Abstract National IHL committees (NIHLCs) have been repeatedly recognized as one of the most effective tools for strengthening implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL). This article traces the evolution of Australia’s NIHLC since its establishment in 1977, describes recent reforms to its mandate, composition and goals, and provides examples of its work at a local, regional and global level. In doing so, the article seeks to provide an example of how a long-standing NIHLC can strengthen and reaffirm IHL implementation and foster greater collaboration between a government and a National Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.

This article examines the legal and ethical issues posed by unregulated surrogacy in Ghana. Surrogacy is an arrangement where a woman (the surrogate) carries and delivers a child for an intended parent or parents. The egg and sperm used may originate from the intended parent(s), or may be obtained by donation or purchase. The article highlights the potential legal and ethical complications arising from the absence of comprehensive legislation governing such arrangements. The core problem is the lack of legal frameworks to address parentage, rights, and responsibilities in scenarios involving donated gametes and surrogate motherhood. This deficiency leaves children, intended parents, and surrogates vulnerable to disputes, exploitation, and legal ambiguity. The article explores the complexities of surrogacy, including instances where intended parents utilize donated eggs or sperm, or where same-sex couples seek parenthood. It emphasizes the risk of parental repudiation due to a lack of biological connection, a scenario with severe consequences for the child’s wellbeing. By comparing surrogacy regulations in other jurisdictions, the study underscores the urgent need for Ghana to enact specific laws. Key findings reveal that Ghana’s current legal framework only addresses birth certificate modifications through High Court orders, leaving broader surrogacy issues unaddressed. The article concludes that the absence of dedicated legislation creates a legal vacuum, necessitating the immediate development and implementation of comprehensive surrogacy laws to protect all parties involved. Keywords: surrogacy regulation; assisted reproductive technology; Ghana; reproductive tourism; the Casablanca Declaration; commodification of children; Ghanaian law.

Philosophical aspects of the methodology of administrative law are studied, systems of philosophical understanding of the norms of administrative law are analysed as a factor that forms the basis for the development of the administrative law science, elements of the social life influence on the development of administrative law norms are determined. Attention is focused on such an aspect of the administrative law philosophy as the protection of law and order and ensuring security, which form the sectoral features of the norms of administrative law implementation. The lack of an applied research base for the philosophy of administrative law, the poorly developed theory and practice of introducing the findings of science into the practical legal field, legal nihilism in legislative work and the decrease in the number and qualifications of scientific personnel increase the degree of threats and risks to the development of the science of administrative law. It is noted that at the current stage of development, the philosophy of law science already has an arsenal of methods that can be used in the process of forming ideas about administrative law and methods of learning administrative law. In fact, we are talking about modern paradigms of administrative law, which determine the ways of development of this science through the prism of various teachings and existing scientific developments. The formation of own scientific school of the philosophy of administrative law and the implementation of the results of scientific acquisitions in practical legal life are the basis for the proper development of the administrative law science.

Commercial property investment places in Nigeria suffer systematic desertion, due to pollution from indiscriminate tire burning, inadequate waste management, weak legislation and implementation of environmental laws, lack of control and policy formulation. These has an adverse impacts on the commercial property investment in the study area. The desertion led to commercial property investors’ reduction of total revenue that might have accrued for the government .The black fumes from the tire burning changes the aesthetic nature and values of commercial property .These upset witnessed in the surrounding community decreases commercial property value and damage the reputation of the study area, thereby decreasing tourism and property investments prospects. Therefore the purpose for this research is to investigate the causes of the desertion due to indiscriminate tire burning and proffer solution to the out and its total eradication. A mixed method research approach was adopted for this study, with questionnaire and interviews conducted on the residents. A sample size will be obtained by the use of Taro Yamane’s formula. Findings showed that in Aba, Owerri, and Onitsha adequate waste management, strong legislation and implantation laws, good control and policy formulation, total eradication of tire burning is pertinent to the improvement of environmental quality for sustainable commercial property investment .The study concluded that sanitary and environmental quality parameters such as total eradication of tire burning , strong legislation and implementation of environmental laws, adequate waste management , good control and policy formulation in the study area, need improvement to achieve sustainable commercial property development.

