Impact Of Regulation Research Articles

A policy-oriented framework for social cost analysis of gambling: Evidence from the Czech Republic

This paper introduces a new framework for calculating the social costs of gambling, distinguishing between private costs, externalities, and public expenditures. By focusing only on externalities and public expenditures, which are relevant to policy-making, this approach aligns with economic theory and allows for a more targeted political response. The practical application of this framework is demonstrated by calculating the social cost of gambling in the Czech Republic in 2022 using the best available data. Our findings estimate private costs to be between CZK 91.1–102.3 billion (Lie/bet scale) or CZK 89.3–105.0 billion (PGSI scale), externalities between CZK 2.6–4.8 billion or CZK 2.2–5.3 billion, and public expenditures between CZK 5.6–8.0 billion or CZK 9.6–12.1 billion (exchange rate 1 EUR = 24.48 CZK). However, quality of the calculation is heavily dependent on the quality of data and in our case serves as a practical application of the new framework. Private costs thus make the most of the total costs, but the externalities and the public expenditures are not negligible. The framework’s novel approach addresses long-standing flaws in the traditional calculations of gambling’s social costs. It proposes a division of total impacts into three distinct categories, allowing for a methodological unification and introducing rationality to political decision-making concerning gambling. By isolating externalities, private and public expenditures, this paper pioneers a pragmatic economic approach to policy intervention aimed at mitigating the social harm of gambling not reflected in its market price. Future research should incorporate this framework into regulatory impact assessments for gambling policies, which could significantly improve their quality. The study’s main limitation is the lack of Czech-specific and overall better-fitted data, especially on the psychological effects of gambling. Future research should improve data collection and consider not only the costs but also benefits of gambling to help to produce more comprehensive policy assessments.

Heterogeneous Response of Tumor Cell Lines to Inhibition of Aspartate β-hydroxylase.

Background: Cancer development involves alterations in key cellular pathways, with aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) emerging as an important player in tumorigenesis. ASPH is upregulated in various cancer types, where it promotes cancer progression mainly by regulating the Notch1 and SRC pathways. Methods: This study explored the responses of various human cervical, pharyngeal, and breast tumor cell lines to second- and third-generation ASPH inhibitors (MO-I-1151 and MO-I-1182) using proliferation, migration, and invasion assays; western blotting; and cell cycle analysis. Results: ASPH inhibition significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and disrupted both the canonical and noncanonical Notch1 pathways. The noncanonical pathway was particularly mediated by AKT signaling. Cell cycle analysis revealed a marked reduction in cyclin D1 expression, further confirming the inhibitory effect of ASPH inhibitors on cell proliferation. Additional analysis revealed G0/G1 arrest and restricted progression into S phase, highlighting the regulatory impact of ASPH inhibitors on the cell cycle. Furthermore, ASPH inhibition induced distinctive alterations in nuclear morphology. The high heterogeneity in the responses of individual tumor cell lines to ASPH inhibitors, both quantitatively and qualitatively, underscores the complex network of mechanisms that are regulated by ASPH and influence the efficacy of ASPH inhibition. The effects of ASPH inhibitors on Notch1 pathway activity, cyclin D1 expression, and nuclear morphology contribute to the understanding of the multifaceted effects of these inhibitors on cancer cell behavior. Conclusion: This study not only suggests that ASPH inhibitors are effective against tumor cell progression, in part through the induction of cell cycle arrest, but also highlights the diverse and heterogeneous effects of these inhibitors on the behavior of tumor cells of different origins.

Elucidating the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs in drought stress response during seed germination in leaf mustard.

Leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss), an important vegetable crop, experiences pronounced adversity due to seasonal drought stress, particularly at the seed germination stage. Although there is partial comprehension of drought-responsive genes, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in adjusting mustard's drought stress response is largely unexplored. In this study, we showed that the drought-tolerant cultivar 'Weiliang' manifested a markedly lower base water potential (-1.073MPa vs -0.437 MPa) and higher germination percentage (41.2% vs 0%) than the drought-susceptible cultivar 'Shuidong' under drought conditions. High throughput RNA sequencing techniques revealed a significant repertoire of lncRNAs from both cultivars during germination under drought stress, resulting in the identification of 2,087 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and their correspondingly linked 12,433 target genes. It was noted that 84 genes targeted by DEL exhibited enrichment in the photosynthesis pathway. Gene network construction showed that MSTRG.150397, a regulatory lncRNA, was inferred to potentially modulate key photosynthetic genes (Psb27, PetC, PetH, and PsbW), whilst MSTRG.107159 was indicated as an inhibitory regulator of six drought-responsive PIP genes. Further, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) corroborated the involvement of light intensity and stress response genes targeted by the identified DELs. The precision and regulatory impact of lncRNA were verified through qPCR. This study extends our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms governing drought stress responses in mustard, which will help strategies to augment drought tolerance in this crop.

Editorial: Corporate law and governance — Globalised and interconnected

The first issue of the Corporate Law & Governance Review features 10 articles, presenting interesting findings and vigorous scholarly debate on a wide range of topics. The authors of the articles used various research methodologies, thus covering a wide range of topics such as agrarian reforms, property rights, public housing policies, accounting information systems, international trade agreements, artificial intelligence, corporate governance during COVID-19. pandemic, regulatory impact assessment, employee rights and international arbitration. At the same time, the articles focus on various jurisdictions around the world: from the Western Balkans to Iceland and from Thailand to Indonesia.

Качество закона: оценка регулирующего воздействия нормативного акта

In the article considers such a category as the assessment of the regulatory impact of the law, considers its goals and objectives when adopting a legislative act, as well as the specifics of its implementation in the Russian Federation.

STATE REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR (FOR EXAMPLE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SERVICES MARKET)

The purpose of the article is to systematize and generalize the features of state regulation of the market of electronic communication services under martial law. It is noted that the needs for regulation during the war may change depending on market conditions and the structure of the legal framework, shelling of critical infrastructure, cyber attacks, but the key components for effective regulation are the functional aspects of the regulatory body, its subordination, the analysis of the preventive and operational regulatory impact at decision-making, protection of the industry and protection of consumer rights, etc. The article presents the regulatory framework of the state regulation of the market of electronic communication services in modern and historical aspects. It was determined that the national regulator of the market of electronic communication services in Ukraine is the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the fields of electronic communications, radio frequency spectrum and the provision of postal services (NСEС), the main functions of the regulator are given. The main directions of state regulation of the market of electronic communication services in Ukraine are considered. It is substantiated that the trends towards liberalization in the field of electronic communications are related to global processes and opportunities that regulatory bodies face as services expand, platforms and network operators converge. It was noted that responding to market behavior and the growing need to ensure the safety of critical infrastructure and protect consumer rights determines the use of appropriate regulatory tools, the choice and adoption of which is complicated for the industry regulator in the modern convergent environment due to military actions. The corresponding institutional structure is described. It was concluded that the institutional structure in the field of electronic communications is complex, it includes relations of industry regulation between the state and international institutions, relations between the industry regulator and the antimonopoly authority, during the years of independence, the regulatory system in the field of electronic communications of Ukraine has gone through many stages and, accordingly the object of regulation changed (electrical communications, telecommunications, electronic communications). In conclusion, it is stated that a certain dualism of the need for state regulation can be traced due to the inefficient functioning of market mechanisms, which, in turn, is due to the lack of the necessary institutional structure that would fully satisfy the needs of the national economy in wartime. It is emphasized that usually the state regulation of electronic communications is aimed at ensuring a competitive market structure in order to achieve advantages from such a structure, from the point of view of the consumer, lower tariffs, better quality and an expanded range of services, and from the point of view of the state and business entities – to achieve maximum market growth with an increase in volume, lower costs, development of new services. However, in wartime, aspects of security, preservation of infrastructure and protection against cyberattacks come to the fore. It was concluded that in the field of electronic communications, in the presence of significant network effects, important areas of state regulation appear in wartime, which are related to standardization and compatibility, which shape the nature of innovation and price competition, as well as ensuring the stable functioning of networks after shelling of critical infrastructure. In the absence of compatibility of security and market aspects, the benefits for consumers and the provision of competition in the relevant market are reduced, as well as the fulfillment of social functions historically inherent in the communications industry is impossible.

