Impact Of Criminal Justice Involvement Research Articles

Dyadic analysis of criminal justice involvement and hiv risks among couples who inject drugs and their intimate partners in almaty, kazakhstan

BackgroundIncarceration increases HIV risk behaviors and strains intimate partnerships of couples of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Kazakhstan. Studies are yet to examine dyadic relationships between criminal justice involvement and injection drug and sexual HIV risk behaviors of couples who inject drugs in Kazakhstan. This study examined associations between individual and partner level criminal justice involvement and injection drug and sexual HIV risk behaviors among 216 intimate dyads (n = 432) of PWID in Almaty, Kazakhstan. MethodsThe Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) using structural equation modeling examined individual (actor), partner and dyadic patterns (actor-partner) of associations between arrest, incarceration and drug crime conviction of dyads of male and female intimate partners of PWID using baseline data from Project Renaissance, a couples-focused HIV prevention intervention for PWID and their intimate partners. ResultsResults from the APIM identified significant associations between lifetime (β=0.10, CI95%=0.01.20, p=.021) and recent (β=0.12, CI95%=0.01.26, p=.045) arrest and increased risk of injection drug use with any partner for female partners. Partner-only effects were identified in which male PWID's recent arrest was associated with an increase in their study partners’ injection drug risk behaviors (β=0.10 CI95%=0.02, 0.20, p=.044). For female partners, prior incarceration was associated with increased engagement in injection drug risk behaviors (β=0.10 CI95% =0.02, 0.20, p=.035) with any partner. For male partners’ prior incarceration was associated with injection drug risk behaviors with their study partners (β=0.10 CI95%= 0.02, 0.20. p<.05). Female partners prior drug crime conviction was associated with their own (β=0.14 CI95%=0.01, 0.28, p=.048) and their intimate partners’ (β=0.18, CI95%=0.03, 0.33, p=.024) engagement in injection drug risk behaviors with any injecting partner. Recent drug crime conviction (β=0.12, CI95%=0.01, 0.24, p=.038) and arrest (β=0.13, CI95%, p=.022) was associated with increased engagement in sexual risk behaviors among female partners. ConclusionFindings from this study identified differences in how criminal justice involvement impacts sexual and injection drug and sexual risk behaviors between male and female partners of PWID. Future research must investigate how structural interventions at the dyadic level could address the negative impact of criminal justice involvement on sexual and injection drug HIV risks within the contexts of couples who are PWID.

The Disciplining Effect of Mass Incarceration on Labor Organization.

Previous research has described the criminal justice system as a "labor market institution." In recent years, however, research on the relationship between the criminal justice system and the labor market has focused primarily on the negative impact of criminal justice involvement on an individual's ability to find work post-release. This article explores how workers' exposure to the criminal justice system is related to labor organization-a labor market institution through which workers in the United States have secured benefits for themselves and which, structurally, has mitigated income inequality. Across four analyses, we find a negative relationship between exposure to the criminal justice system and involvement in labor organizations; and we present evidence that this relationship results from employers' increased power over those so exposed. Mass incarceration may discipline low-wage workers by decreasing their likelihood of participating in organizations through which they might gain economic power individually and collectively.

Weathering Probation and Parole: The Protective Role of Social Support on Black Women’s Recent Stressful Events and Depressive Symptoms

Despite an overrepresentation of Black women in the criminal justice system, Black women’s mental health at the precarious intersection of race, gender, and community-based correctional supervision has been underresearched. Building on weathering theory, this study conceptualized criminal justice involvement as a social inequality that negatively affects Black women’s mental health. This study investigated the relationships between recent stressors, forms of social support, and depression through moderated regression analyses with a sample of 169 Black women on probation and parole. Almost half of the women met criteria for clinical levels of depression. Distinct forms of social support served as statistically significant protective factors between stressors and depression symptoms. Our findings highlight the importance of studying the mental health of Black women under correctional surveillance and bolstering multiple forms of support to promote their well-being. The impact of criminal justice involvement and institutional racism on Black women’s mental health requires further research.

