30 randomly selected subjects, 15 at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and 15 at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic, as well as all the agents involved in drug management in these two hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For data collection, we used the questionnaire and comparative analysis.
 Results: After analysis, we found that the formal standards of drug management would be impeccably respected at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic compared to the Mangobo General Reference Hospital. Furthermore, 87% of respondents confirmed the existence of the national list of essential and generic drugs at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital and 67% at the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic. 73% of respondents confirmed the logistic cycle of control of drug supply at the Mangobo General Reference Hospital; 40% of the respondents confirmed that the managers of the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic make greater use of the service criteria used to select medicines; finally, 73% of the managers use the monthly average calculation of the consumption of medicines to calculate the consumption of their medicines at the pharmacy of the Kisangani Millennium Polyclinic.

Water-Saving Agricultural Technologies: Regional Hydrology Outcomes and Knowledge Gaps in the Eastern Gangetic Plains—A Review

Increasing food demand has exerted tremendous stress on agricultural water usages worldwide, often with a threat to sustainability in agricultural production and, hence, food security. Various resource-conservation technologies like conservation agriculture (CA) and water-saving measures are being increasingly adopted to overcome these problems. While these technologies provide some short- and long-term benefits of reduced labor costs, stabilized or increased crop yield, increased water productivity, and improved soil health at farm scale, their overall impacts on hydrology outcomes remain unclear at larger temporal and spatial scales. Although directly linked to the regional hydrological cycle, irrigation remains a less understood component. The ecological conditions arising from the hydrology outcomes of resource-conservation technologies are associated with sustainability in agricultural production. In this paper, the philosophies and benefits of resource-conservation technologies and expert perceptions on their impacts on temporal and spatial scales have been reviewed comprehensively focusing on regional hydrology outcomes in the Eastern Gangetic Plain (EGP). Due to data inadequacy and lack of knowledge-sharing among disciplines, little is yet known about actual water saving by these resource-conservation technologies and the level of their contribution in groundwater and surface water storage over large temporal and spatial scales. Inadequate knowledge of the hydrological effects of water applied in the agricultural field leads to the implementation of water management policy based on local perspectives only, often with the possibility of deteriorating the water-scarcity situation. Therefore, multidisciplinary future research should quantify regional hydrology outcomes by measuring the components of regional water balance in order to develop a proper water management policy for sustainable agricultural production.

An applied framework to estimate the direct economic impact of Marine Spatial Planning

The complex nature of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) requires the integration and consideration of multiple elements, ranging from the ecological and environmental to the socio-economic as well as the political, institutional or cultural. To succeed, the public policies demand techniques and tools that allow to evaluate the effects or impacts on the society. By applying an empirical approach, this paper presents a framework to evaluate the direct economic impacts linked to the implementation of MSP policies in three case studies: Belgium, Germany and Norway. The methodological procedure is sequenced in 4 phases: identification of the sectors involved, data collection, construction of counterfactual scenarios and estimate of impacts after consulting the stakeholders. With the application of this framework to the case studies, an estimate was made of the variations in the value of production for each marine sector that can be directly attributed to the implementation of the MSP. In general, they were positive in the three cases analysed. In the medium scenario, cumulative final direct impacts of € 1875 million were estimated in the German case (2010–2016 period), € 929 million in the Belgian case (2014–2016) and € 2262 million in the Norwegian case (2013–2016). These results can serve as the basis for further estimations of indirect and induced impacts of the implementation of spatial management policies in a blue economy context.

Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy Implementation in Developing Countries: Insights from Botswana

Since independence, Botswana has promulgated environmental policies and legislation to protect the environment and reduce public health impacts. While the Botswana Waste Management Strategy and Waste Management Act were introduced in 1998, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) still remains a major challenge in Botswana. Thus, to understand the status of implementation of municipal solid waste management policy, the study employed a qualitative approach for data collection using a narrative review of literature, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The study aimed at highlighting the policy gaps with respect to municipal solid waste management, point out the challenges and provide alternative solutions. The results suggest numerous inadequacies in the implementation of policy related to municipal solid waste management including lack of approaches to policy support, weak institutional influences and lack financial support. The application of a sustainable and integrated waste management system is also limited. This study offers important information that could be helpful to decision-makers and policymakers in the sector to improve the efficiency of the municipal solid waste management system.