Energy metabolism modulates the regulatory impact of activators on gene expression.

Gene expression is a regulated process fueled by ATP consumption. Therefore, regulation must be coupled to constraints imposed by the level of energy metabolism. Here, we explore this relationship both theoretically and experimentally. A stylized mathematical model predicts that activators of gene expression have variable impact depending on metabolic rate. Activators become less essential when metabolic rate is reduced and more essential when metabolic rate is enhanced. We find that, in the Drosophila eye, expression dynamics of the yan gene are less affected by loss of EGFR-mediated activation when metabolism is reduced, and the opposite effect is seen when metabolism is enhanced. The effects are also seen at the level of pattern regularity in the adult eye, where loss of EGFR-mediated activation is mitigated by lower metabolism. We propose that gene activation is tuned by energy metabolism to allow for faithful expression dynamics in the face of variable metabolic conditions.

Регуляторное воздействие на финансовый рынок в условиях санкций недружественных государств

The subject of the study is the trends in the development and regulation of the financial market of the Russian Federation in order to achieve national economic development goals under the sanctions of unfriendly states. The purpose of the work is to determine the theoretical and legal foundations of the regulatory impact of sanctions on the financial market based on a comprehensive analysis of the opinions of leading scientists and practitioners, representatives of the Russian judicial system, and the legal experience of other states, to analyze the most and least effective mechanisms for legal regulation of processes occurring in various sectors of the domestic financial market, to substantiate proposals for solving existing problems in the field of financial market regulation both at the national and international levels. The article defines the essence of international economic sanctions. The consequences of their introduction have been revealed. The ways of increasing the efficiency of digitalization of the financial market are substantiated. The most optimal way of forming the unified payment space of the EEC and the CIS has been determined as one of the directions for achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation in the field of digital transformation. Conclusions are drawn that at present there is a need to correct the current banking legislation, as well as to establish new areas of interaction with countries that continue mutually beneficial economic cooperation with the Russian Federation within the framework of interstate integration associations.

Improving the lawmaking activities of executive authorities

Lawmaking is the most important function of the executive authorities, through which their activity is manifested, aimed at the qualitative development of Kazakh society and the performance of all other functions of the state. The article examines the features of subordinate lawmaking, which are due to the multiplicity of the system of executive authorities. It is noted that the nature of subordination relations between them also affects the legal nature of the legal acts issued by them and the requirements imposed on them. The main goal of improving subordinate lawmaking is the creation and functioning of a unified, internally consistent, consistent system of legal norms. The main content of the article is to disclose the content of the concept of “legal monitoring” in relation to the law-making of executive authorities of different levels. The legal regulation of one of its most important tools, the analysis of regulatory impact, is critically investigated. The authors propose to introduce into the law-making terminology the categories “legal requirements for management acts” and “subjects of law formation” as components of the lawmaking process of executive authorities. This may become a new stage in the study of lawmaking processes, and also contributes to the emergence of new approaches to the study of the phenomenon of law education. The novelty of these approaches is due to the emergence of new regulatory instruments in the practice of domestic legal education that meet the needs of the lawmaking mechanism of modern Kazakhstan. This will allow us to reach a new level of lawmaking support for state policy, increase the level of legal culture and, in general,the rule of law.

Electroacupuncture improves cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting oxidative stress related hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis

BackgroundElectroacupuncture, recognized as a crucial non-pharmacological therapeutic approach, has demonstrated notable efficacy in enhancing cognitive function among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective properties of electroacupuncture in APP/PS1 mice with AD. MethodsA total of thirty APP/PS1 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: the Alzheimer's disease group (AD), the electroacupuncture treatment group (EA), and the ferroptosis inhibitor deferasirox treatment group (DFX). Additionally, ten C57BL/6 mice were included as a control group (Control). In the EA group, mice underwent flat needling at Baihui and Yintang, as well as point needling at Renzhong, once daily for 15 min each time. In the DFX group, mice received intraperitoneal injections of deferasirox at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day. Following the 28-day treatment period, behavioral evaluation, morphological observation of neurons, and detection of neuronal ferroptosis were conducted. ResultsThe electroacupuncture treatment demonstrated a significant improvement in spatial learning, memory ability, and neuronal damage in mice with AD. Analysis of neuronal ferroptosis markers indicated that electroacupuncture interventions reduced the elevated levels of malondialdehyde, iron, and ptgs2 expression, while also increasing superoxide dismutase activity, Ferroportin 1 and glutathione peroxidase 4 expression. Moreover, the regulatory impact of electroacupuncture on ferroptosis may be attributed to its ability to enhance the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. ConclusionsThis study suggested that electroacupuncture could inhibit the neuronal ferroptosis by activating the antioxidant function in neurons through p62/Keap1/Nrf2 signal pathway, thereby improve the cognitive function of AD mice by the neuronal protection effect.