This study examines the application and challenges associated with the implementation of the Urban Mobility Law (Law No. 12,587/2012) in the city of Manaus, with a focus on the difficulties in providing public transport services and the regulatory shortcomings that perpetuate issues such as overcrowding and low-quality service. The research contextualizes Manaus within a scenario of increasing mobility demand, shaped by distinct geographic and socioeconomic characteristics that necessitate tailored strategies for developing a more efficient and inclusive transport system. Smart cities—which leverage technology to enhance transportation—serve as a benchmark for urban mobility solutions that prioritize user well-being. With an emphasis on regulatory oversight and the impact of concession contracts, the study investigates the roles of the municipal government and private concessionaires, drawing comparisons with successful practices implemented in other Brazilian cities. Methodologically, the research adopts an exploratory and comparative approach, based on document and legislative analysis, to propose viable solutions aimed at fostering more equitable and accessible urban mobility in Manaus.

Introduction In recent years, alongside natural disasters such as earthquakes, unsafe construction practices have contributed to a rise in incidents in Iran. Adherence to building codes and safety standards is crucial for mitigation. This Delphi study in Kerman Province identifies challenges in monitoring the implementation of construction laws and regulations. Materials and Methods A qualitative approach using the three-round Delphi method was employed with 30 experts (≥10 years’ experience). Round 1: Open-ended questionnaire responses were thematically analyzed (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.82). Round 2: Experts ranked 21 identified challenges on a 5-point Likert scale. Round 3: Results (means/SDs) were reviewed for consensus (≥75% agreement). Data were analyzed via MAXQDA and SPSS v26. Results Challenges were categorized into supervisors (11 subcategories) and tools/interactions (10 subcategories). Top priorities included multiple authorities in construction (mean = 4.7, SD = 0.3, 90% agreement) and imbalance between violation benefits and fines (mean = 4.6, SD = 0.4, 85% agreement). Discussion These systemic issues, driven by urban growth, inadequate oversight, and inter-ministerial coordination gaps, align with global studies on weak enforcement and training deficits, highlighting institutional fragmentation and incentive misalignments as key barriers to regulatory compliance. Conclusion Recent disasters, such as Metropol Abadan (2022 collapse: 41 deaths due to non-compliance) and Plasco (2017 fire: 22 deaths from outdated practices), underscore the urgent need to address these challenges through unified oversight and incentives to enhance disaster-resilient practices.

The lion is at the peak of the ecological pyramid and majorly affects the food chain by controlling the population of animals at the lower trophic levels. Gir National Park, India, is the only place in the world except Africa where an Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) can be seen in its natural habitat due to its dry and deciduous forest. Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) are confined to Gir, Gujarat, India and its population started declining from 1936 to 1979 by almost 40% of the total population because of deadly diseases, habitat loss, fragmentation, poaching, and conflict with humans. The total number of lions in 1970 was reported to be around 177. This led to the threat of extinction of the lion species, so therefore, the project lion was launched for conservation in 1972, with the implementation of laws banning trophy hunting, poaching, relocating native humans to reduce human-lion conflict, protecting the boundaries of the national park to avoid exploitation and restricting human interaction, reducing anthropogenic activity, and the formation of a research and conservation centre. The project's purpose was to bring the dwindling lion population, bringing it back from the brink of extinction in response to successful conservation efforts. Because of the efforts and implementation of Project Lion, the lion population currently stands at 674.

