Ship Impact Research Articles

Train Derailment Process Analysis on Heavy Haul Railway Bridge under Ship Impact

In order to research train derailment law under ship impact, the spatial vibration calculation model of a freight train-track-bridge (FTTB) system is used to establish the vibration model of the FTTB system under ship impact. Meanwhile, the calculation method of a train derailment process under ship impact is proposed based on the random analysis method of train derailment energy. Further, the train derailment process on a bridge under ship impact is calculated, and the variation law of the FTTB system spatial vibration response under different impact loads and speeds is analyzed. The results show that the ship impact load has a great influence on wheel lift value. When the impact load is greater than 15 MN, the wheel derails more easily. With the increase of impact load, the derailment coefficient, wheel load reduction rate, and lateral relative displacement of bogie and rail, the lateral displacement of the bridge increases significantly, but the limits of them make it difficult to determine whether the wheel has derailed. The lateral relative displacement of the bogie and rail considering the safety factor is calculated at the moment of derailment, which is taken as the early warning threshold of train derailment. The above conclusions can provide a reference for controlling train safety under ship impact.

Reliability analysis of residual service life of restored concrete bridge

The Wan Jiang Bridge in China was damaged by ship impact and subsequently restored. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of the residual service life (RSL) of the bridge using the reliability analysis method of the Joint Committee on Structural Safety, based on the structural load-bearing capacity (LBC) of the bridge and the design load. Data were collected from bridge design codes, field loading tests and finite-element (FE) analysis. The LBC was initially calculated and subsequently revised using specific coefficients. Using FE analysis, the bending moment on the control section of the bridge was determined under the most unfavourable loading conditions and the ultimate LBC of the bridge was checked. Subsequently, static and dynamic loading tests on the restored bridge were conducted, with the load and capacity determined for the control section based on FE analysis. The loads considered were dead load, vehicle load and crowd load. A time-dependent reliability index was developed for the restored bridge using the probability distributions of capacity and design load variables, and the RSL was determined. This case study, predicting the RSL of the bridge based on a multitude of data, should be valuable for future bridge maintenance and management.

Identification of Shipyard Priorities in a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Environment through a Transdisciplinary Energy Management Framework: A Real Case Study for a Turkish Shipyard

Ship building, as an energy-intensive sector, produces significant amounts of air emissions, including greenhouse gases. Most research in greenhouse gas reductions from shipping concentrates on the reduction in emissions during the operational phase. However, as emissions during ship operation are reduced, the construction and dismantling phases of ships are becoming increasingly important in the assessment of the life-cycle impact of ships. In this study, priorities for a Turkish shipyard to become energy efficient were identified by means of a semi-structured questionnaire and an interview. This was undertaken using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods, including the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, which are part of a proposed systematic and transdisciplinary Energy Management Framework and System. By applying Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods, this framework supports the shipyard’s decision makers to make rational and optimized decisions regarding energy sectors within their activities. Applying the framework has significant potential to help achieve good product quality while reducing costs and environmental impacts, and can thereby enhance the sustainability of shipping. Moreover, the framework can boost both business and socio-economic perspectives for the shipyard, and improve its reputation and competitiveness, in alignment with achieving the Nationally Determined Contributions of States under the Paris Agreement.

State of play in technology and legal framework of alternative marine fuels and renewable energy systems: a bibliometric analysis

ABSTRACT Various endeavors are undertaken by the maritime industry, academia, and policy-makers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These include the search for feasible technologies that could be used onboard merchant vessels and are propelled by international legal and social initiatives. To this end, this study aimed to critically analyze the research trends pertaining to the active methods of reducing the negative environmental impact of shipping. The research is focused on alternative fuels and renewable energy systems with respect to the related policy-making and existing legal framework. Therefore, a bibliometric approach was applied to a sample of 234 scientific papers indexed in the SCI-EXPANDED in Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicate that the scientific efforts were made more on alternative fuels, while renewable energy sources only recently became a popular research subject. Moreover, the environmental benefits of prospective technologies are more investigated than their financial aspects. The research effort on alternative maritime fuels was made in parallel with the legal one, both aiming to combat global climate change and magnifying each other.

