Impact Of Cyclones Research Articles

A CONTEMPORARY STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE: A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The geographical location of the Sundarban Tiger Reserve lies between 88° 10̍ E to 89° 51̍ E and 21° 31̍ N to 22° 30̍ N, covering the major portions of the North and South 24 Parganas district of the state West Bengal. The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world and a UNESCO world heritage site known for its pristine natural forest and the associated cultural heritage. The reserve is abode to numerous flora and fauna including the apex species Royal Bengal Tiger and three other lesser cats. Moreover, it acts as the natural barrier to the various cyclones and storm surges that arise due to various weather phenomena in the Bay of Bengal. As a result of Global Warming and the resultant Climate change the frequency of such events are increasing more than any other part in the world. In recent times ground truthing of GIS data indicated that some of the areas are getting submerged into the tidal water courses due to sea level rise. Moreover increasing frequency and the impact of cyclones, rill and gully erosion, and severe landslides which are the integral parts of an active delta formation have accelerated the dynamism. It is important to note that, new land formation and frequent landslides in the riparian area may compensate for each other on a larger scale but it is difficult to modulate the impacts on the overall wildlife and the ecosystem in a specific area. To understand the past dynamics of the ecosystem and ascertaining the future of the landscape under the ensuing climatic scenario and the interventions required in the wildlife management of the reserve is discussed in the paper. KEYWORDS: Sundarban Tiger Reserve, UNESCO, global warming, sea level rise, erosion, wildlife, elevation.

Change in Population Exposure to Future Tropical Cyclones in Northwest Pacific

The impact of tropical cyclones is expected to worsen with continued global warming and socioeconomic development. Quantifying population exposure to strong winds and heavy rainfall induced by tropical cyclones is a core element of tropical cyclone population risk assessment. Based on the demographic dataset of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and future tropical cyclone data, we first calculate and analyze the changes in impact frequency and population exposure to four tropical cyclone scenarios in the Northwest Pacific over the period 2015–2050. Then, we quantitatively assess the contribution rates of climate change, population change, and their joint change to population exposure change. The results show that East China, South China, and Southeast China are the areas with high exposure change. Additionally, most of the high exposure changes (absolute changes over 400,000 people) are significant, and primarily influenced by the changes in local population growth. Overall, exposure change in the Northwest Pacific is mainly influenced by climate change, followed by population change and joint change.

Thermodynamical and Dynamical Impacts of an Intense Cyclone on Arctic Sea Ice

AbstractThis study investigates the thermodynamical and dynamical influences of the intense cyclone in the Arctic Ocean in August 2012 on the synoptic‐scale sea ice evolution, using the Arctic Ice Ocean Prediction System (ArcIOPS). As it is hard to fully isolate sea ice loss owing to extreme cyclone from that owing to background atmospheric state in most previous studies on this topic, this study introduces a newly developed algorithm to remove the cyclone component in atmospheric forcing, and conducts sea ice and heat budget analyses in two simulations driven by atmospheric forcing with and without the cyclone. Strong impact of the intense cyclone on sea ice locates on the east side of the cyclone's path, that is, Pacific Arctic for this case. The cyclone affects sea ice in two ways. First, cyclone‐induced enhancement in ice‐ocean interaction leads to increased sea ice basal melt in the Pacific Arctic and part of the Atlantic Arctic, which induces strong sea ice area and volume loss when the cyclone's intensity peaks. Second, as the cyclone strengthens, the increases in air temperature, humidity and wind speed accelerate turbulent heat exchange at the air‐ocean and air‐ice interfaces, leading to enhanced local sea ice surface melt in the Chukchi Sea and northern Beaufort Sea. The cyclone‐induced strong winds stir sea ice leading to enhanced gradients in sea ice velocity field and thus increased sea ice deformation, which further induces strong sea ice area loss. This study also demonstrates a precise atmospheric forcing field is essential for sea ice modeling.