Anthropogenic Mercury Release Flow in China

China is the largest emitter of anthropogenic mercury worldwide. Implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury will significantly impact the development, use, and management of mercury resources. Chinese mercury management policies require significant adjustment. There is an urgent need to develop a current national mercury inventory to estimate mercury inputs and outputs by source category, and to clarify the distributions to various environmental scenarios. Here, the mercury releases are quantitatively analysed to facilitate the implementation of strategic mercury management policies in China. First, the mercury inputs and outputs by source categories in 2016 are quantified and then the mercury distributions to various environmental and intermediate sinks are estimated. The total mercury input was 5,116 t in 2016, of which 77% was attributable to mineral production. In total, 3,083 t were released into various environmental and intermediate reservoirs. Of this total, 53.8 % was intentional uses, followed by extraction and combustion (26.5%), and mineral production (19.6 %); 1,501 t were released into air, water, and land, of which extraction and combustion accounted for 48.6 % followed by mineral production (25.7 %) and intentional uses (25.6 %).

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK KE BADAN AIR PENERIMA DI KABUPATEN PURWAKARTA

The implementation of the domestic liquid waste disposal control policy in Purwakarta Regency has not been implemented because there are no regulations regarding its management. So far, domestic wastewater is discharged directly into drainage channels / rivers due to the unavailability of facilities and infrastructure for domestic wastewater management, lack of public understanding of the impact of domestic wastewater on water pollution. In addition, there are no operational level regulations regarding the implementation of domestic wastewater management policies. The method used is a qualitative approach with information from policy implementers at the Environmental Agency and related sub-district. Analysis of policy implementation uses the George C. Edward III approach which includes communication, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structures. The results showed that in order to solve the problem of implementing the domestic liquid waste disposal control policy, the Purwakarta Regency Government needs to carry out several actions in controlling domestic liquid waste disposal pollution to receiving water bodies. The steps that can be taken are optimizing the performance of limited human resources, provision of a budget, and cooperation between the government, the private sector and the community. Policy implementation can be carried out if Purwakarta Regency already has references including inventory data and identification of sources of domestic liquid waste pollutants, Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for Domestic Wastewater Disposal Control, and regent regulations on domestic liquid waste management.

Strategic analysis of single-use plastic ban policy for environmental sustainability: the case of Pakistan

One of the challenging tasks for governments is to curtail the production and consumption of single-use plastic bags. Despite multiple advantages of plastic and its ubiquity, the environmental damage of single-use plastic bags is irreversible. However, policy intervention by the governments is also a need of the time to reduce its production and consumption. This study provides a strategic analysis of government policy options regarding the ban on single-use plastic production in Pakistan. A game-theoretic model is developed to examine the behavior of plastic bag producers vis-a-vis the government’s climate change policy. The study concludes that game theory is very effective in analyzing the efficient promulgation and productive implementation of environmental management policy regarding banning single-use plastic in Pakistan.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COVID-19 POLICY RELATED TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ACADEMICS AND PRACTITIONERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NUSA CENDANA

This research aims to understand the implementation of the COVID-19 policies related to financial management in the perspective of academics and practitioners at the University of Nusa Cendana. This research uses qualitative methods and the primary data has been obtained by interviews and literature reviews regarding the Covid-19 management policy at the University of Nusa Cendana. This research focuses on the implementation of the Covid-19 financial management policy, the evaluation, and the factors that affect the Covid-19 Policy Implementation process. Research showed that from an academic perspective, the implementation of the Covid-19 policy related to financial management has not been going well because there is no socialization to academics. On the other hand, from the perspective of practitioners at Nusa Cendana University, it has been running. However, certain points must be considered such as unexpected shopping that is not yet available in the current DPA budget, Relocation and cash management when unexpected spending is insufficient, Evaluation of Covid-19 policies related to financial management at Nusa Cendana University has not been implemented properly due to the absence of a financial management policy related to Covid-19 and a system Supporting evaluations with working from home and therefore it is necessary to have a financial management policy and establish a risk management unit to anticipate if this pandemic continues.