Projections of shipping emissions and the related impact on air pollution and human health in the Nordic region

Abstract. International initiatives have successfully brought down the emissions, and hence also the related negative impacts on environment and human health, from shipping in Emission Control Areas (ECAs). However, the question remains as to whether increased shipping in the future will counteract these emission reductions. The overall goal of this study is to provide an up-to-date view on future ship emissions and provide a holistic view on atmospheric pollutants and their contribution to air quality in the Nordic (and Arctic) area. The first step has been to set up new and detailed scenarios for the potential developments in global shipping emissions, including different regulations and new routes in the Arctic. The scenarios include a Baseline scenario and two additional SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs) and heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban scenarios. All three scenarios are calculated in two variants involving Business-As-Usual (BAU) and High-Growth (HiG) traffic scenarios. Additionally a Polar route scenario is included with new ship traffic routes in the future Arctic with less sea ice. This has been combined with existing Current Legislation scenarios for the land-based emissions (ECLIPSE V5a) and used as input for two Nordic chemistry transport models (DEHM and MATCH). Thereby, the current (2015) and future (2030, 2050) air pollution levels and the contribution from shipping have been simulated for the Nordic and Arctic areas. Population exposure and the number of premature deaths attributable to air pollution in the Nordic area have thereafter been assessed by using the health assessment model EVA (Economic Valuation of Air pollution). It is estimated that within the Nordic region approximately 9900 persons died prematurely due to air pollution in 2015 (corresponding to approximately 37 premature deaths for every 100 000 inhabitants). When including the projected development in both shipping and land-based emissions, this number is estimated to decrease to approximately 7900 in 2050. Shipping alone is associated with about 850 premature deaths during present-day conditions (as a mean over the two models), decreasing to approximately 600 cases in the 2050 BAU scenario. Introducing a HFO ban has the potential to lower the number of cases associated with emissions from shipping to approximately 550 in 2050, while the SECA scenario has a smaller impact. The “worst-case” scenario of no additional regulation of shipping emissions combined with a high growth in the shipping traffic will, on the other hand, lead to a small increase in the relative impact of shipping, and the number of premature deaths related to shipping is in that scenario projected to be around 900 in 2050. This scenario also leads to increased deposition of nitrogen and black carbon in the Arctic, with potential impacts on environment and climate.

Implementing the dynamic simulation approach for the design and optimization of ships energy systems: Methodology and applicability to modern cruise ships

To reduce the environmental impact of modern cruise ships, a crucial role is played by the recovery of waste heat from onboard diesel generators used to balance part of the onboard thermal energy demand. To maximize the recovered waste heat, this paper proposes a novel design methodology for ships energy systems based on the dynamic simulation approach, suitably enhanced to consider moving objects like ships. Through this approach, partial load regimes due to variable energy requirements and the relative response of innovative energy saving technologies are dynamically assessed by properly considering real cruising conditions as a function of the current ship position along its route. To this aim, 3-D ship envelope models, detailed energy ship-plant system layouts, and algorithms for deriving new customized hourly weather data files are suitably developed in MatLab and TRNSYS. To show the capability and potentials of the proposed methodology, a novel case study referred to an LNG-powered cruise ship traveling in the Norwegian fjords sea is presented. Different thermally and electrically activated technologies are coupled in 16 energy ship-plant system layouts, implementing novel controls strategies for optimizing the exploitation of the waste heat recoveries and cold-ironing. Encouraging results are achieved for the best layout, including primary energy savings of 18.1%, avoided pollutants emissions of 24.4 ktCO2/y, 40.0 tNOx/y, 90.0 tSOx/y, 84.0 tPM2.5/y, and a simple payback of 0.68 years. Finally, the proposed methodology represents a step forward toward the modern early design of onboard ship energy systems useful for ship designers, manufacturers, owners and operators.

UNCLOS Part XII and IMO Instruments on Regulating Environmental Impacts of Shipping: Towards an Effective Regulatory Synergy

UNCLOS Part XII and IMO Instruments on Regulating Environmental Impacts of Shipping: Towards an Effective Regulatory Synergy