New Insights Into Cyclone Impacts on Sea Ice in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean in Winter

AbstractBased on the ERA5 reanalysis, we report on statistically significant impacts of transient cyclones on sea ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter under “New Arctic” conditions (2000–2020). This includes a pattern of reduced SIC prior to and during cyclones for the whole study domain, while a regional difference between increased SIC in the Barents Sea and reduced SIC in the Greenland Sea is found as the net effect from 3 days prior to 5 days after the cyclone passage. Generally, locally low to medium SIC conditions combined with intense cyclones drive highest SIC changes. There are indications that both thermodynamic and dynamic effects contribute to the SIC changes, but a detailed quantification is required in future research. We provide evidence that cyclone impacts on SIC have amplified compared to the “Old Arctic” (1979–1999), particularly in the Barents Sea.

Ionospheric response during Tropical Cyclones - A Brief Review on Amphan and Nisarga

Here, we explore the different characteristics of a possible coupling between tropospheric and ionospheric activities during the impact of tropical cyclones (TC) like Amphan and Nisarga in the Indian subcontinent. We have analyzed the effect of TCs Amphan and Nisarga on the low latitude ionosphere using the measurements from several IGS stations around India and a GPS + NavIC station in Indore, India. For the first time, this study assesses the impact of tropical cyclones on the equatorial ionosphere using both GPS and NavIC. After the landfall of TC Amphan, the VTEC analysis shows a significant drop from nominal values in both NavIC as well in GPS by 5.1 TECU and 3.6 TECU, respectively. In contrast to TC Amphan, Nisarga showed a rise in VTEC which ranged from 0.9 TECU in GPS to 1.7 - 5 TECU in NavIC satellites except for PRN6. The paper examines Outgoing Longwave Radiation as a proxy to the convective activity which may be responsible for the ionospheric variation through the generation of gravity waves. In addition, the horizontal neutral wind observations at the location of TC landfall confirm the presence of ionospheric disturbances. VTEC perturbation analysis using a band-pass filter reveals a variation in differential TEC values between ±0.4 and ±0.8 based on the IGS station measurements. This indicates that the gravity wave is one of the responsible mechanisms for the lower–upper atmospheric coupling during both cyclones.

Investigation of Waves Generated by Tropical Cyclone Kyarr in the Arabian Sea: An Application of ERA5 Reanalysis Wind Data

In this study, the wave conditions in the Arabian Sea induced by tropical cyclone Kyarr (2019) have been simulated by employing the 3rd generation wave model MIKE 21 SW. The model was run from 24 October to 1 November 2019, a total of 8 days. The MIKE 21 SW model was forced by reanalyzed ERA5 wind data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The results are compared with buoy data from the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), which is located at 67.44° E, 18.50° N. In addition, the satellite altimeter data (CryoSat-2, SARAL and Jason-3 satellite altimeter data) was utilized for validation. Three wave parameters are considered for the validation: the significant wave height; the peak wave period; and the mean wave direction. The validation results showed that the significant wave height, the peak wave period, and the mean wave direction could be reasonably predicted by the model with reanalysis wind data as input. The maximum significant wave height reached to 10.7 m (with an associated peak wave period of 12.5 s) on 28 October 2019 at 23:00:00 in the middle of the Arabian Sea. For coastal areas, the significant wave height along the Iran and Pakistan (north Arabian Sea) coasts increased to a range of 1.4–2.8 m when tropical cyclone Kyarr moved northward. This wave height along with elevated sea level may cause severe coastal erosion and nearshore inland flooding. Impacts of cyclones on coastal zones critical facilities and infrastructure can be reduced by timely and suitable action before the event, so coastal managers should understand the effect of cyclones and their destructive consequences. The validated model developed in this study may be utilized as input data of evaluating the risk to life and infrastructure in this area.

Impacts of tropical cyclones on summertime short-duration precipitation extremes over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley

This study investigated variations in summertime short-duration precipitation extremes over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYRV) and the possible impacts of tropical cyclones (TC) on these changes over the 1961–2016 period. Three short-duration precipitation types, including all events and the events in the 75th and 95th percentiles, are defined. At the 75th percentile, both the amount and number of TC-induced extreme short-duration rainfall events exhibit slightly declining trends, and the trends are not pronounced for the 95th-percentile cases. The number and amount of TC-induced 95th-percentile events are approximately one order of magnitude larger than those of the 75th-percentile cases, indicating that TCs play a more significant role on the upper tail of the rainfall distribution over the MLYRV in summer than on the rest of the precipitation distribution. A large number of the defined non-TC precipitation events are mainly distributed over the central-south MLYRV and southeastern regions. The spatial patterns of TC-induced rainfall resemble the contributions of TC-induced precipitation events to the total summer rainfall, with large values located in southeastern regions of the MLYRV. The spatial distribution of 95th-percentile events is principally attributed to the frequency of TC activities and to the TC tracks. Most of the TCs that trigger 95th-percentile events make landfall over the southeast MLYRV, and the corresponding large frequency of TC tracks is mainly situated over the ocean to the east of Taiwan. Both environmental factors and atmospheric circulations modulate the variations in extreme short-duration rainfall events. In particular, equatorward displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high impacts TC track density, resulting in more occurrences of precipitation extremes in 95th-percentile events over the MLYRV.

The hydrological impact of tropical cyclones on soil moisture using a sensor based hybrid deep learning model

The hydrological impact of tropical cyclones on soil moisture using a sensor based hybrid deep learning model

Impacts of tropical cyclones and anthropogenic activities on marine vanadium: A unique perspective from high resolution Porites coral record

As a typical contaminant in fossil fuels, vanadium has undergone dramatically increase due to the impacts from human activities. The excessive anthropogenic vanadium emissions have altered natural geochemical processes. However, research on vanadium geochemistry in the ocean, which is the major sink for vanadium mobilized on land, has lagged much behind relative to those of other contaminants. Here we reconstruct historical patterns of vanadium in surface seawater utilizing a high-resolution temporal record (1984–2015 CE) of geochemical proxies (vanadium/calcium (V/Ca), δ18O, δ13C, etc.) in a Porites coral colony from an offshore non-estuarine island in the northern South China Sea (SCS). We find a close association between the surface winds and the temporal patterns of coral V/Ca ratios, revealing great potential for documenting prehistoric changes in tropical cyclones. Moreover, the coral V/Ca record remarkably captured the temporal patterns of anthropogenic activities, offering a valuable and novel tool for testing the efficacy of specific legislation on pollution prevention. Combined with the other reported coral vanadium data, we recovered the historical changes in vanadium emissions in the northern SCS and identified that changing industrial practices should be responsible for the differences in anthropogenic vanadium emissions at each stage. Our results demonstrated that the coral V/Ca ratio at a high temporal resolution has great potential as a new and direct geochemical proxy for tropical cyclones after removing artificial disturbances in the ocean.

The impact of cyclones on local economic growth: Evidence from local projections

We shed new light on the short-term dynamic effects of cyclones on local economic growth in India. We proxy local GDP growth with night-time light intensity data and construct a cyclone index that varies across months and districts depending on wind speed exposures. Using local projections on highly granular data for the period 1993M1-2011M12, we find that yearly estimations hide large short-term differential impacts and that the negative impact of cyclones is the largest between 4 and 8 months after the event. • We study the short-term dynamic effect of storms on local economic growth in India. • We proxy economic growth with the district-level growth of night-light intensity. • We use wind-based exposure to storms and local projections over 1993M1-2011M12. • Yearly estimations hide large short-term differential impacts. • We find the largest negative effect between 4 and 8 months after the cyclone.

Quantifying Aggravated Threats to Stormwater Management Ponds by Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge and Inundation under Climate Change Scenarios

Stormwater management ponds (SMPs) protect coastal communities from flooding caused by heavy rainfall and runoff. If the SMPs are submerged under seawater during a tropical cyclone (TC) and its storm surge, their function will be compromised. Under climate change scenarios, this threat is exacerbated by sea level rise (SLR) and more extreme tropical cyclones. This study quantifies the impact of tropical cyclones and their storm surge and inundation on South Carolina SMPs under various SLR scenarios. A coupled hydrodynamic model calculates storm surge heights and their return periods using historical tropical cyclones. The surge decay coefficient method is used to calculate inundation areas caused by different return period storm surges under various SLR scenarios. According to the findings, stormwater management ponds will be aggravated by sea level rise and extreme storm surge. In South Carolina, the number of SMPs at risk of being inundated by tides and storm surges increases almost linearly with SLR, by 10 SMPs for every inch of SLR for TC storm surges with all return periods. Long Bay, Charleston, and Beaufort were identified as high-risk coastal areas. The findings of this study indicate where current SMPs need to be redesigned and where more SMPs are required. The modeling and analysis system used in this study can be employed to evaluate the effects of SLR and other types of climate change on SMP facilities in other regions.

