Impact Of Different Strategies Research Articles

Evaluation of pollution reduction scenarios in a river basin: application of long term water quality simulations

Because of stricter environmental regulations for surface water quality in Flanders, large efforts are made for the construction of sewers and water treatment plants. The present methodology to determine the necessary pollutant load reductions is based on the combination of simple mass balances, the 90-percentile discharge and neglects the self-purification capacity of the surface water. This method is very easy to apply but offers little guarantee that the goals set will be met. A sustainable river basin management requires a methodology to evaluate different options in pollution abatement strategies. Only by this, the available resources can be applied in the most advantageous, sustainable way. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to evaluate water quality based on dynamic modelling. This methodology is illustrated by means of a case study on the river Dender. Continuous and simultaneous measurements uin 3 places along the river were used to calibrate and validate the model. Continuous simulations over a period of four years guarantee that, in contrast with traditional event type simulations, most discharge and hydrometeorologic conditions are taken into account. Attention was given to the occurrence of extreme events. These events will determine the global ecological condition of the river. CDF-curves (Concentrated-Duration-Frequency) make it possible to gain insight in the duration and the frequency of occurrence of events with inadmissible concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia. Besides simulations taking into account the present loads, different pollutant abatement strategies were analysed and compared. The applied methodology offers the possibility to evaluate the impact of different strategies and to locate present and future problems.

Evaluation of pollution reduction scenarios in a river basin: Application of long term water quality simulations

Because of stricter environmental regulations for surface water quality in Flanders, large efforts are made for the construction of sewers and water treatment plants. The present methodology to determine the necessary pollutant load reductions is based on the combination of simple mass balances, the 90-percentile discharge and neglects the self-purification capacity of the surface water. This method is very easy to apply but offers little guarantee that the goals set will be met. A sustainable river basin management requires a methodology to evaluate different options in pollution abatement strategies. Only by this, the available resources can be applied in the most advantageous, sustainable way. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to evaluate water quality based on dynamic modelling. This methodology is illustrated by means of a case study on the river Dender. Continuous and simultaneous measurements uin 3 places along the river were used to calibrate and validate the model. Continuous simulations over a period of four years guarantee that, in contrast with traditional event type simulations, most discharge and hydrometeorologic conditions are taken into account. Attention was given to the occurrence of extreme events. These events will determine the global ecological condition of the river. CDF-curves (Concentrated-Duration-Frequency) make it possible to gain insight in the duration and the frequency of occurrence of events with inadmissible concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia. Besides simulations taking into account the present loads, different pollutant abatement strategies were analysed and compared. The applied methodology offers the possibility to evaluate the impact of different strategies and to locate present and future problems.

Mothers' knowledge about progressions in early play and language: interrelations and short-term reliability

Parent-infant bonding during the postpartum period allows babies to start establishing a relationship with their parents from birth, and it also plays an important role in child development. As the failure to building a close and positive bond is typically associated with poorer neuropsychological, behavioural, emotional, and social development from infancy to adulthood, early interventions that support parent-infant bonding seem particularly important. This review aims to determine and describe the effectiveness of interventions addressing parent-infant bonding during the postpartum period. Papers that were published between 2007 and 2017, written in English, and focused on an intervention aimed at improving postpartum parent-infant bonding were identified and assessed, concerning their eligibility for inclusion; thirteen such interventions met inclusion criteria and analysed. These studies addressed parent-infant bonding interventions, both in normative and at-risk situations, relative to both parents and their babies, and evaluated the impact of different strategies, such as educational and behavioural programs, psychosocial interventions, programs providing instruction in specific techniques, and interventions based on neurostimulation techniques. The heterogeneous methodologies employed by the various studies failed to enable us to pursue deep comparative analyses across our findings; this reflects a limitation that must be considered in further research aimed at implementing and evaluating future interventions.

The immunization of children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The impact of different strategies

The immunization of children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The impact of different strategies

A dynamic approach to the analysis of strategic alliances

The increasing trend in strategic alliance formation between major firms around the world, has prompted researchers from various disciplines to look at this phenomenon in great detail. In this paper, we review alternate approaches in the literature in this area. We then propose a non-linear dynamic approach to study the formation of competitive strategic alliances and contrast it with the traditional game-theoretic approach. The pros and cons of these two approaches are discussed with reference to a competitive alliance scenario. Dynamic models have significant managerial implications as they enable us to investigate ‘if-then’ type scenarios and project the impact of different strategies.