This study examines the implementation of administrative law in local government policy through an empirical qualitative approach assisted by NVivo software. Administrative law serves as a fundamental framework for guiding public administration, ensuring accountability, transparency, and legal certainty, particularly in decentralized governance contexts. Despite comprehensive regulatory arrangements, local governments often face challenges in translating administrative law principles into effective policy implementation. This research aims to explore how administrative law is interpreted and applied by public officials in real policy settings. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving local government officials, legal officers, policy implementers, and community representatives. The qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo through open, axial, and selective coding processes to identify recurring patterns and key themes. The findings reveal that while administrative law principles are formally acknowledged, their implementation is frequently hindered by institutional limitations, discretionary practices, and weak oversight mechanisms. The study provides empirical insights into administrative law practices and offers policy-relevant recommendations for strengthening governance and administrative accountability at the local government level.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework governing cybersecurity and artificial intelligence in Ukraine as interrelated components of the modern digital ecosystem of the state. The study examines legislative and subordinate regulatory acts that define the principles of information security, protection of critical infrastructure, and the development and use of artificial intelligence technologies. It is substantiated that cybersecurity legislation functions as a functional continuation of information law, creating institutional and technical preconditions for the safe implementation of advanced digital solutions. Special attention is paid to the multi-level structure of cybersecurity regulation, including strategic documents, laws, governmental regulations and technical standards aimed at ensuring cyber resilience and coordinated interagency interaction. The article highlights the growing role of risk-oriented approaches and alignment with international standards, in particular ISO/IEC norms and EU NIS/NIS2 directives. The legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine is characterized as fragmented and transitional, largely based on strategic documents and sectoral legislation in the fields of data protection, intellectual property and cybersecurity. The absence of a comprehensive AI law creates legal uncertainty regarding accountability, transparency and control over autonomous systems. The author concludes that the harmonisation of national legal regulation with European and international standards, the introduction of a risk-based model, and the establishment of clear mechanisms of legal responsibility are essential prerequisites for ensuring secure, ethical and lawful implementation of artificial intelligence technologies within a resilient cybersecurity environment. Key words: cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, information law, critical infrastructure, legal regulation, European standards.

The construction of the Probolinggo–Banyuwangi Toll Road (Probowangi) as part of Indonesia’s National Strategic Projects (Proyek Strategis Nasional/PSN) reflects a complex interaction between spatial planning law, agricultural land protection, land acquisition regimes, and the doctrine of public interest. This study aims to analyze the implementation of spatial planning law in the Probowangi Toll Road project, examine the legal implications of agricultural land conversion, and assess the juridical justification of public interest within the PSN framework. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal a normative tension between Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, Law No. 41 of 2009 on Sustainable Agricultural Land Protection (LP2B), and Law No. 2 of 2012 on Land Acquisition for Public Interest, particularly concerning the conversion of productive agricultural land. The administrative reinforcement of PSN acceleration through Ministerial Regulation No. 16 of 2025 strengthens central government intervention but potentially reduces regional authority in spatial control. This study argues that regulatory harmonization is essential to ensure that infrastructure development aligns with principles of spatial justice, food security, and protection of land rights.

Abstract Background The global population of patients with mental illness continues to expand. Their mental health is not only affected by the disease itself, but also aggravates negative emotions due to the lack of medical rights, privacy leaks, discrimination and other issues that damage their rights and interests. Existing research mostly focuses on drug and psychological intervention. Research on the application of health law in the field of mental health is relatively scattered, and its specific impact and action path on mental health have not yet been clarified. In order to fill this gap, the study will construct a health law intervention system to explore its actual impact on patients' mental health and help improve patients' mental health. Methods Stratified sampling was conducted to select 180 patients from 2 tertiary mental health institutions and 1 community health service center who met the relevant diagnostic criteria, had a disease duration of ≥1 year, and were aged 18-60 years old. Patients with cognitive impairment and severe organic diseases were excluded. Among them, 98 were male and 82 were female; 65 had depression, 58 had schizophrenia, and 57 had bipolar disorder. Implement a three-month health law intervention, covering the core rights and interests provisions of the Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China; provide one-on-one consultation and rights protection on the online platform, and provide free legal assistance. The study used the Self-Rating Symptom Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale to collect and analyze data before, 1 month and 3 months after the intervention. Results The results show that the degree of awareness of health law is positively correlated with patients' mental health status (r = 0.45, p<.01), and the degree of legal implementation is positively correlated with patients' mental health status (r = 0.50, p<.01). In addition, the degree of legal implementation is the main factor affecting patients' mental health (β = 0.40, p<.01), followed by the degree of public awareness (β = 0.25, p<.05). The patient return rate increased from 75.3% to 91.2%, and the incidence of rights damage incidents dropped from 22.6% to 5.1%. The results show that inadequate implementation of laws and insufficient public awareness are the main negative factors affecting patients' mental health, and health law intervention can effectively improve the mental health of patients with mental illness. Discussion Research has clarified the positive impact of health law on mental health, providing patients with another way to improve mental health in addition to drug treatment and psychological intervention. Patients can improve their mental health by learning health law knowledge and proactively safeguarding their own rights and interests. At the same time, the research provides an innovative direction for mental health services to integrate medical treatment with law, proving that the implementation of health law can directly benefit patients' mental health. Future research can expand the sample coverage, extend the follow-up period, explore personalized intervention plans for patients with different types of mental illness, further deepen the integration mechanism of health law and mental health services, and promote the formation of a more complete patient rights protection and mental health promotion system.

