Impending Legislation Research Articles

Alternative Marine Fuel Research Advances and Future Trends: A Bibliometric Knowledge Mapping Approach

While the marine sector contributes significantly to the global economy, its environmental impact is a cause for apprehension due to growing concerns about ship emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set decarbonization strategies consistent with sustainable development goals. The impending legislation aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from maritime shipping by at least half by 2050 and to zero by the end of the century. A growing body of research has focused on alternative marine fuel selection; hence, this bibliometric review is timely. We assess the global scientific research on alternative marine fuel for knowledge mapping based on the articles available on the Scopus database since 1973. A total of 749 publications associated with alternative marine fuel has been subjected to a range of bibliometric analyses to explore this research field quantitatively and qualitatively. The study utilized the R-studio bibliometrics package and VOSviewer bibliometric tools to generate the results. The field of study has a growth rate of 7.05%, having a significant contribution to knowledge from the USA, the United Kingdom, India, and China. Recent trends indicate that researchers are increasingly focused on alternative fuel oil choices. By analyzing commonly used keywords, it was possible to trace a multi-criteria decision analysis process that might be utilized to construct decision support systems for alternative maritime fuel selection. According to relevant articles, the research community has concentrated on the possibility of alternative fuels being utilized in place of traditional marine fuels to reduce emissions from the shipping sector from an environmental, technological, and economic standpoint. The current study offers an updated and comprehensive overview of research trends on alternative marine fuels. Researchers interested in data mapping work in this area can begin with this endeavor.

Innovative methods for involving people with dementia and carers in the policymaking process.

BackgroundThere are few examples of public patient involvement in policymaking for groups whose ability to participate may be affected by a disability, particularly for people with dementia and their family carers. Principles of engagement and inclusion in democratic processes are as important for these groups as other citizens. We used two innovative methods to increase involvement of people with dementia and family carers in the policymaking process in Ireland, specifically in relation to impending legislation on home care.MethodA Policy Café was co‐produced with people with dementia using a World Café methodology. A Carer's Assembly was co‐produced with caregivers of people with dementia using a citizen's assembly model.ResultsTen people with dementia discussed policy developments they wanted to see implemented in relation to diagnosis and home care. Twenty‐eight dementia caregivers prioritized four topics: home care; respite services; psychosocial supports; and financial supports. Film and illustrations were used to create accessible messages for policy‐makers to inform their decision making.DiscussionInvolving people with dementia and carers in policy development requires time and creativity to facilitate and maximize their involvement. Co‐production is essential to ensure the priorities of participants are identified, expressed and communicated effectively. A cumulative sequence of events and messages can generate significant engagement with policy‐makers. Policy‐makers need to hear the direct and authentic voice of people with dementia and carers when faced with important policy decisions.Patient or public contributionPeople with dementia and carers were involved in study design, data analysis and presentation.

Considerations in the addition of cannabis to chocolate

Toward the end of 2019 Canada will legalize the sale of edible products containing cannabis. In the light of this impending legislation, it seems appropriate to explore some of the issues likely to arise when cannabis is added to fine chocolate. Cannabis is currently added to many edible chocolate products in American states that allow the legal sale of edibles. Medical cannabis chocolate products are already available in Canada as well as a significant gray market in recreational edibles. In this brief review we discuss some factors around the introduction of cannabis products into fine chocolate, look briefly at the metabolism of edibles, the introduction of forms of cannabis into fine chocolate and some safety concerns around the addition of plant material into edible products.

Are you ready for the applied GDPR?

