Ship Impact Research Articles

The Potential Role of Ammonia as Marine Fuel—Based on Energy Systems Modeling and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

To reduce the climate impact of shipping, the introduction of alternative fuels is required. There is a range of different marine fuel options but ammonia, a potential zero carbon fuel, has recently received a lot of attention. The purpose of this paper is to assess the prospects for ammonia as a future fuel for the shipping sector in relation to other marine fuels. The assessment is based on a synthesis of knowledge in combination with: (i) energy systems modeling including the cost-effectiveness of ammonia as marine fuel in relation to other fuels for reaching global climate targets; and (ii) a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach ranking marine fuel options while considering estimated fuel performance and the importance of criteria based on maritime stakeholder preferences. In the long-term and to reach global GHG reduction, the energy systems modeled indicate that the use of hydrogen represents a more cost-effective marine fuel option than ammonia. However, in the MCDA covering more aspects, we find that ammonia may be almost as interesting for shipping related stakeholders as hydrogen and various biomass-based fuels. Ammonia may to some extent be an interesting future marine fuel option, but many issues remain to be solved before large-scale introduction.

IMPACT OF SHIP'S BALLAST WATER ON INVASIVE SPECIES OCCURRENCE, AND AS A CONSEQUENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH: A SHORT REVIEW

Water is one of the main ways of transportation. The reduction of water pressure on the ship hull, controlling ship submergence, compensate for the impact of losing weight from fuel or water consumption, help to the existence of lateral balance and stability are the factors that show all ships need ballasting. Ballast water contains a large number of organisms from different species, which are in different life stages (egg, Larvae, Cysts, Spores, or adult). These aquatic invasive species cause damage to fisheries, aquaculture, water supply system, industrial infrastructure, biodiversity, and habitat. The study aims to review open information sources and analyze them to identify the Impact of ship's ballast water on invasive species occurrence, and as a consequence on environmental and public health effects. The search for sources was carried out for the keywords «ballast water», «ecology», «environment», «public health» and «invasive species», as well as for various combinations of these words through the Google Scholar. Restrictions in the search for sources amounted to: since 2005 and in relevance. The features of one of the reasons for the spread of invasive species and negative environmental consequences for aqua systems and public health are studied. The study's practical value lies in the fact that the study results can be used to train workers from water transport and ensure the environmental safety of aqua systems. Predation, parasitism, competition, the introduction of new pathogens, genetic changes, habitat alterations, species shift, and loss of biodiversity are the most important ecological impacts. Exotic species, which are often brought with ballast water, cause change to ecosystem function by changing in a nutrient cycle and a decrease in water quality. It is established that some invasive species including Vibrio Cholera and Giardia duodenalis that are transported by ballast water also affect the public health by increasing the risk of pathogens and parasitism.

Numerical evaluation of a novel crashworthy device for pier protection from barge impact

Bridges located in navigation waterways are susceptible to ship impact due to the large ship transportation volume nowadays. The development of effective energy-dissipation devices which can protect bridges from ship impact has drawn much attention in recent years. As a result, many different types of protective structures such as composite crashworthy devices have been developed, analyzed and applied in bridge engineering. However, such protective structures are often extremely costly and were difficult to repair after an impact event. This paper aims to develop a novel crashworthy device with a steel-frame configuration of potentially low production cost and to numerically evaluate its mechanical behavior to quantify its energy-dissipation capacity. The strategy of using reduced cross-sections for certain steel beams in the device is proposed to limit plastic mechanisms within certain structural components whilst ensuring that others remain elastic during impact. The effectiveness of this strategy is numerically evaluated based on the assumption that the reduced cross-sections are rigidly connected to form a continuous beam model. The proposed strategy would greatly facilitate the restoration process of such devices after an impact event by replacing only those structural components where plastic deformations have occurred.

Data mining and application of ship impact spectrum acceleration based on PNN neural network

The selection of the smoothing coefficient of the probabilistic neural network directly affects the performance of the network. Traditionally, all the mode layer neurons use a uniform smoothing coefficient, and then the optimal smoothing parameters suitable for this problem are searched by the optimization algorithm. In this study, the smoothing coefficients of the mode layer neurons connected by the same summation layer are set to the same value, which not only reflects the relationship between the training samples of the same pattern, but also highlights the difference between the training samples of different modes. Two probabilistic neural network models are applied to the ship impact environment prediction respectively. The results show that the classification effect of multiple smoothing factors is further improved than the single smoothing factor network.