Regulatory Impact of Competitions of Professional Skills in the Provision of Accommodation Services (Hotel Services) in Tourism

In the conditions of development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation, there is an increasing need for professional staff, including for the sphere of accommodation services (hotel services). In this regard, it is relevant to search for effective tools for the professional development of personnel, which include contests of professional excellence. The study studied the main goals and objectives of national and all-Russian professional competitions, assessed the regulatory impact of the regional competition «Irkutsk Hospitality» implemented in the Irkutsk region in the period 2012–2023. The increasing role of professional competitions held at the federal and regional level in the formation of competitive professionals (managers, mentors, receptionists (administrators), waiters, room service specialists (maids) and others), establishing a constructive dialog of parties interested in the development of accommodation services (hotel services), promotion of tourist areas. Recommendations aimed at strengthening the regulatory impact of regional competitions of professional excellence were developed, related to holding municipal stages of the competition in the territory of the Irkutsk region, expanding the number of participants and stakeholders, organizing the discussion of problematic issues within the framework of the competition (round tables, etc.), including the competition in the number of recognizable events in the region.

Altered Levels of Gene Expression of Drug Metabolism Enzymes in Rat Brain Following Kainic Acid Treatment.

Previous studies have shown that gene expressions can be regulated in the hippocampus of rats after seizures induced by kainic acid (KA). The aim of this study was to examine the potential regulatory impact of KA administration on gene expression levels of enzymes responsible for drug metabolism in rat hippocampal tissue. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of KA and saline at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Behavioral changes were observed in experimental animals following the administration of KA. Four hours after receiving treatments, all rats were decapitated, and the brains were removed. Hippocampal tissues were used for total RNA isolation, and cDNA synthesis was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gene expression levels of enzymes responsible for drug metabolism were determined by quantitative PCR using the RT2 Profiler PCR Array Rat Drug Metabolism PCR array system containing the relevant primers for a total of 84 genes. The gene expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes were quantified using the comparative Ct (2-ΔΔ(delta delta)Ct) method. The Student's t-test was used for data analysis. Our results indicate that KA treatment caused significant changes in the gene expression levels of metallothionein 3, glucose phosphate isomerase, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette protein C1, cytochrome P450 enzymes (Cyp2c6v1, Cyp3a23/3a1, Cyp2c7), glutathione peroxidase 1, 4, and 5, glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 and 2, paraoxonase 2, carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1, glutathione S-transferases (Gsta3, Gstm1, Gstm4), microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3, carboxylesterase 2C, fatty acid amide hydrolase, pyruvate kinase-muscle, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, apolipoprotein E, cytochrome b5 reductase 5, xanthine dehydrogenase, N-acetyltransferase 1, glucokinase regulator, hexokinase 2, myristoylated alanine rich protein kinase C substrate, and stannin in the hippocampus compared with the control (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, it can be said that the seizure activity triggered by KA has the potential to change the gene expression levels of the enzymes responsible for drug metabolism in the hippocampus of rats.