Decarbonization of Marine Fuels—The Future of Shipping

The goal of reducing the climate impact of shipping requires many different activities. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the International Maritime Organization prepared some proposals to meet and fulfill the requirements. It sets out the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 73/78 Annex 6—Prevention of the Air Pollution from Ships (1997) with the amendments and the future objectives set. The main objective is to achieve climate neutrality from shipping by 2050. One method is the decarbonization of marine fuels. The types of fuels that are transient fuels, with the final target fuel being hydrogen, are shown. Carbon dioxide emissions depend on the chemical composition of the fuel, its Lower Heating Value and the engine efficiency. The aim of the manuscript is to demonstrate that the use of fuels with lower carbon content is a transitional process enabling the hydrogen era to take place. An analysis of this problem is presented as a review of the subject along with the author’s comments and observations. The development of technologies for adapting potential fuels to combustion requirements in marine diesel engines and gas turbines, together with their storage and bunkering capabilities, are the main barriers to their limited use. The efficiency of marine diesel engines reaches a value of about 50%, while that of fuel cells are close to 100%. It seems that hydrogen will be the fuel of the future, including in shipping. Its basic use is in fuel cells, the efficiency of which is almost twice that of current thermal internal combustion engines.

Ship Impact Force Analysis and Design Project Selection of Pinghai Bridge

Based on summing up the domestic and foreign ship impact force calculation formula, the finite element method was used to establish the Pinghai Bridge analysis model. The pier ship impact force as a reference came from relevant design data, and the finite element calculation and analysis on ship impact were carried out. For there is auxiliary pier and not, the internal forces of main pier, cap bottom of main pier and a single pile under the combinations of ship impact force along and across the bridge direction of Pinghai Bridge were respectively calculated and reinforcement designed. The results show that the section of main pier can meet the force requirements only by the structural reinforcement; under the ship impact loads, saving the auxiliary pier has little effect on the results of section reinforcement of the main tower and the main pier. These conclusions have reference values to some extent for the design plan selection under the action of ship impact force.

Damage analysis of deep water high pile cap foundations under different concrete corrosion by ship impact load

The deep-water high-pile cap foundation is in the water environment for a long time, which is likely to cause corrosion damage to the pile foundation concrete. At present, the damage analysis of the upper structure has received more attention and the technology is relatively complete, but the research on the damage identification and analysis of the substructure and foundation Relatively lacking. Due to the loading characteristics of the substructure, its own bearing characteristics and the geological watermark environment, which are quite different from the upper structure, the corresponding damage identification and damage analysis evaluation technology is quite different from that of the upper structure, so special research is needed.

Power-to-Ships: Future electricity and hydrogen demands for shipping on the Atlantic coast of Europe in 2050

The Atlantic coast of Europe has very high demand for maritime transport, with important commercial ports and tourist areas that emit significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. In an effort to address this, the impact of electric and H2 ships for freight and passenger transport along the Atlantic coast on the European energy system in 2050 is analyzed. An optimized energy supply model is applied, which envisions a cost-optimal infrastructure with 100% renewable energy across all of Europe, employing hydrogen as an energy vector. To achieve this target, a minimization of the total annual costs to supply electricity and hydrogen demands is carried out. The obtained results indicate that Ireland will play a key role as a hydrogen supplier as ship demand rises, increasing onshore and electrolyzer capacities, mainly due to comparable low-cost renewable electricity production. The preferred supply routes for Irish hydrogen will be pipelines through the United Kingdom and France to export energy to continental Europe. An increase in salt cavern storage capacity in the United Kingdom, central Europe and Spain is observed. H2 and electricity are shown to be essential for the deployment of more sustainable maritime transport and related activities on the European Atlantic coast.

Estimating cruise passenger's expenditure: A censored system approach

Cruise ship passenger spending patterns are analyzed for the archipelago of the Canary Islands, as such patterns represent a key element in the evaluation of the economic impact of cruise ships on residents and local stakeholders. Over six cruise seasons, data regarding cruise passenger expenditures were collected via survey responses at each stopover. Since the five categories of expenditure analyzed are censored and possibly correlated, we have estimated a multivariate tobit system. This approach offers more efficient estimates of the determinants of cruise passengers' onshore spending, which can be useful in designing economic policies. Our results show that gender, age and socioeconomic status affect cruise passenger spending patterns significantly and, more importantly, in different ways depending on the expenditure category. Therefore, it seems that more personalized marketing strategies (i.e., gender/age/nationality-oriented) classified by expenditure category should be more efficient and, therefore, implemented to achieve greater local economic impact.