Investigating the Behavior of Offshore Platform to Ship Impact

Offshore platform structure has the ability to resist wave loading, wind loading, operation loading, and ship collision, therefore, it is important to investigate the structural behavior of platform taking into consideration soil-structure-pile interaction when the platform is subjected to ship impact at a different location on deck slab. The present study deals with platform supported by pile foundation. The effect of soil-pile interaction on behavior of platform to lateral impact load is investigated by using finite element simulation which is performed by ABAQUS software. From the results obtained, it is obvious that the ship collision position on platform will be reflected on ultimate capacity of structure so the structure will undergo to loose ultimate capacity due to damage that occurs from the ship collision. This study comprises investigation of pile lateral displacement, pile twist angle, pile shear force distribution, pile bending moment distribution and deck slab displacement. It also clarifies that the pile displacement has been reflected on pile critical length. The twist angle of the pile is more sensitive to soil type and loading condition. It is seems that the shear force distribution and bending moment distribution are affected by loading condition and soil type. Finally this study shows that the response of deck slab depends on soil type, soil-pile interaction and loading condition.

Spatio-temporal variations in NO2 and SO2 over Shanghai and Chongming Eco-Island measured by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2008–2017

High resolution satellite maps are useful for the identification of pollution hotspots. In this work, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) have been averaged and gridded for Shanghai and surrounding areas with a spatial resolution of 0.01° × 0.01°. The pollution maps have been used to investigate the spatio-temporal variations in NO2 and SO2 from 2008 to 2017. The averaged tropospheric NO2 and planetary boundary layer (PBL) SO2 columns in Shanghai are on average 1.40 × 1016 molec·cm−2 and 1.21 × 1016 molec·cm−2, respectively. As the government has put a lot of effort to improve the air quality, both the NO2 and SO2 columns reveal a significant decline in Shanghai during the past decade, with a reduction of ∼24% and ∼56%, respectively, which is also confirmed by the good agreement between satellite observations and ground-based in-situ measurements. The NO2 and SO2 time series also show distinct seasonal characteristics with higher pollution level during winter and lower in the summer. Due to the impact of ship and industrial emissions, the hotspots of NO2 and SO2 are concentrated in the northern part of Shanghai, while the pollution level is lower in the southern and eastern regions. Decreasing trends in NO2 and SO2 are found for most areas of Shanghai during the past decade, though the strongest decrease in the northern part of the city (1.4 × 1015 molec·cm−2·year−1 for NO2 and 3.0 × 1015 molec·cm−2·year−1 for SO2). Comparisons with the China Multi-Resolution Emissions Inventory (MEIC) indicate that the driving factors for the decline of NO2 and SO2 are mainly denitration and desulfurization in the power sector, and the reduction of emissions in the industry sector. We also use aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to investigate the relationship between gas phase pollutants and formation of secondary aerosol. Compared to SO2, the contribution of NO2 to secondary aerosol formation increased in the central part of Shanghai. Although Chongming Eco-Island has developed rapidly in recent years, both the SO2 and NO2 levels decreased significantly. This is mainly related to the strict emission control policy and improved urban planning, and indicates that ecological development is achievable under the guidance of policies.

A Study on the Standard of Ship Safety Distance on Bridge Crossing Navigable Waterways based on Traffic Distribution

Currently, there are bridges in the navigational waters where ships pass through from all parts of the world. However, this is a risk factor for ships that pass through the lower part of the bridge. It cause accidents between bridge and ships. In this study, AIS(Automatic Identification System) data were collected for one month at Incheon bridge which is bridge crossing navigable waterways for the purpose of analyzing the safety distance between bridge pier and ships. The marine traffic survey was conducted by ship’s length and type and based on the results, the survey was conducted on the traffic distribution by divided two-way and one-way passing ship. As a result of traffic distribution, The average deviation for the passage centerline was about 0.05 to 0.08 times the main span width and the traffic distribution was analyzed to be the most similar to the lognormal distribution. In this study, the separation distance between bridge piers and ships was analyzed according he confidence intervals, referring to the UK MCA. As a result, the most suitable safety distance according to confidence interval was that the two-way was chosen as 3.4 times of ship’s breadth and the one-way was chosen as 2.8 times of ship’s breadth by maximum ship’s breadth. According to the above results, the distance according to the confidence interval was chosen as the safety distance and the ship safety distance between ship impact protection and ship’s route was 0.18 times route width for two-way traffic and 0.23 times for one-way traffic.