Tariff setting for solid waste management services in Kazakhstan: problems and ways to solve them

The improvement of the pricing mechanism in the field of solid household waste management (MSW) is due to the need to transition to a sustainable waste management system. The current state of affairs in the field of solid waste management is characterized by chronic underfunding. Regulatory documents on the current regulatory instruments in this area do not fully implement the regulatory impact on the financial provision of the sphere of solid waste management. In this regard, the problem of scientific research and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of the process of tariff formation for solid waste management services is extremely urgent. The article provides a critical analysis of the normative primary sources for calculating the tariff for solid waste management services and determining the norms for the formation and accumulation of municipal waste (CO). The results of experimental author's studies of calculating tariffs and determining norms in retrospect over recent years with the identification of local features in their dynamics are presented, recommendations are given to improve the organization of sample observations in determining norms, as well as determining the volume of waste exported. Based on the logic of the economic factor analysis of the regulatory model of tariff calculation, the problematic provisions of the current methodology for calculating the need for financial resources for the collection and transportation, sorting and disposal of solid waste, determining the annual tariff per unit of solid waste and determining the rate of formation and accumulation of CO, appropriate recommendations have been developed to eliminate the identified problems. The conclusions and recommendations of the study will be useful to state bodies, local representative and executive authorities, economic entities, experts interested in the development of the sphere of solid waste management.

Oat Peptides Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt-Induced Colitis by Maintaining the Intestinal Barrier and Modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 Axis.

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is progressively rising each year, emphasizing the significance of implementing rational dietary interventions for disease prevention. Oats, being a staple agricultural product, are abundant in protein content. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of oat peptides (OPs) in a mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) and a Caco-2 cell model. The findings demonstrated that intervention with OPs effectively mitigated the symptoms associated with DSS-induced colitis. The physicochemical characterization analysis demonstrated that the molecular weight of the OPs was predominantly below 5 kDa, with a predominant composition of 266 peptides. This study provides further evidence of the regulatory impact of OPs on the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling axis and elucidates the potential role of WGVGVRAERDA as the primary bioactive peptide responsible for the functional effects of OPs. Ultimately, the results of this investigation demonstrate that OPs effectively mitigate DSS-induced colitis by preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 axis. Consequently, these findings establish a theoretical foundation for the utilization of OPs as dietary supplements to prevent the onset of IBD.

Exploring the regulatory role of Linc00893 in asthenozoospermia: Insights into sperm motility and SSC viability.

The role of long intergenic noncoding RNA 00893 (Linc00893) in asthenozoospermia (AS) and its impact on sperm motility remains unclear The present study explored the effect of Linc00893 on AS, specifically its effect on sperm motility and its relationship with spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) vitality and myosin heavy chain9 (MYH9) protein expression. Linc00893 expression was analyzed in semen samples using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, revealing a significant downregulation in samples from individuals with AS compared with those from healthy subjects. This downregulation was found to be negatively correlated with parameters of sperm motility. To further understand the role of Linc00893, small interfering RNA was used to knockdown its expression in SSCs. This knockdown led to a marked decrease in cell vitality and an increase in apoptosis. Notably, Linc00893 knockdown was shown to inhibit MYH9 expression by competitively binding with microRNA‑107, a finding verified by dual‑luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, using the GSE160749 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, it was revealed that MYH9 protein expression was downregulated in AS samples. Subsequently, lentiviral vectors were constructed to induce overexpression of MYH9, which in turn reduced SSC apoptosis and counteracted the apoptosis triggered by Linc00893 knockdown. In conclusion, the present study identified the role of Linc00893 in AS, particularly its regulatory impact on sperm motility, SSC vitality and MYH9 expression. These findings may provide information on the potential regulatory mechanisms in AS development, and identify Linc00893 and MYH9 as possible targets for diagnosing and treating AS‑related disorders.

The epigenetic regulatory effect of histone acetylation and deacetylation on skeletal muscle metabolism-a review.

Skeletal muscles, the largest organ responsible for energy metabolism in most mammals, play a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis. Epigenetic modification, specifically histone acetylation, serves as a crucial regulatory mechanism influencing the physiological processes and metabolic patterns within skeletal muscle metabolism. The intricate process of histone acetylation modification involves coordinated control of histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase levels, dynamically modulating histone acetylation levels, and precisely regulating the expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle metabolism. Consequently, this comprehensive review aims to elucidate the epigenetic regulatory impact of histone acetylation modification on skeletal muscle metabolism, providing invaluable insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing epigenetic modifications in skeletal muscle metabolism.