Exploring the Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Oman’s Maritime Cultural Heritage Through the Lens of Al-Baleed, Salalah (Dhofar Governorate)

Tropical cyclones are among the most detrimental hazards to the environment, societies, and economies, each year affecting millions of people and resulting in substantial casualties and material destructions in coastal communities. In this context, maritime cultural heritage, encompassing material evidence for the engagement of people with the sea, both on land and under water, is particularly vulnerable. Despite the significant number of archaeological sites exposed to tropical cyclones and other extreme sea-level events, maritime cultural heritage in the MENA region is rarely included in coastal vulnerability indices or incorporated in mitigation strategies, disaster management, sustainability, and resilience policies. In this study we examine the impact of tropical cyclones on the maritime archaeology of Oman with emphasis on the Dhofar region. This paper builds on existing coastal research in the Dhofar region—an area identified as the most cyclone-prone administrative region in Oman, but also an area that contains substantial archaeological remains. Central among Dhofar’s maritime cultural heritage is Al-Baleed, a Medieval seaport with unparalleled evidence of engagement with international trade networks.

Analysis of Flood Discharge due to Impact of Tropical Cyclone

Tropical Cyclone Seroja, which occurred between April 2 to 6, 2021, is one of the strongest storms ever in East Nusa Tenggara. The track results of the cyclone showed that Seroja, formed at coordinates 10.5° S and 123° E, moved towards west longitude to Sumba Island and continued towards Australia. Moreover, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) output was used to analyze the rainfall conditions at the center of the Seroja cyclone through the Kambaniru watershed in East Sumba, and the results showed that the precipitation continued to increase during Seroja's development to reach 225 mm. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the rainfall during the storm on the maximum runoff experienced in the Kambaniru watershed through the application of quantitative analysis on the rainfall data from GPM data. The process involved analyzing the flood discharge using the HSS-SCS Curve Number method and GPM data, which were initially used to evaluate the rainfall during the TC Seroja due to limited field data. The results showed that the CN value in the Kambaniru watershed was in the AMC III condition with a curve number of 88.90 and the maximum flood during the Seroja storm was recorded to be 2,987 m3/s which is higher than the flood discharge for the 500 year return period. It was also discovered that the narrowing of the river channel on the Kambaniru Bridge section contributed to the collapse of the bridge. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-09-01 Full Text: PDF

Tropical Cyclone Wind Field Reconstruction and Validation Using Measurements from SFMR and SMAP Radiometer

Accurate information on tropical cyclone position, intensity, and structure is critical for storm surge prediction. Atmospheric reanalysis datasets can provide gridded, full coverage, long-term and multi-parameter atmospheric fields for the research on the impact of tropical cyclones on the upper ocean, which effectively makes up for the uneven temporal and spatial distribution of satellite remote sensing and in situ data. However, the reanalysis data cannot accurately describe characteristic parameters of tropical cyclones, especially in high wind conditions. In this paper, the performance of the tropical cyclone representation in ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5th Generation) is investigated and analyzed with respect to IBTrACS (International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship) during the period 2018–2020. Comparisons demonstrate that ERA5 winds significantly underestimate the maximum wind speed during the tropical cyclones (>30 m/s) compared to those provided by IBTrACS. An effective wind reconstruction method is examined to enhance tropical cyclone intensity representation in reanalysis data in 94 cases of 31 tropical cyclones 2018–2020. The reconstructed wind speeds are in good agreement with the SFMR (Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer) measured data and SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) L-band radiometer remotely sensed measurements. The proposed wind reconstruction method can effectively improve the accuracy of the tropical cyclone representation in ERA5, and will benefit from the establishment of remote sensing satellite retrieval model and the forcing fields of the ocean model.