The current study assesses the stakeholders’ perceptions on local governance based on the evidence of Tikapur Municipality (TM) with reference to key dimensions of governance. In this regard, the focus was on accountability, transparency, law and policy implementation, stakeholder participation, public hearings/social audits, and anti-corruption mechanisms. The study adopted cross-sectional research design as data were collected from respondents through a one-timed structured survey. The structured questionnaire was administered to survey the respondents to collect required data to fulfil the research objectives following purposive sampling strategy. The study population of the research were all the elected representatives of TM, bureaucrats, service receivers, and stakeholders of TM. Amongst them, 33 were selected as samples of the study based on purposive sampling. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents perceive TM as largely adhering to good governance principles, particularly in accountability, transparency, and stakeholder participation. The findings suggest that governance practices are generally positive, continuous institutional strengthening, participatory decision-making, and monitoring are essential to enhance the quality governance and increase satisfaction. Based on the insight from this study, the author would like to make recommendations such as improving feedback mechanisms, strengthening anti-corruption measures, ensuring consistent policy enforcement, and promoting citizen engagement in decision-making processes for improving governance.

The right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India has undergone dynamic judicial interpretation, expanding far beyond mere animal existence to include the right to live with human dignity, health, and a clean environment. Among environmental concerns, air pollution has emerged as one of the gravest threats to the effective enjoyment of this fundamental right. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, vehicular growth, construction activities, and agricultural practices have severely degraded air quality across India, leading to serious public health consequences. This article examines the constitutional dimensions of the right to life in relation to air pollution in India. It analyses how the Supreme Court of India has interpreted Article 21 to include the right to pollution-free air, supported by Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties. The study further evaluates the statutory framework governing air pollution, including the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the role of the National Green Tribunal. Despite progressive jurisprudence, the article identifies major challenges such as weak enforcement, institutional inefficiencies, lack of coordination among authorities, and limited public participation. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for stronger governance, effective implementation of environmental laws, and sustained judicial oversight to ensure meaningful protection of the right to life against the menace of air pollution.

Purpose – To compare efficiency conditions and potential improvements in the Sharia insurance company and examine its consistency with the law on strengthening and developing the financial sector.Methodology – The research sample included 21 Sharia life and 20 general insurance companies. The secondary data used were sourced from the financial statements of Sharia insurance companies registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesian Sharia Insurance Association (AASI) for 2017–2023. The research method used a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach.Findings – Sharia life insurance in Indonesia shows inefficient conditions, reflected in the low ratio of output to input due to the lack of business income, investment, and tabarru funds. In contrast, the general segment of Sharia was relatively more efficient, but burdened by high assets, liabilities, claims, and operational costs. The potential for improvement towards efficiency could be achieved by optimizing business income and Tabarru funds, as well as controlling inputs proportional to output. The Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector Law (PPSK Law) policy played a strategic role in strengthening capital and implementing the Sharia unit spin-off obligations expected to form a more independent and competitive institutional structure.Implications – The results have policy implications for regulators and industry players to strengthen the competitiveness of national Sharia insurance.Originality – This research offers a major novelty, namely, comparing the efficiency performance of life insurance and general Sharia, as well as linking efficiency results and potential improvements with the implementation of the PPSK Law.