Hardware in the loop experiments with ship propulsion systems in the towing tank: Scale effects, corrections and demonstration

Standards for environmental impact, safety and operational performance of ships are becoming increasingly strict. In order to meet these standards, the performance of new ship designs must be predicted with an increasing level of detail and confidence. As present prediction methods lack realistic, dynamic behaviour of the ship's propulsion plant, there is a need for more advanced methods. In this paper, an open water test with Hardware in the Loop (HIL) functionality is proposed. HIL open water tests combine software and hardware components to emulate realistic behaviour of the ship's propulsion plant in the towing tank. It is known, however, that experiments in the towing tank are subject to viscous scale effects. In addition to this, shaft dynamics are distorted by a number of scale effects occurring inside the scale model propulsion system. In this paper, it is demonstrated with measurements that if corrections for these scale effects are applied, the dynamic interaction between the propeller and simulated engine system can be accurately emulated in the ship model basin.

Inland water green smart power pusher

At present, the auxiliary ships for inland waterway operations mainly use diesel as fuel, and a large amount of polluting gas is emitted in the inland waterway, which seriously affects the air quality of cities along the waterway. In order to solve the impact of the current inland waterway auxiliary ships on the environment, this work has designed a new energy intelligent pusher for inland rivers and lakes. The pusher uses electric energy as an energy source. This work is mainly composed of power supply system, container battery rapid replacement system, ship slow contact system, ship positioning and anti-collision system. Under the joint cooperation of all systems, the intelligent jacking of inland rivers and lakes and the rapid battery replacement are completed, and finally it is green, Intelligent and efficient operation effect.

Centrifuge Modeling of Vessel Impact on Bridge Fender Systems

Bridge or berthing structures are susceptible to accidental ship impacts that may pose a hazard to human life, property, and the environment. Therefore, fenders are often constructed around bridge piers for protection. Although efforts have been made to estimate the ship impact load, understanding of the mechanism of ship impacts on bridge fender systems is still inadequate due to insufficient experimental evidence. In this study, a comprehensive centrifuge model test program involving 60 ship impact tests was performed on a 3×3 pile group to systematically examine the effect of fender systems on a bridge pile foundation subjected to ship impacts. Two types of fenders with different stiffnesses, as well as a benchmark test without fenders, were investigated under different vessel tonnage and impact velocity values. Based on the test results, the characteristics of the impact loads were analyzed. The energy transfer patterns with and without fender systems were compared. The influences of the ship tonnage, impact velocity, ship bow structure, and bridge superstructure mass on the impact load with different fender systems were studied. Finally, empirical equations are established to relate the ship impact load with key influencing factors regarding the fender system, the ship, and the bridge.

The Impact of Autonomous Ships on Safety at Sea – A Statistical Analysis

• If autonomous ships shall improve safety, focus should be on general cargo ships. • Making very large ships autonomous only has a minor effect on safety at sea. • Removing crew has a much larger effect on safety than autonomous navigation. The advent of autonomous ships that are unmanned or low-manned will reduce the number of people at risk at sea. Even when autonomous navigation does not reduce the number of accidents, this means that safety at sea will increase. In fact, increased safety is one of the primary perceived drivers for autonomous shipping, although this safety increase has not yet been quantified in academic literature. In this article a statistical analysis is performed to determine the distribution of human casualties and lost ships over accident types, ship types and ship sizes. Subsequently, based on several scenarios for the implementation of autonomous ships, a quantification of the estimated reduction in loss of life and loss of ships is provided. It is concluded that the implementation of autonomy on small cargo ships with a length below 120 m will have the largest safety benefit, since these ships account for the majority recorded ship losses and lives lost.

Research on the Impact of Policy Incentives on the Implementation of Ship ECA Policies

As a means to effectively control the environmental impact of ships’ air pollutant emissions, the ship ECA policy has been implemented and applied in many regions. The implementation of the ship ECA policy involves many aspects such as shipping companies and maritime supervision of port states. Among them, whether or not to implement incentive measures, or the strength of incentive measures, will directly affect the actions taken by shipping companies to reduce air pollutants from ships. Aiming at the problem that all parties to the game are affected by incentives in the implementation of the ship ECA policy, this paper builds a simulation model for the incentives of the ECA based on the idea of evolutionary game and system dynamics, and analyzes the situation of incentives in different intensities The response of relevant stakeholders in the implementation of the ship ECA policy.