Harmonization of Disaster Management Policies in Disaster-Prone Areas(Study of Policy Implementation based on Regional Regulation of East Java Province Number 3 of 2010 on Disaster Management in East Java Province, Indonesia)

This study aims to describe and analyze the harmonization of the implementation of disaster management policies in disaster-prone areas based on the East Java Provincial Regulation Number 3 of 2010 concerning Disaster Management in East Java Province and the supporting and inhibiting factors in the harmonization of the implementation of disaster management policies in disaster-prone areas based on East Java Provincial Regulation Number 3 of 2010 concerning Disaster Management in East Java Province. This study uses a qualitative approach. The analysis technique in this study follows the steps of Strauss and Corbin data analysis in grounded theory. Implementation of Policy Harmonization of Disaster Management Policy includes: Human resources are the only resources that have a reason, feeling, desire, abilities, skills, knowledge, power, and work. All of these potentials greatly affect the government's efforts in dealing with natural disasters. Human resources are meant not only from the local government but also from the community in it. The policy strategy, implementation of natural disaster management, especially landslides in Batu City, East Java Province has not been optimal. This non-optimality cannot be separated from the lack of efficiency and effectiveness of the policies and implementation environment established by the Batu City Government. Community participation, the role of the community involved in pre-disaster, during the disaster, and post-disaster. During a disaster, the role of the community is to participate in making disaster risk analysis, conducting research related to disasters, carrying out disaster prevention efforts, cooperate with the government in mitigation efforts, participate in education, training and socialization of disaster management, and work together to create a Disaster Preparedness Village. The government's commitment is to carry out education, socialization and disaster management simulations, improvement of ecosystems in disaster-prone and vulnerable areas, development planning based on disaster mitigation, disaster resilience in infrastructure, disaster financing schemes, meeting the emergency needs of disaster victims and other midwives that are mutually agreed upon. Supporting factors in the implementation of policy harmonization of disaster management policies: power, interests, and strategies of the actors involved, characteristics of institutions and authorities, as well as compliance and responsiveness.

ФІСКАЛЬНА ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ МІНІМІЗАЦІЇ ПОДАТКОВИХ РОЗРИВІВ В ЕКОНОМІЦІ

Current trends in the functioning of the official and shadow sectors indicate the low effectiveness of the existing tools of state regulation of the economy and its inability to ensure long-term economic growth. One of the reasons is tax evasion, which leads to the formation of tax gaps in the economy. Their formation has a negative impact on economic development, reduces the country's budget potential, limits opportunities for funding programs. The paper substantiates that along with the regulation of tax rates, increasing the efficiency of financial monitoring procedures, assessing the probability of implementing tax evasion schemes, an important tool for minimizing tax gaps is the implementation of fiscal decentralization policy. The article analyzes the current trends in the implementation of reform of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine. The dynamics, features and advantages of the formation of united territorial communities are analyzed. It is concluded that the number of formed united territorial communities in Ukraine has been gradually decreasing since 2017. The main features of fiscal decentralization include the expansion of cooperation between individual territorial associations in the field of their economic and social development, growth of their financial potential by combining financial and investment opportunities, implementation of joint measures to regulate economic processes. The role of fiscal decentralization in the implementation of tax gap management policy is substantiated. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the main indicators of local budget revenues before and after implementation of decentralization reform in Ukraine is carried out. It is concluded that the volume of tax revenues to the state budget will be gradually reduced starting in 2015. This correlates with the beginning of the implementation of the financial decentralization reform in Ukraine. The study concludes that the implementation of decentralization reform in the country as one of the most effective tools to increase the tax potential of the territory, reduce the volume of shadow financial transactions and manage tax gaps.

Political Cycles and Yardstick Competition in the Recycling of Waste. Evidence From Italian Provinces

Recycling and the recovery of waste are crucial waste management strategies. In light of the new EU circular economy approach, these strategies remain core pillars of a competitive and sustainable waste value chain. Local governments have an important role in controlling and checking the implementation of waste management policies. We study the spatial determinants of waste recovery by using a dataset of 102 Italian provinces from the years 2001-2014. We exploit the political cycle of the provinces to isolate the effects of waste recovery in one province on neighboring provinces. We find that provinces mimic their own neighbors’ in the separate collection of waste aimed at recycling and recovery, with this effect being fully guided by provinces where the president can run for re-election (consistent with the yardstick competition hypothesis) but only when waste management policies become politically salient, that is, after the transposition of the 2008 EU Waste Framework Directive.