COMMERCIAL OPERATION OF THE SEAPORTS AND THE ASPECT OF CRUISE SHIPS AND DRONE THREATS

This article discusses the problem that concerns the impact of cruise ships and drone threats to the commercial operation of the seaport. The author presents the correlation between the issues contained in the title of the publication, while citing information necessary to confirm the thesis. Therefore, an appropriate classification of seaport threats, factors affecting competitiveness and examples of incidents involving drones affecting port security were presented

Impact of ship on radiometric measurements in the field: a reappraisal via Monte Carlo simulations.

The presence of a ship in water disturbs the ambient light field and propagates errors to radiometric measurements. This study investigated the ship perturbation via Monte Carlo simulations with a reflective 3D ship. It is found that the height of ship could cause significant perturbation. However, these perturbations could be compensated by the reflection of the ship's hull, where such compensations vary from sun angle to hull's reflectance. Further, as a rule of thumb, to keep the perturbation on water-leaving radiance under ∼3% from an operating ship, a look-up table is generated with the requirements of viewing angle for the radiometers operated at the deck and for the deployment distance of floating and profiling instruments.

Modelling ship collision risk based on the statistical analysis of historical data: A case study in Hong Kong waters

Collision, as a common type of ship accidents, leads to serious property loss and personal injury. In this paper, a new framework of quantitative risk assessment is proposed by quantifying the probability and the corresponding consequence based on the historical accident data. Firstly, the consequences of ship collisions are quantified and classified using an equivalent consequence method. Secondly, a decision tree model is established to analyse the impact of ship attributes on the collision consequences. The main ship attributes contributing to collision are determined, based on which, a BP neural network model is developed to estimate the probabilities of the different consequences. Thirdly, the collision risk is predicted by integrating the collision probabilities with the corresponding consequences. Fourthly, a case study in Hong Kong waters is investigated and the results are compared with the available references to validate the proposed framework. The new model can be used to assess present risks to plan preventive measures for the potential collision accidents.

Evaluation of ship’s green degree using a novel hybrid approach combining group fuzzy entropy and cloud technique for the order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution theory

The pollution and emission caused by the manufacturing, operation, and scrapping of marine ships have considerable impact on the environment. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective and efficient approach toward evaluating the environmental impact of ships. This study uses the green degree of ships concept to evaluate different alternatives. Because environmental evaluation involves several criteria, the problem can be formulated as a traditional multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model. In this regard, the main innovation of this study is the development of an improved MCDM model using a novel hybrid method, namely the group fuzzy entropy and cloud technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution theory. The developed model calculates the criteria weight and rank based on the selected criteria and alternatives. Finally, a criteria system is developed to evaluate several classical alternatives, and various sensitivity analyses were carried out to validate the robustness of the proposed methodology. The results revealed that the model and criteria system can provide several quantitative and qualitative indicators for governmental policy-makers and agencies, environmental consultants, and environmental service organizations.

The trade-off analysis for the mitigation of underwater noise pollution from commercial vessels: Case study – Trans Mountain project, Port of Vancouver, Canada