Ginkgo biloba Extract Drives Gut Flora and Microbial Metabolism Variation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that medications that regulate the "brain-gut" axis can ameliorate disease symptoms of AD. Studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is involved in intestinal metabolism to meet the goal of illness treatment. EGb is currently utilized extensively in the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the regulatory effect of EGb on intestinal flora and its metabolites in AD pathology remains largely speculative. In this study, the Morris water maze test showed a significant improvement of spatial memory in the AD mouse model (APP/PS1 mice) after EGb treatment. We next confirmed the positive effects of EGb on the gut flora and metabolites of APP/PS1 mice and further showed that EGb treatment reshaped the disturbed gut microbiome, in particular by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio and increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Uroviricota, Streptophyta, and Spirochaetes. Meanwhile, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that EGb treatment significantly reversed the dysfunction of the microbial metabolic phenotype by altering Limosilactobacillus and Parvibacte, with 300 differential metabolites modulated (131 up-regulated, 169 down-regulated). Our findings highlight the significant regulatory impact of EGb on intestinal microflora and microbial metabolism in AD mice models and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

Stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles embedded into methacrylated hyaluronic acid wound dressings accelerate wound repair in a pressure model of diabetic ulcer

Over the past years, the development of innovative smart wound dressings is revolutionizing wound care management and research. Specifically, in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted patches may enable personalized medicine therapies. In the present work, a methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) bioink is employed to manufacture 3D printed patches to deliver small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) obtained from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-sEVs). The production of sEVs is maximized culturing MSCs in bioreactor. A series of in vitro analyses are carried out to demonstrate the influence of MSC-sEVs on functions of dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells, which are the primary functional cells in skin repair process. Results demonstrate that both cell populations are able to internalize MSC-sEVs and that the exposure to sEVs stimulates proliferation and migration. In vivo experiments in a well-established diabetic mouse model of pressure ulcer confirm the regenerative properties of MSC-sEVs. The MeHA patch enhances the effectiveness of sEVs by enabling controlled release of MSC-sEVs over 7 days, which improve wound epithelialization, angiogenesis and innervation. The overall findings highlight that MSC-sEVs loading in 3D printed biomaterials represents a powerful technique, which can improve the translational potential of parental stem cell in terms of regulatory and economic impact.

Picroside III Ameliorates Colitis in Mice: A Study Based on Colon Transcriptome and Fecal 16S Amplicon Profiling.

Picroside III (Pic), an iridoid glycoside derived from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora, exhibits therapeutic potential in mending damage to the intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to explore Pic's regulatory impact on intestinal inflammation and the gut microbiota in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The findings revealed that pretreatment with Pic mitigated the DSS-induced escalation of the disease activity index (DAI), alleviated intestinal damage, and attenuated intestinal inflammation in mice. RNA-seq analysis, complemented by experimental validation, elucidated that Pic significantly hindered Akt phosphorylation in the colon tissues of colitis-afflicted mice. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that Pic pretreatment effectively rectified microbial dysbiosis in colitis mice by elevating the abundance of Lactobacillus murinus and Lactobacillus gasseri. These observations suggest that Pic's efficacy in colitis treatment stems from its inhibition of intestinal inflammation via the suppression of the PI3K-Akt pathway and modulation of gut microbiota. This study contributes novel scientific insights into the potential application of Pic in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Biodiversity management policy in indonesia

The study examines policies for managing biodiversity in Indonesia from 1990-2020. The study uses evaluation research, especially regulatory impact analysis (RIA), with a qualitative approach. The objects of this research are ten regulatory documents in the form of laws that have received stipulations and various relevant national government commitment actions. The analysis process uses the RIA technique, which includes analysis of strategic problems in biodiversity management and regulatory analysis through the comparison of policy content with issues of public interest, including climate change mitigation, welfare, empowerment, intergovernmental relations, and others. The results: 1) The issue of damage and reduction of biodiversity in Indonesia is high; 2) The government’s partiality through laws reflects limited focus and required actions, minimal regulation of responsibilities across sectors and between institutions (government and non-government), weak sanctions; 3) The law has not placed the community/stakeholders outside the government as subjects in biodiversity management, the government still dominates it. The study contributes to improving the quality of regulations. Public costs can be minimized in the context of policy revisions; on the content side of regulatory revisions, it can suppress lost resources, protect the environment from damage, and mitigate climate change.