The effects of tropical cyclones on characteristics of barrier layer thickness

The impact of tropical cyclones on the characteristics of barrier layer (BL) thickness is investigated in this study in combination with observations and numerical simulations. Statistical results based on Simple Ocean Data Assimilation reanalysis (SODA) data and Argo float measurements reveal a significant effect of TCs on the BL characteristics. The BL thickness increases remarkably with the TC approaching, reaches its maximum 1–5 days after the TC passage, and recovers to its pre-storm state within 30 days on average. The peak increase in BL thickness is slightly rightward biased relative to the TC track, reaching ∼1.31 m (26.93%) relative to the pre-storm state as revealed by SODA data. The changes in BL thickness show a strong correlation with TC characteristics in terms of intensity and translation speed, tending to be more significant with more intense or slower-moving TCs. The thickening of the isothermal layer on the right of TC tracks and shallowing of the mixed layer act together to determine the BL development. The three-dimensional Price–Weller–Pinkel (3DPWP) ocean model is applied to explore the influence of precipitation on BL thickness. The results show that the precipitation tends to decrease the mixed layer depth while the vertical mixing of TCs deepens the isothermal layer depth, both of which act together to increase the BL thickness.

Evolving models of disaster management

The impact of a disaster is experienced differently by different sections of the populations based on various parameters including their social, economic and demographic backgrounds. Women play a crucial role in the rural areas in disaster management. The study aims at understanding the psycho-social impact and the reality responses of women for the mitigation of the disaster. Social vulnerability factors play a significant role on the psycho social impact of cyclones among rural women. Community-Based Participatory Research through Social Mapping Functional Mapping, Case Studies and Focused Group discussions with also a Self-prepared interview schedule was employed to the present study to assess the psycho social impact of disasters (cyclone) among women. Thus, the present study has provided an understanding the psycho-social impact of the sudden disaster and the problems faced by the women in rural areas and also develop insight on the reality perspectives of disaster management among rural women and to provide suggestions for the same. Gaja hit very severely in the delta regions of Thiruvarur research areas constitute the five villages of Thiruthuraipoondi Block of Thiruvarur district in Tamil Nādu severely hit by Gaja cyclone.

Co‐Occurrence of Surface O3, PM2.5 Pollution, and Tropical Cyclones in China

AbstractExtreme weather events are on the rise against the backdrop of climate change. Impact of tropical cyclone (TC) system, one of the extreme weather events, on air pollution remain poorly understood. A total of 103 recorded TCs (tropical storms and stronger) together with the surface air quality data collected from over 2000 observational sites in mainland China in 2014–2020 were utilized to examine the co‐occurrence of TC with continental ozone (O3) and fine particulate matters (PM2.5) pollution. TCs exhibit cleaning effects on PM2.5 within its coverage (typically ∼650 km), but enhance the co‐occurrence of O3 and PM2.5 in an extended region. The co‐occurrence frequencies are greater than 30% for any two co‐occurring events, and ∼8% for TC + PM2.5 + O3. We observed superregional trans‐boundary transportation of air pollutants driven by TC, led to ubiquitous spatial offsets and temporal lags of O3, PM2.5 pollution and TC, which are often inconsistent with traditional mechanisms such as accelerated chemical reactions for O3 formation. O3 pollution tends to occur 1∼2 days after PM2.5 pollution moved west. In contrast, PM2.5 pollution usually occur 4–12 hr following O3 pollution within a day over most regions except the southeast of China. Such spatial and temporal offsets vary with the paths of TCs. Composite analysis shows that temperature, wind field and large pressure systems are the key factors for air pollution formation and transportation over TC periphery. Our results have implications for understanding the interactions between TCs and air pollution, particularly for coastal areas where there are recurring TCs.

Tropical Cyclone Disturbances Induce Contrasting Impacts on Forest Structure, Plant Composition, and Soil Properties in Temperate Broadleaf and Coniferous Forests