Study on the performance of a restored concrete bridge after ship impact in China

The WanJiang Bridge in China was damaged by an oil tanker at 5.28 p.m. on 5 August 2006, and three supporting frames near the mid-span of the bridge, 5# pier, were severely damaged. Some concrete members fell into the river, causing significant changes in the structural behaviour of the bridge. Thereafter, the administration department has done some emergency detection, strengthening design and strengthening construction to the bridge. A field load test and simulation of the bridge using the large-scale general finite-element analysis software Midas were performed. According to the comparative analysis and model validation of the field load test and the results of simulation analysis, the bridge bearing capacity after strengthening is evaluated, and a maintenance proposal for the bridge is given. The results of the research show that the results of static and dynamic load tests agree well with the theoretical value; the latter verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Based on the field load test, comparative analysis and computational evaluation, the strengthening effect on the WanJiang Bridge is evaluated from the aspects of static performance and dynamic performance.

Initial response mechanism and local contact stiffness analysis of the floating two-stage buffer collision-prevention system under ship colliding

A floating two-stage buffer collision-prevention system (FTBCPS) has been proposed to reduce the impact loads on the bridge pier in this paper. The anti-collision process can be mainly divided into two stages. First, reduce the ship velocity and change the ship initial moving direction with the stretching and fracture of the polyester ropes. Second, consume the ship kinetic energy with the huge damage and deformation of the FTBCPS and the ship. The main feature of the FTBCPS lies in the first stage and most of the ship kinetic energy can be dissipated before the ship directly impacts on the bridge pier. The contact stiffness value between the ship and the FTBCPS can be a significant factor in the first stage and the calculation method of it is the focus of this paper. The contact force, the internal force and the general equation of motion have been given in the first part. The structure model of the ship and the FTBCPS are then established in the ANSYS Workbench. After that, 38 typical load cases of the ship impacting on the FTBCPS are conducted in LS-DYNA. The reduction processes of the ship kinetic energy and the ship velocity in different load cases have been investigated. It can be summarized that the impact angle and the ship initial velocity are the main factors in the energy and velocity dissipation process. Moreover, the local impact force-depth curves have also been studied and the impact angle is found to be the only significant factor on the ship impact process. Next, the impact force-depth curves with different impact angles are fitted and the contact stiffness values are accordingly calculated. Finally, the impact depth range, the validity of the local simulation results and the consistency of the fitted stiffness value are verified respectively, demonstrating that the fitted stiffness values are applicable in the global analysis.

DROP SHIPPING DEVELOPMENT UNDER COVID-19 CIRCUMSTANCES AS THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF E-COMMERCE

This article is devoted to analysis of the theoretical foundations and economic essence of drop shipping and the influence of COVID-19 on drop shipping development. The authors conducted bibliometric analysis of the most relevant publications in the Scopus database. The most cited publications on this theme are presented in the paper. Systematization of the scientific background shows that e-commerce exponential growth enhances the impact of drop shipping on developments in business processes. Thus, such an e-commerce drop-shipping supply chain has many advantages. One of them is evident in collaboration with manufacturers and the search for consumers to be supplied for buying their goods and services. Concomitantly, a drop shipper advertises a product to a producer on drop shipper’s own websites employing all the marketing strategies and taking orders from the clients. The authors particularly noted the features of inventory management when such a method of e-commerce is used. The reason is that there is no need for a drop shipper to store any products. Hence, the inventory costs are drastically cut. This paper analyzes the main drop shipping tools and their advantages for improving business indicators. The paper embodies the essence of dropshipping from a drop shipper side. The article carries out an analysis of drop shipping types, the most common e-commerce platforms and marketing tools to improve the running the business. This work compares advantages and disadvantages of drop shipping for both a seller and a buyer. Author's algorithm of drop shipping– steps of the drop shipping model functioning - is presented in the work as well as current statistics of the interrelation of the pandemic COVID-19 and a tremendous growth of e-commerce. It was defined that the sales amount among some product categories has soared several times as the pandemic started in the world. Clients preferred to purchase toiletries, medication, food, books, clothes and shoes in online stores. The results of the scientific study are analysis of the major indicators of the drop shipping market and forecast for the future rise in such purchases without a straight participation of producers. Due to the fact that this drop shipping innovative concept provides flexibility and time saving, the clients do not have to visit brick-and-stick stores. Which is attractive to clientele and used widely during the lockdown.