Improving administrative control over the legality of local government decisions

The article is devoted to the issues of territorial development, the role of local self-government bodies in ensuring the processes of planning and management of territories, the system of administrative control over territorial development. Territorial development has great state importance. The standard of living and income of the population are directly related to the resource, economic, technological potential of the territories and the system of territory management. Thus, the issue of managing territorial development by improving the efficiency of local governments is relevant. The article considers the main functions of local governments at the territorial level. The functional direction of territorial administration at the level of local self-government is regulated by the legal framework. The system of normative-legal regulation of territorial development processes, functioning of local self-government bodies are described in the article. The role of local governments, public authorities and the private sector in the implementation of territorial management policy and the implementation of a system of control over the adoption and effective implementation of management decisions on territorial development. The practical significance of the results obtained in the article is to determine the role of local governments in the system of territorial development. This is necessary to build a clear hierarchical system of territorial management at the level of local entities, regions, the state as a whole. The system will allow to distribute management functions, effectively monitor and control their implementation by introducing administrative control at different levels of implementation of management decisions.

The Importance of Well Yield in Groundwater Demand Specification

The implementation of effective resource management policies critically depends on accurate estimates of the price elasticity of resource demand. In the case of groundwater, previous research estimating well-level groundwater demand has largely ignored the importance of well yield, which is a physical limit on the rate of groundwater extraction. In this research, we empirically estimate the price elasticity of demand for groundwater using well-level data from Colorado. Our results demonstrate that when well yield is omitted, price elasticity is overestimated. This in turn creates inaccurate predictions of the effect of price-based conservation policies on groundwater use and welfare impacts.

Solar powered decentralized water systems: A cleaner solution of the industrial wastewater treatment and clean drinking water supply challenges

The industrial revolution has created severe water contamination issues due to the release of toxic chemicals into water channels. This crisis has become worst in underdeveloped countries due to the lack of resources and very little implementation of water management policies. The economical water treatment technologies are requisite to resolve water pollution and associated problems. The article deals with two water systems-wastewater and clean drinking water systems, highlights associated problems and discusses the potential instigating factors. Cleaner, sustainable, and energy-efficient solutions for the discussed hitches have been proposed. Aeration technologies being the most energy-intensive operation of the wastewater treatment, have been discussed with their limitations. Mechanical and diffused aerators provide lower standard aeration efficiency while combined aerators are cost-intensive and have limited oxygen mass transfer efficiency, though higher than the former ones. An efficient way of reducing the energy efficiency of the aeration has been proposed by controlling bubble size using a cost-effective technique-Fluidic Oscillator. Therefore, a fluidic oscillator-based aeration system along with the micro-bubbles generation phenomenon and their complexities have been critically deliberated. Purification techniques for drinking water systems have been discussed with a particular focus on sterilization of water through chlorination, chlorine-based compounds, UV radiations, Ultrasonication, and Ozonation. Ozonation using plasma micro-reactor for ozone and reactive species generation for wastewater treatment has been critically discussed. Recent developments in plasma ozonation have been included along with their limitations. Solar integrated cold plasma ozonation has been given special attention as advanced economical water treatment techniques. A decentralized system based on an advanced oxidation reactor capable of producing and dosing oxidation species such as hydroxyl radicals simultaneously in wastewater in-situ has been proposed to provide a clean drinking water supply. A perspective and an integrated strategy have been presented to enhance the efficiency of existing wastewater and water treatment techniques.

Mitigating infrastructure disaster losses through asset management practices in the Middle East and North Africa region

Despite expanding infrastructure investments in developing countries, maintenance of constructed infrastructure is not keeping pace and there is a growing need to focus on the long-term operational demands of new assets to reduce vulnerability. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, natural hazards and civil conflicts continue to undermine development and disaster risk management. This research sought to examine how infrastructure asset management can reduce the impact of disasters in the MENA region. Twelve interviews were conducted with asset management and disaster risk reduction experts in the MENA region and Australia – the latter to identify transferable asset management best practices. Qualitative analysis of interviews identified regional lessons to advance asset management practice as a disaster risk reduction tool. The four main findings were: (1) asset management practice can be a proactive disaster policy; (2) there is need for appropriate levels asset management policy in the MENA region; (3) asset prioritisation improves the effectiveness of, and decision making in, risk management; and (4) whole of life consideration enables effective planning for asset management practices. In alignment with the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, this research provides knowledge to strengthen governance to manage disaster risk in the MENA region. The research further outlines the barriers and challenges that hinder successful asset management policy implementation, as well as proposes recommendations for disaster mitigation strategies using infrastructure asset management.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SEKOLAH PADA MADRASAH ALIYAH DI KABUPATEN LUWU UTARA