Knowledge of forest recovery processes after severe disturbances, such as tropical cyclones, is essential for understanding the mechanisms maintaining forest diversity and ecosystem functioning. However, studies examining the impact of tropical cyclones on forest dynamics are still rare, especially in Northeast Asia. Here, we explore the complex responses of vegetation and soil chemistry to severe tropical cyclone disturbances in Hallasan National Park in South Korea. Vegetation and soil were examined five years before and five years after passages of tropical cyclones in 2012 in natural broadleaf and coniferous forests along an elevation gradient from 950 to 1770 m a.s.l., including the largest population of endemic Abies koreana. Tropical cyclones caused abundant tree mortality, resulting in a 46% decrease in stem basal area. Tropical cyclone disturbances triggered the spread of pioneer trees and shrubs and intense clonal propagation of graminoids, including dwarf bamboo, resulting in less diverse understory vegetation, especially in coniferous forests. In contrast, broadleaf forests at lower elevations experienced only minor disturbance. Opening of canopies after tropical cyclone disturbance led to the decrease in soil cations and doubling of available soil phosphorus stock, which likely contributed to the increased coverage of clonal graminoids, especially in coniferous forests (from 36 to 66%). Hence, increased competition of graminoids and reduction in seed fall and seedling recruitment prevented A. koreana regeneration. The subalpine forest dominated by A. koreana is forecasted to gradual loss due to the fact of temperature increases, intensified tropical cyclones and, particularly, due to the altered competition between dwarf bamboo and fir seedlings.

Variations in the Suspended Sediment Concentration in Mountain-Type Rivers Flowing Into the Sea in the Past 60 years—Taking Nanliu River in Beibu Gulf as an Example

Suspended sediment in the water body of rivers flowing into the sea is of great significance to the accumulation process in river basins and change pattern of landforms. In particular, small and medium rivers entering the sea in mountainous areas exhibit the characteristics of both mountains and streams, and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) greatly contributes to the formation and evolution of deltas. However, scholars rarely give attention to the factors influencing changes in the SSC in small- and medium-sized mountainous rivers, and few studies have examined SSC changes in small- and medium-sized mountainous rivers. Here, based on daily SSC and flow data obtained at the Bobai Station and Changle Station, the percentile method and regression analysis method are employed to analyse the changes in SSC from the Nanliu River to the Beibu Gulf and possible influencing factors. The main research results indicate that 1) the SSC in river water bodies from 1965 to 2020 generally reveals a downwards trend, with significant annual variations. Specifically, the overall trend can be divided into three stages: 1) the SSC is the highest from 1965 to 1971, and the mean yearly SSC reaches 0.25 kg/m3; 2) the SSC is relatively high from 1972 to 2006, and the mean yearly SSC reaches 0.16 kg/m3; and 3) the SSC is the lowest from 2007 to 2020, and the mean yearly SSC reaches 0.11 kg/m3 2) High values of the SSC are mainly concentrated in the flood season, and low SSC values mostly occur in the dry season. The monthly average SSC in the flood season from April to September and the dry season from October to March exhibits the characteristics of a decrease in the flood season and an increase in the dry season. Moreover, the peak SSC value in the watershed obviously occurs out of sync with the peak flow value. Generally, the former precedes the latter. 3) The curve of the flow rate-sediment ratio is an irregular clockwise rhombus. Moreover, the impact of tropical cyclones, land cover changes, regional GDP per capita, and engineering construction are crucial reasons for the observed variations in the SSC in the Nanliu River Basin. In this paper, the obtained research results provide an important guiding significance for the planning and management of water and sediment resources in the Nanliu River and offer a reference for hydrological planning of other river basins discharging into the sea.

Quantifying the fatigue life of wind turbines in cyclone-prone regions

Wind turbines are designed to harvest kinetic energy of the wind, which are more susceptible to the impact of tropical cyclones compared with other high-rise structures. Most of the existing research of cyclone (hurricane/typhoon) impacts on wind turbine merely concentrated on its short-term failure (strength or stability failure). However in this paper, it is evidently demonstrated that cyclones can also have a significant impact on the long-term failure (fatigue failure) of a wind turbine. In this study, a novel framework is developed in the fatigue life evaluation of a wind turbine, in which two external factors, i.e., the progressive change of cyclone direction and intensity observed at a specific site, combined with one internal factor, i.e., a parked wind turbine with feathered or unfeathered blades are considered. Subsequently, the effect of cyclone-normal-wind direction misalignment and cyclone average recurrence intervals are included to have a synthetic assessment on the damage potential of cyclones. The proposed fatigue analysis framework can be also extended to other structures, e.g., the hybrid wind-tidal energy conversion system in cyclone-prone regions.