ABSTRACT This article explores the relationship between green transformation and the firm performance of Chinese enterprises listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets over the period of 2006–2022. Our study findings indicate that green transformation positively and significantly influences the firms’ financial performance. These outcomes suggest that investment in green transformation or adoption and implementation of green practices assists firms in establishing a green image, which in turn attracts the attention of different stakeholders, including green investors and green consumers, ultimately enhancing the firm's performance. Our baseline outcomes remain unchanged after accounting for a series of robustness checks, including alternative indicators of green transformation, endogeneity tests, sample change checks, and heterogeneity analysis. In a nutshell, our outcomes suggest that, along with the implementation of environmental protection law, the government should provide subsidies to the firms in order to promote green transformation.

Spatial distribution of timely treatment for cervical cancer: Socioeconomic inequalities and disparities in healthcare service availability in Brazil.

Background. This study analyzes the effectiveness of consumer protection regulations in online buying and selling transactions in Indonesia by highlighting the gap between normative legal certainty and real protection experienced by consumers in the digital marketplace ecosystem. The scope of the study includes the implementation of consumer protection laws in e-commerce transactions as well as structural, institutional, and sociological factors that hinder their effectiveness. Aims. The research aims to critically examine the application of the applicable legal framework in practice and to identify systemic causes of repeated violations, such as mismatches in goods, misleading product information, and limitations in consumer rights recovery mechanisms. Method. The method used is normative legal research, drawing on legislative, conceptual, and analytical-critical approaches. Primary legal materials consist of laws and regulations related to consumer protection and electronic transactions, supported by secondary legal materials from reputable international journals, OECD and UNCTAD reports, and documentation of consumer complaints over the last five years. Data were collected through literature review and document analysis, with validation using source triangulation and theory. Results. The results of the study show that although the normative framework for consumer protection in Indonesia is relatively comprehensive, its implementation in e-commerce remains weak due to weak law enforcement, low consumer legal literacy, fragmentation of responsibilities among digital business actors, and regulatory ambiguity regarding the role of marketplaces. Conclusion. Using Legal System Theory, information asymmetry, contractual justice, and economic analysis of the law, this study concludes that consumer protection remains dominant in the books but has not fully functioned in practice. Implementation. It is necessary to strengthen market accountability, simplify digital dispute-resolution mechanisms, and increase consumer legal literacy.

How does data security promote enterprises' data assetization? Evidence from the implementation of the Data Security Law

The construction sector is one of the largest labor absorbers in Indonesia, yet it still faces the problem of unclear career paths for its workers. This study aims to examine the factors influencing career paths for construction workers from a labor law perspective. The research method used was a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach through a review of scientific articles, books, national regulations, and policy documents related to labor and construction services. The results indicate that career paths for construction workers are influenced by internal factors such as education, skills, work experience, motivation, and competency certification, as well as external factors such as working conditions, labor market needs, and regulatory support. From a labor law perspective, Indonesian laws and regulations essentially provide protection for career development through regulations on job training, competency certification, occupational safety and health, and the principle of non-discrimination. However, gaps remain between legal norms and field practice, primarily due to project-based employment relationships and weak oversight. Therefore, strengthening the implementation of labor law is key to ensuring the certainty and sustainability of career paths for construction workers in Indonesia.

This study is a case study that analyzes the handling of sexual violence in Cianjur Regency, examining the relationship between social morality, the role of law enforcement officials, and the effectiveness of criminal law policy after the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law). This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with an empirical juridical method through a sociological approach to law. Data was obtained through interviews with law enforcement officials, field observations, and a literature review of relevant legislation and scientific literature. The results of the study show that the handling of sexual violence cases in Cianjur Regency still faces obstacles in the form of weak social morality, strong stigma against victims, and a patriarchal culture that affects reporting and law enforcement processes. In addition, the role of law enforcement officials has not been optimal due to limited capacity, coordination between institutions, and a lack of sensitivity to the victims' perspective. This study recommends strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officials through training on gender perspectives and the implementation of the TPKS Law, continuous education on social morality at the community level, and strengthening inter-agency coordination to improve victim protection and the effectiveness of criminal law policy in Cianjur Regency.