There have been several large developments within the practice of data protection over the last year, all of which culminate in 2018, the ‘data big bang’ year. This paper aims to assist data practitioners in navigating the fast-moving field of data privacy protection and will also look at the only legally binding instruments in the world in the field of the protection of personal data which, because of their open nature, had a universal scope. It will also look at the implementation of the Applied General Data Protection (and other) Regulations, which will shape the direction and future of data privacy protection not just in the UK, but globally. All data practitioners must be aware that new technologies bring with them their own unique challenges for data privacy, processing as well as compliance. Add this to the impending legislation changes with additional data subject rights, then 2018 will be exceptionally busy for the data privacy practitioner. As Moreland described, making conclusions from the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) was like ‘weaving his way through a thicket’ (Campbell v MGN ltd (HL) [2004] UKHL 22; [2004] 2 AC 457; [2004] 2 WLR 1232; [2004] EMLR 247); Lord Philipps at the Court of Appeal agreed and added: ‘the Act is certainly a cumbersome and inelegant piece of legislation’. Once you read the Data Protection Act 18 (DPA18) along with the applied General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), then ‘thicket’ becomes a ‘forest’. With this in mind, it is hard to understand why the Digital Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) has not released a copy of the ‘applied GDPR’ with the changes implemented by the government in the DPA18. For an unofficial copy of the ‘applied GDPR’, please contact GODPO.

Mediation Ethics and Regulatory Framework

This article aims to explore principles governing mediation both in Ireland and in other jurisdictions, as well as looking at legislation regulating mediation elsewhere. Ireland’s impending legislation subsequent to the Mediation Bill, 2017, will be examined.

Metallisation on ABS plastics using fine-bubbles low ozonated water complying with REACH regulations

Traditionally, a highly concentrated mixed solution of chromic acid and sulphuric acid has been used as an etchant for electroplating on ABS plastics. However, this etchant is hazardous and the subject of impending legislation. Therefore, the fine-bubbles low ozonated water treatment as an alternative to the chromic acid etching process has been investigated. Adhesion strengths of 0.9–1.0 kN m−1 were obtained for treatment of 30 min. From the observation of surface morphology, dimples of several hundred nanometres were formed after surface modification. Cross-sectional observation of the interface suggested that formation of a thin nano-porous anchor layer on the ABS surface was responsible for plating adhesion. This method with low ozonated water treatment provides an environmentally friendly process for plating on ABS.

“Land of the Long Black Cloud”: Copyright Globalization and Viral Counterpublicity in Aotearoa New Zealand

Viral flows of counterpublicity are an increasingly common occurrence in the global modular network of the modern public spheres. This article applies a public sphere theoretical framework built upon the radical or agonistic tradition and a critical discourse analytical methodological framework to interpret the example of the 2009 New Zealand Internet Blackout, which was mobilized in protest against impending copyright legislation that would have rendered the Aotearoa New Zealand environment one of the harshest in the world. It shows that viral counterpublicity can generate successful counterhegemonic projects and even bring about legislative change, and in doing so, makes the argument that our understanding of what the modern public sphere is should allow for more unruly and contentious forms of democratically legitimate communication.

Consent for Use of Clinical Leftover Biosample: A Survey among Chinese Patients and the General Public

BackgroundStorage of leftover biosamples generates rich biobanks for future studies, saving time and money and limiting physical impact to sample donors.ObjectiveTo investigate the attitudes of Chinese patients and the general public on providing consent for storage and use of leftover biosamples.Design, Setting and ParticipantsCross-sectional surveys were conducted among randomly selected patients admitted to a Shanghai city hospital (n = 648) and members of the general public (n = 492) from May 2010 to July 2010.Main Outcome MeasuresFace-to-face interviews collected respondents-report of their willingness to donate residual biosample, trust in medical institutions, motivation for donation, concerns of donated sample use, expectations for research results return, and so on.ResultsThe response rate was 83.0%. Of the respondents, 89.1% stated that they completely understood or understood most of questions. Willingness to donate residual sample was stated by 64.7%, of which 16.7% desired the option to withdraw their donations anytime afterwards. Only 42.3% of respondents stated they “trust" or “strongly trust" medical institutions, the attitude of trusting or strongly trusting medical institutions were significantly associated with willingness to donate in the general public group.(p<0.05) The overall assent rate for future research without specific consents was also low (12.1%). Hepatitis B virus carriers were significantly less willing than non-carriers to donate biosamples (32.1% vs. 64.7%, p<0.001).ConclusionsLow levels of public trust in medical institutions become serious obstacle for biosample donation and biobanking in China. Efforts to increase public understanding of human medical research and biosample usage and trust in the ethical purposes of biobanking are urgently needed. These efforts will be greatly advanced by the impending legislation on biobanking procedures and intent, and our results may help guide the structure of such law.