Criminal Justice Involvement and Employment Outcomes Among Women

This article investigates the potentially cumulative effects of being arrested, convicted, and incarcerated on labor market outcomes among women, as well as whether decreased employment levels are due to labor market exclusion or detachment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I find that arrested women have reduced levels of employment, due to both labor market exclusion (unemployment) and labor market detachment (not in the labor force). Once the effect of being arrested is taken into account, women who are convicted or incarcerated do not face any additional negative employment consequences. These results demonstrate that policymakers must look beyond incarceration to reduce the impact of criminal justice involvement on women.

Examining the Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement on Health Through Federally Funded, National Population-Based Surveys in the United States.

Examining the Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement on Health Through Federally Funded, National Population-Based Surveys in the United States.

A quasi-experimental test of the effects of criminal justice involvement on later mental health

While many criminological theories posit causal hypotheses, many studies fail to use methods that adequately address the three criteria of causality. This is particularly important when assessing the impact of criminal justice involvement on later outcomes. Due to practical and ethical concerns, it is challenging to randomize criminal sanctions, so quasi-experimental methods such as propensity score matching are often used to approximate a randomized design. Based on longitudinal data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the current study used propensity score matching to investigate the extent to which convictions and/or incarcerations in the first two decades of life were related to adverse mental health during middle adulthood. Propensity scores were utilized to match those with and without criminal justice involvement on a wide range of risk factors for offending. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in mental health between those involved in the criminal justice system and those without such involvement. The results did not detect a relationship between justice system involvement and later mental health suggesting that the consequences of criminal justice involvement may only be limited to certain domains.

The Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement and Housing Outcomes Among Homeless Persons with Co-occurring Disorders

The relationship between criminal justice involvement and housing among homeless persons with co-occurring disorders was examined. Program participants assisted in moving to stable housing were interviewed at baseline, six months, and discharge. Those who remained homeless at follow-up and discharge had significantly more time in jail in the past month than those who were housed. However, criminal justice involvement was not significantly related to housing status at the six month follow-up or discharge. Findings suggest that housing people with complex behavioral health issues reduces the likelihood of further criminal justice involvement.

Influence of Criminal Justice Involvement and Psychiatric Diagnoses on Treatment Costs Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness.

The impact of criminal justice involvement and clinical characteristics on the cost of public treatment services for adults with serious mental illnesses is unknown. The authors examined differential effects of justice involvement on behavioral health treatment costs by primary psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) and also by substance use diagnosis among 25,133 adult clients of Connecticut's public behavioral health system in fiscal years 2006 and 2007. Justice-involved adults with schizophrenia had the highest costs, strongly driven by forensic hospitalizations. Addressing the cross-system burdens of forensic hospitalizations may be a sensible starting point in the effort to reduce costs in both the public behavioral health and justice systems.

Criminal Justice Involvement of Individuals with Severe Mental Illness and Supported Employment Outcomes

This study examined the impact of criminal justice involvement on competitive employment outcomes for clients with severe mental illness enrolled in supported employment. Based on chart reviews of 154 clients enrolled in supported employment, the CJI and no CJI groups differed on several clinical and demographic variables, but did not differ on competitive employment outcomes. This study suggests that clients with criminal justice involvement do benefit from supported employment. Further research should track employment outcomes for a longer interval with a larger study group in order to provide a more complete picture of the extent to which CJI impacts employment.

The impact of criminal justice involvement on victims' mental health

The aftermath of violent crime can leave victims with persistent emotional and mental health problems. Although research has shown the potential benefits of prosecuting cases through the courts, there is also a substantial literature that suggests that common features of the criminal justice system can exacerbate the impact of the initial crime, leading to a secondary victimization. The authors present a review of the research on the positive and negative impact of criminal justice involvement, and common points of failure in the efforts of justice institutions to meet the needs of victims. They conclude with recommendations for future work, including the need for research on restorative justice, victim impact statements, court notification systems, victim services, and victim advocates.