Although shipping has significant positive effect on human civilization, it introduced negative environmental impacts such as oil, air, and plastic pollutions. Many negative externalities through international and local regulations have been in place, and preventive actions have been taken to monitor and control. However, underwater noise pollution as an emerging negative shipping impact has not been well introduced to society nor appropriately regulated in international scale. Because of traffic density and the presence of sensitive marine species in some parts of the world, the negative social and environmental impacts of underwater noise pollution become more critical. Haro Strait due to high shipping traffic and presence of vulnerable marine species such as Southern Resident Killer Whale is a good example. The majority of ocean-going vessels transiting to Vancouver and vice versa pass through the corridor which includes Haro Strait. Tankers currently represent about 2% of total ship traffic visiting the Port of Vancouver; however, regarding the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project, the traffic density will grow by 11%, which will enhance the adverse impacts of underwater noise pollution on marine mammals. This study, by considering the features and characteristics of the area and the project, proposed four scenarios and modelling. The article by developing simulations and utilizing the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) algorithms and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution techniques strives to trade-off between the environmental (noise and CO2 emission) and economical (fuel cost) aspects of the project to enhance the Decision Support System to promote sustainable development. This will help the decision makers to have a multi-dimensional thinking instead of the single-dimensional thinking in addressing and tackling the negative externalities of the Trans Mountain project in the area. Moreover, at the end of each scenario, a sensitivity analysis will be conducted to provide a clean environment for decision makers.

The effects of ship wakes in the Venice Lagoon and implications for the sustainability of shipping in coastal waters

We analyse the impact of ship traffic in the vicinity of navigation channels in a wide shallow waterbody. The crucial hydrodynamic driver in this situation is the depression (Bernoulli) wake that may be transferred into a long-living solitary wave of depression over the shoals. The analysis considers navigation channels in the Venice Lagoon using a new large dataset of approximately 600 measured wake events associated to specific ships whose data are provided by the AIS system. Since the development of the modern industrial port and the opening of the Malamocco–Marghera channel in the late 1960s, growing pressure on the lagoon caused by ship traffic has raised concerns about its physical integrity and habitat survival. The transit of large vessels has been shown to have serious impacts on the shallow water areas adjacent to waterways. Depression wakes created by such vessels can reach significant dimensions (water level dropdown of up to 2.45 m at the channel margin), causing unusually large retreat rates of several sections of the shoreline and which may adversely affect the lagoon morphology. The wakes are analysed in relation to ship and morphological parameters. A formulation is proposed to predict wake amplitude on the basis of ship characteristics and motion.

Cruise activity and pollution: The case of Barcelona

One of the main causes of mortality worldwide is air pollution. To tackle this problem, local, regional and national governments have implemented policies to reduce emissions from industrial and on-road sources. However, when these policies are being designed, shipping emissions are often overlooked. There has been a drastic increase in the demand for cruises and its economic relevance is also growing in port-cities. Barcelona is Europe’s leading cruise port, and it is located near the centre of the city. In this context, this paper analyses the impact of cruise ships in the air quality of the entire city of Barcelona using a dataset with information about pollutants and the number of cruises arriving to the port. We show that there is a direct impact between cruises staying at the port and city pollution. Additionally, the size and age of the cruise also affect air quality. The larger (or newer) the cruise is, the higher the emission generated. Moreover, our simulations show that the whole city is affected by these emissions.

Влияние затонувших судов на экологическую безопасность прибрежных акваторий и береговых зон России

Влияние затонувших судов на экологическую безопасность прибрежных акваторий и береговых зон России

The Impact of Ship Emission Controls Recorded by Cloud Properties

AbstractThe impact of aerosols on cloud properties is one of the leading uncertainties in the human forcing of the climate. Ships are large, isolated sources of aerosol creating linear cloud formations known as shiptracks. These are an ideal opportunity to identify and measure aerosol‐cloud interactions. This work uses over 17,000 shiptracks during the implementation of fuel sulfur content regulations to demonstrate the central role of sulfate aerosol in ship exhaust for modifying clouds. By connecting individual shiptracks to transponder data, it is shown that almost half of shiptracks are likely undetected, masking a significant contribution to the climate impact of shipping. A pathway to retrieving ship sulfate emissions is demonstrated, showing how cloud observations could be used to monitor air pollution.