Leaning and Greening the Supply Chain

A version of the American Clean Energy and Security Act, passed by the House of Representatives in June 2009, mandates a 17% cut in emissions by 2020 and upwards of an 80% cut by 2050, based on emissions from 2005. This impending legislation is a challenge to companies already trying to survive in an economic downturn. It is critical that the decisions made by the companies with respect to economic survival and environmental awareness are studied by engineering students. Learning from both good and bad corporate decisions will equip tomorrow's workforce better to prevent both economic and environmental disasters. This paper presents a case study of a lean supply chain that illustrates one company's efforts to cut costs while reducing, and thus improving, its impact on the environment.

'These things don't happen in Greece': a qualitative study of Greek young people's attitudes to smoking, secondhand smoke and the smokefree legislation

Greece has the highest smoking prevalence in the European Union, with adolescents having high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). In July 2009, national smokefree legislation was implemented in Greece. This study explored Greek young people's attitudes to smoking, SHS and the impending legislation. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with 11 groups of 14- to 16-year-old smokers and non-smokers in May and June 2009. Participants described social worlds in which smoking and exposure to SHS were viewed as normal and acceptable. There was little awareness of the health risks of SHS. Smoking was perceived to be both an inherent part of socializing and highly addictive. The 'right' to smoke in public places was thus viewed as greater than that of not being exposed to SHS. There was limited awareness of the impending smokefree legislation. Participants drew on their experience of previous legislation, the perceived rebellious Greek character, and their cynicism about the government in concluding that the legislation would be ineffective. The perceived social norms around smoking and SHS combined with a poor understanding of the health risks and negative attitudes about the impending legislation help to explain the subsequent limited impact of the Greek smokefree legislation.

Strategic Facilities Planning: A Focus On Health Care

Turbulent market conditions have forced the health care sector to re-examine its business and operational practices. Health care has become increasingly complex as decisions and planning are reframed in light of the current lagging economy, an increased demand for services, new global competition, and impending legislation reform. The stress is felt most keenly within the nation’s hospitals and consortia of health care facilities. Facility planning decisions are no exception. Hospital administrators are abandoning the once commonplace rules governing aging infrastructure renovations. Instead, administrators are basing decisions within their respective strategic context and are attempting to align buildings, services, personnel, and technology to an overall plan that looks at markets, operations, and finances as resources for competitive advantage. This paper reviews the strategic facilities planning literature and applies those best practices which support this organizational alignment for health care. An application in the mid-Atlantic demonstrates that hospital facilities, by design, need to support the current and future needs of health care delivery systems, while dated structures impede industry advances. Health care infrastructure improvements must proactively address technological, regulatory, and financial changes facing the sector.

Lake and Land at Lindu: Imposition, Accommodation and Contestation in the Revaluation of Resources in Upland Central Sulawesi

AbstractThis article examines how non-local frameworks and interventions have set the parameters of the local exercise of agency in regard to the use and valuing of resources in the upland valley of Lindu. Exploiting opportunities opened up by contemporary interventions, the indigenous To Lindu have revitalised their local custom (adat) as a community resource management system under the aegis of furthering conservation. This move has elicited various reactions from the migrants who have settled in Lindu in the last five decades. While largely accommodating their practices to customary regulation of fishing in Lake Lindu by the indigenous Lindu adat councils, these migrants have nevertheless continued to contest the imposition of customary restrictions on land ownership and limits on individual cultivation of land. These strategies of imposition of customary regulation by the indigenes and corresponding accommodations and contestations on the part of the migrants are also embedded in divergent definitions of Lindu as a locality, including whether resources should be governed on the model of a commons or open access regimen. The balancing through negotiations of these various valuations of Lindu and its resources — as customary territory, as open access land for development, as an enclave within a national park — will depend not only upon local initiatives, but also upon such external interventions as impending agrarian legislation that may grant national recognition to customary land. However, such external interventions will be complemented by local strategies of imposition, accommodation and contestation in forging new senses of locality.