The objective of research is to analyze and to describe the implementation of School-Based Management (MBS) policy, the factors supporting and constraining the implementation of MBS policy, and the response of teachers to the implementation of MBS policy at Madrasah Aliyah in Luwu Utara District. The precise location of research is at MA Muhammadiyah Balebo, MA Al-Falah Lemahabang and MAN Luwu Utara. Research design is qualitative with descriptive method analysis through Edward III theory. Data collection techniques involve interview, observation and documentation. Data are subjected to the analysis which involves data reduction, data presentation, and verification/conclusion. The conclusion is managerial competence of principal and active participation of whole stakeholders, especially community with their moral and material supports based on demand of madrasah, are main factors to implement MBS policy.

Present status and approach for sustainable management of riverine fisheries of Nigeria

Nigeria has many rivers spread all over the country providing important goods and services to the people, including fisheries. The rivers are also used for several other purposes that require better management of these vast resources to increase fish production. This paper briefly highlights: i) the extent of river systems; ii) potential and production from river fisheries; iii) fish production of Nigeria during 2006–2015; iv) characteristics of river fisheries; v) problems faced by the riverine fisheries and legal regulatory regime and management of river fisheries in Nigeria. The data used were from published information on the riverine fisheries in Nigeria and the role of government in the management of the resources. The river systems have heterogeneity of many fish species of commercial importance with little or no management measures in place to protect the resources due to open access nature and weak and ineffective fisheries regulations. The paper suggests a new framework for management of river fisheries. The new approach recognizes that effectiveness of the river fisheries management relies on the integration of all river management agencies in Nigeria and the formulation and implementation of holistic management policies. Measures such as the fish stock enhancements, river restoration and use of effective regulations with community involvement should be given adequate attention. Key words River, Inland fisheries, Regulations, Management, Nigeria

Reproductive Biology of Oci Fish Selaroides leptolepis in Tomini Bay

Local people name Selaroides leptolepis distributed in Tomini Bay as Oci Fish. A study of the fish reproductive biology, which is one aspect of fisheries biology, is crucial to support the implementation of sustainable Oci Fish resource management policies. This study aims to determine the average length at first maturity, gonad maturity stages, and fecundity of the fish in Tomini Bay. Sampling was carried out using a stratified random sampling method from the catches of the fishermen landed in Fish Landing Base Kampung Tenda, Gorontalo City. The time interval sampling was conducted per month during April, May, and June 2020. Fish and egg samples preserved using ice cubes and a 10% formaldehyde solution correspondingly. The results of the study showed that the Oci Fish in Tomini Bay had a length range of the first maturity between 166 and 174 mm with a gonad maturity index ranging from 1.773 to 2.760%. The average fish fecundity was 16623 ± 4850 eggs.

Role of temperature, wind, and precipitation in heavy metal contamination at copper mines: a review.

The increasing demand for minerals pressurizing the mining authorities to extract low-grade ore results in more mining waste and degradation of the environment. The main aim of review was to understand the role of climatic factors (temperature, wind, and precipitation) in dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetation in Cu mining region. The major source of contamination in the mining sector is tailings, overburden rocks, and abandoned mines. The contaminates or fine particles of sulfide-rich mining waste follow two major pathways for the dispersal: aerial and leaching. Sulfides on exposure to oxygen and water generate acid mine drainage which results in leaching of heavy metals. The pit water of abandoned mines is also a cause of concern which contaminates the groundwater resources. Climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, and wind significantly influence the paths of contaminate dispersal. In arid/semi-arid regions, high temperature forms fine-grained efflorescence salts on tailings or exposed surficial mines which are carried away by strong winds/water and contaminates the surroundings. In wet regions, the leaching of heavy metals from both tailings and overburden rocks sulfides results in environmental contamination. The application of impermeable layers is highly recommended. The climatic factors (temperature, wind, and precipitation) significantly control the dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in Cu mining region. The implementation of waste management policies and pollution control technologies is recommended after considering the climatic factors.