Reliability Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Structure in Port Engineering

Mu, Z.; Mu, H.; Zhang, H.G., and Li, Z.-P., 2019. Reliability analysis and numerical simulation of reinforced concrete structure in port engineering. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 347–351. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In addition to the normal loss and damage during the service period, the port engineering facilities are also affected by harsh environments such as water erosion, wave erosion, atmospheric corrosion and freezing and thawing. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the reliability of reinforced concrete structures. The reliability analysis of reinforced concrete members is actually based on the fact that the statistical characteristics of the existing loads and structural resistance are known, and the reliability index value of the members is determined through specific calculations to understand the failure probability. Taking the reinforced concrete frame column as an example, the finite element model is established by the simulation software to simulate and analyze the compression of the port structure under the action of ship impact force, ship system force, doorsill machine load, self-weight load and water flow force, the reliability of shear and bending capacity, the analysis results provide the basis for engineering construction and followup research.

The human element in future Maritime Operations – perceived impact of autonomous shipping

The role of the human element within complex socio-technical systems is continually being transformed and redefined by technological advancement. Autonomous operations across varying transport domains are in differing stages of realisation and practical implementation, and specifically within maritime operations, is still in its infancy. This study explores the potential effects of autonomous technologies on future work organisation and roles of humans within maritime operations. Ten Subject-Matter Experts working within industry and academia were interviewed to elicit their perspectives on the current state and future implications of autonomous technologies. Four main themes emerged: (i) Trust, (ii) Awareness and Understanding, (iii) Control, (iv) Training and Organisation of Work. A fuzzier fifth theme also appeared in the data analysis: (v) Practical Implementation Considerations, which encompassed various sub-topics related to real-world implementation of autonomous ships. The results provide a framework of human element issues relevant for the organisation and implementation of autonomous maritime operations. Practitioner summary: As autonomous shipping rapidly moves closer to real-world implementation, it is critical to develop an understanding of future roles of humans in autonomous maritime operations. By eliciting expert knowledge from academics and practitioners, we establish a framework of relevant issues facing humans in emerging autonomous systems and operations at sea.

Development of the impact force time-history for determining the responses of bridges subjected to ship collisions

Ship impact force is usually taken as an equivalent static force in current bridge design, which is, however, limited on effectively capturing the dynamic amplification effects. To this end, this work proposes a simplified analytical model for predicting the time-history of ship impact loading on bridges. To validate the FE modeling techniques used in capturing the impact loading, drop hammer impact tests are carried out using scaled steel boxes. Then FE models of 5 typical ships are developed and numerical simulations are conducted to generate the 45 benchmark impact force time-history curves which are used to determine the parameters introduced in the proposed simplified analytical model. The efficiency of the proposed model is evaluated by a case study involving two bridge models, as presented in this paper. It is shown that the proposed simplified analytical model is capable of predicting the time-history of impact loading with sufficient accuracy for ship-bridge collision events when the basic structural frequency of the bridge pier is within 3 Hz. • An analytical model to evaluate the impact loading in a ship-bridge collision occurrence is proposed. • This model is based on 45 numerical impact force time history curves of 5 ships. • FEmodels to capture the impact loads are validated by a group of drophammer impact tests using scaled steel boxes.

Reducing the environmental impact of large cruise ships by the adoption of complex cogenerative/trigenerative energy systems

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed new and stricter rules about environmental impact of big vessels. Those rules are going to widen significantly the so called Emission Controlled Areas (ECA) and to generally gain more control over pollution levels over the seas.The solution that most ship-owners are going to prefer is most likely to be the implementation of pollutant emissions reducing systems, such as Scrubbers and Selective Catalytic Reactor Systems, to dampen emissions produced by the present propulsion systems, based on Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) which burns the cheap but polluting Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO).An alternative solution, based on the adoption of Gas Turbines (GT) in the propulsion system, fuelled by Marine Gas Oil (MGO), can be taken into account, allowing considerable savings in weight and space occupied and lover NOx as well as SOx emissions than those of ICEs, even if with a loss in the engine efficiency (Armellini et al., 2018).In this paper, the possibility of using simultaneously ICEs and GTs as well as the use of trigeneration system is analyzed, with the aim of exploiting the positive feature of both the engine systems. The paper provides a quantitative comparison among different hybrid engines configurations (ICEs and GTs working together) making reference to a large cruise ship as a real case. Considering a cruise ship rather than a cargo ship implies an important and time-dependent thermal energy demand, so that an onboard trigeneration system may result a convenient solution.