Conceding and concealing judgement in termination of pregnancy; a grounded theory study

This study aimed to elicit some of the affective attributes in nurses and midwives involved in caring for those undergoing abortion and explore how they may affect the care given. Nurses and midwives face challenges in caring for women during abortion. Recent advances have resulted in more nursing/midwifery input into abortions. Impending legislation is also likely to increase nursing involvement and yet little is known of the likely impact on those involved. Twelve nurses and midwives working in termination of pregnancy services throughout Wales were interviewed using a grounded theory approach. An early affective attribute was being non-judgemental, but the core category derived from comparative analysis revealed that nurses and midwives conceded judging the women, but then concealed their judgements. To help them conceal their judgements maxims were used such as ‘there but for the grace of God go I’. Goffman’s work on stigma was used to challenge and integrate the grounded theory into the literature. As being non-judgemental is an aspiration, acknowledging that judgement occurs may be more appropriate for clinical nurses in order for them to devise strategies to conceal judgements in a considered manner.

A long-term application of a pilot airlift membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment

Current and impending legislation for public health and environmental compliance regarding effluent are becoming very stringent. For unrestricted domestic effluent reuse and environmental friendly disposal, the need for advanced treatment processes has attracted great attention during the last decade. Membrane-based treatment technologies for low quality water have exhibited improved performance as well as a reduction of operating and maintenance expenses. Membrane technology also provides a preferable alternative for wastewater reclamation in small and isolated communities. This study presents a long term study of an airlift membrane bioreactor (MBR) for domestic wastewater treatment using a hollow fibre membrane module of ZW-10 under ambient desert conditions (Kiryat Sde-Boker, Israel). In this system, the crossflow velocity across the membrane surface was induced by a cylindrical draft tube to reduce the membrane fouling. Under optimal operating conditions, the system was stable and efficient without external chemical cleaning during the experimental period. The system produces a high quality permeate, and the removal efficiencies of COD and BOD5 were around 94% and 99%, respectively. Nitrate concentration in the effluent (permeate) was higher (by 40%) than that in the reactor mixed liquor, probably due to extra nitrification carried out by Nitrospira bacteria on the membrane biofilm. The system shows potential and promising applications for localized, decentralized sewage treatment facilities.

Ceremony in Context: The Edinburgh University Tercentenary, 1884

Edinburgh introduced Britain to the university centenary, an established form of celebration in continental Europe. The ceremonies in 1884 can be seen in the framework of the late nineteenth-century ‘invention of tradition’. Such events usually asserted the links of the university with national and local communities and with the state. The Edinburgh celebrations marked the opening of a new medical school, after a public appeal which itself strengthened relations with graduates and wealthy donors. The city council, local professional bodies, and the student community all played a prominent part in the events of 1884, which were a significant episode in the development of student representation. Analysis of the speeches given on the occasion suggests that the university sought to promote the image of a great medical and scientific university, with the emphasis on teaching and professional training rather than research, for the ideal of the ‘Humboldtian’ research university was still a novelty in Britain. Tercentenary rhetoric also expressed such themes as international academic cooperation , embodied in the presence of leading scientists and scholars, the harmony of religion and science, and a liberal protestant view of the rise of freedom of thought. The tercentenary coincided with impending legislation on Scottish universities, which encouraged assertions of the public character of these institutions, and of the nation's distinct cultural identity. One striking aspect, however, was the absence of women from the formal proceedings, and failure to acknowledge the then current issue of women's admission to higher education.