Impact of Different Strategies and Amounts of Preferential Treatment on Various Methods of Bull-Dam Selection

Three records of milk yield, fat yield, and type were simulated for each cow in 20 herds of 200 cows over 13 yr. Preferential treatment or bias was simulated by increasing milk and fat yields by an average of 0, 16, and 32% for separate copies of the simulation. The bias was given to a limited number of cows from the original herds based on four strategies.Five methods of bull-dam selection that used an index with a 2:2:1 ratio of milk to fat to type to select the top 2% of cows were compared: ETA using first lactation, using all lactations, after phenotypic minima were required, after preselection on three-generation pedigree index, and on pedigree index alone.Selection on ETA for first or all lactations gave the highest average of true breeding values at 0 and 16% for all strategies studied. In general, selection on pedigree index alone or after phenotypic minima were required gave poor results and should not be considered to be viable.Preselection of bull-dams on pedigree index proved to be extremely useful for biased and unbiased data. The optimal policy was to preselect the top 12% of the population before reranking and selecting on ETA for all lactations.

Anesthesia, the brain, and cardiopulmonary bypass

The etiology and incidence of neurologic injury occurring after cardiac operations employing cardiopulmonary bypass is reviewed. Results of studies demonstrating the role of microemboli generated by pump oxygenators, and evidence for the efficacy of arterial line filtration to decrease delivery of emboli into the cerebral circulation and to decrease postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction, are similarly reviewed. The impact of different strategies for management of pH during moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral blood flow and coupling of cerebral flow and metabolism, as well as their impact on the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, are also discussed, along with the results of studies examining the efficacy of various agents including thiopental, nimodipine, and nafamostat to decrease cognitive dysfunction subsequent to bypass.

Negotiation Strategies and the Nature of Channel Relationships

In recent years, retailers have placed greater emphasis on developing long-term relationships to obtain sustainable benefits on issues such as product quality, price, and markdown allowances. The author examines the impact of situational factors such as the time orientation of a relationship and the importance of the issues to be resolved on the use of various negotiation strategies (problem solving, compromise, and aggressive) in channel relationships. He also investigates the impact of different strategies on channel member outcomes and satisfaction. The data used to test the model were obtained in a mail survey of 124 retail buyers in six regional department store chains. The study results indicate that when retailers are long-term oriented, problem-solving and passive aggressive strategies are used for resolving conflicts on major issues. The use of problem-solving strategy to resolve major conflicts resulted in higher outcomes and greater satisfaction than either compromise or aggressive strategies. The findings also provide insights on the use of various negotiation strategies by retailers to resolve conflicts on important and relatively unimportant issues.

Occupational accidents and alcohol consumption in Spain.

The real impact that alcohol consumption has on occupational accidents is unknown. We estimate the percentage of occupational accidents related to the regular consumption of alcohol in the population through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Spanish National Health Survey data were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and prevalence of alcohol consumption. The study restricted the selection of individuals by age and sex, using only interviews of men aged between 16 and 64 years. The results obtained show that approximately 17% of all occupational accidents can be attributable to alcohol consumption; 19% aged 16-24 years, 21% in those aged 25-44, and 9% in those aged 45-64. Although this methodology has some limitations, the advantages of this kind of study are important in public health because the magnitude of the problem, the potential impact of different strategies and the population groups most susceptible to intervention are addressed.

Impact of the potential use of bovine somatotropin on the efficiency of a conventional dairy cattle breeding scheme

A simulation study was conducted to assess the impact of different strategies of allocation of bovine somatotropin (BST) to dairy cows on the genetic gain in a conventional breeding scheme. Four main alternatives were considered, random allocation, treatment restricted to certain herds or offspring groups and treatment correlated to the phenotypic performance. Simulated data were analyzed accounting for complete or incomplete information on treatment. In a majority of scenarios investigated, the accuracy of sire and dam evaluation as well as the genetic progress are not detrimentally affected. If not all information on treatment is available or only the phenotypically best cows are treated, it might be advantageous not to account for treatment in the analysis. A problem is seen with respect to bulldam selection, as treated cows frequently are over-represented in the selected group of bulldams and treating cows in order to “produce” bulldams is shown to affect the genetic gain considerably. This might be solved by a transfer of bulldam selection into nucleus breeding stocks.

Profitable Small Business Strategies under Different Types of Competition

This study empirically examines the profit impact of different strategies under four different types of competition: 1. Low-intensity price and promotion competition; 2. Price competition; 3. Promotion competition; and 4. High-intensity price and promotion competition. The study finds that broad product scope is a key determinant of a firm's profitability in low-intensity price and promotion competition, price competition, and high-intensity price and promotion competition. However, under promotion competition, quality-image orientation was the most profitable strategy.