Occurrence and fate of Fusarium mycotoxins during commercial processing of oats in the UK

The commercial processing of oats is different from that of other cereals, such as wheat and maize. In northwest Europe, oats also appear to be more susceptible to contamination with HT-2 and T-2 toxins than other cereals. Mycotoxins, such as deoxynivanol and zearalenone, in cereals are already controlled by EU legislation. With regard to additional, impending legislation, this study examined HT-2 and T-2 toxins together with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and other related toxins in a commercial oat mill and how the concentrations varied from raw oats to the final prepared oat flakes. Concentrations of each Fusarium mycotoxin fell by 90–95% during the process, with the major loss being a physical distribution occurring at the de-hulling stage. Initial studies of losses occurring at other stages, such as kilning or de-branning of prepared oat groats, suggest these to be small. The use of colour sorting after kilning showed higher concentrations of each mycotoxin in the discoloured groats. The feasibility of developing a predictive tool for the oat industry is examined.

The effect of crude protein and lysine level in diets for finishing pigs on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance

Due to the introduction of more stringent environmental controls through the implementation of current and impending environmental legislation, dietary crude protein (CP) levels for finishing pigs are an important area of research. Canh et al (1998) reported that nitrogen (N) excretion could be reduced through lowering CP levels and the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decreasing CP levels of diets containing two levels of lysine (while maintaining the ideal protein balance through amino acid supplementation) on nutrient digestibility and N balance.

Managing the Mental Capacity Act

The purpose of this paper is to examine the care management implications of a number of Sections of the 2005 Mental Capacity Act. In particular this paper will critically review the role of the lasting power of attorney donee and examine by means of a scenario the range of problems that this impending legislation is likely to carry for care home owners and their staff.

Patient Choice: An Influencing Factor on Policy‐Related Research to Decrease Bedrail Use as Physical Restraint

This paper shows patients' enactment of choice in mixed methods, multidisciplinary study on the use of bedrails as restraints. Under the pressure of the implementation of impending legislation, patients from a Canadian elderly care rehabilitation unit were recruited to be part of this study and assigned to either a study or control group. Study group patients were exposed to a new facility policy on restraints in which bedrails were not to be used on a patient's bed except under specified conditions. Patients in the control group continued to have bedrails on a routine basis according to the facility's old policy. Following group assignments, patients could choose to crossover to either the control or study group based on their opinions about bedrails. After patients crossed over into either the study or control group, findings for the new groups differed significantly. Participants in the rails-up group had lower admission Functional Independence Measure scores (p = .001) and higher admission Cumulative Illness Rating scores (p = .000) compared to those in the rails-down group. Patients have specific concerns related to the use of bedrails that might affect implementing bedrail minimization policies. Additionally, the authors conclude that patients' input into research design may increase patients' support of the protocol and help maintain study integrity.

Transport impacts of household waste recycling centres

Household waste recycling centres (HWRCs) evolved from civic amenity sites (CAS) introduced by the Civic Amenities Act 1967, and provide householders with an outlet for the disposal of a wide range of materials. Sites are now handling significant volumes of recyclables (66% of total household recyclables), and the transport impacts associated with increasing visitor numbers to HWRCs are of interest to traffic managers and land use planners. The transport logistics associated with servicing sites, including the collection, treatment and disposal of different materials, is complex. The reduction in landfill disposal coupled to more stringent requirements for material recycling and treatment has resulted in short journeys from HWRCs to landfill being replaced by complex road trips to different facilities at various locations. The operational, environmental and social impacts associated with these potential increases in commercial transport activities can be quantified through modelling current and projected fleet operations under various future scenarios. This can be achieved through routing and scheduling applications, which can be used to optimise transportation fleets and identify the optimal locations for waste treatment facilities. This paper provides an overview of the literature, identifying the transport arisings associated with the movement of waste to HWRCs by site users, and from HWRCs to treatment or disposal facilities by service operators. It also discusses the potential impacts on waste transportation from current and impending legislation, and the use of routing and scheduling applications to maximise commercial service vehicle operating efficiency.