Imo State University Owerri Research Articles

Impact of biochar from different agricultural wastes on soil chemical characteristics and growth of maize

The use of biochar as soil amendment is gaining acceptance as an important management strategy to tackle food insecurity for the growing population in Nigeria amid soil deterioration. This study examined the influence of biochar produced from the different agricultural wastes on soil chemical characteristics and growth of maize. A pot experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design. The agricultural wastes used were rice husk, corn cob, poultry manure and pig dung. The agricultural wastes were charred differently for 60 minutes at the temperature of 250oC. The maize plant used for the experiment was Oba super II. The biochar was produced using modified biochar kiln and were applied to the soil at the rate of 10t ha-1. The treatments were replicated thrice. Soil amended with poultry manure charred for 60 minutes at 250oC (PMB60) had the highest significant growth (plant height) and yield (dry matter) parameters. Significant differences were observed among the biochar amendments with the soil chemical characteristics (pH, Available P, SOM, TN, Exchangeable base cations and CEC). However, the study reported that PMB60 gave the highest significant increase in almost all the soil chemical characteristics (soil pH(6.0), Avail. P(18.20mg kg-1), exchangeable Ca(5.8Cmol kg-1), Mg(3.97Cmol kg-1, K(0.32Cmol kg-1, Na(0.28Cmol kg-1) and CEC(10.75Cmol kg-1)) compared to the other biochar amendments. This study concluded that PMB60 was better suited to improve soil chemical characteristics while also improving maize performance compared to the other biochar amendments.

Drug Use/Abuse and its’ Effect on the Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students in Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria.

This study was carried out to examine drug abuse/abuse and academic performance of students in Imo State University Owerri. The study specifically examines the extent drug abuse impact on students reading culture; determine the extent drug abuse impact on student’s failure rate in exams and investigate the extent drug abuse impact on student’s level of concentration in Imo state University. Relevant literatures were reviewed as authoritative backup to the study. We adopted the social cognitive theory as our theoretical framework. The study employed the survey descriptive research design. Questionnaires were used for data collection and was analysed using the frequency counts and percentages. Also interview was used for further insight to the study. The sample sixe for the study is 380 students of Imo State University. From the responses obtained and analysed, the findings revealed that there is a significant impact of drug abuse on students reading culture in Imo state University. The study also revealed that: drug abuse has to a very high extent impacted on students reading culture; drug abuse has to a very high extent impacted on student’s failure rate in exams and drug abuse has to a high extent impacted impact on student’s level of concentration in Imo state University. On the basis of these findings, it was recommended among others that: government should prevent the cultivation/sales of Indian Helm and other deadly herbs that encourage drug abuse; counseling education should be introduced in campuses to save those who have already been engaging in the act; government should strictly enforce its existing laws against drug abuse through its regulatory agencies.

Ichoka Mythic-Folkism Theory as Revival Strategy for Live Theatre: A Study of Kanidram

The non-application of apposite theoretical frameworks by practitioners impacts on the outcome of stage productions, and also hinders professionalism in the creative enterprise for the revival and sustenance of live theatre practice in Nigeria. With the ascendency of postmodernism in contemporary theatre practice, there is a need to support stage productions with suitable theoretical bases. The study evaluated the application of Canice Nwosu’s Ichoka Mythic Folkism Afro-postmodern theory in the stage production of Kanidram done at the Commassie Art Theatre, Imo State University Owerri. The objective of the study was to ascertain how the director reflected the production techniques of the theory in the theatrical process. The finding revealed that Kanidram reflected essentially the major production techniques provided in the theory which impacted positively on the quality of the outcome. Finally, the study recommended that practitioners both at the academic and professional levels should adopt Afro-postmodern theories in the production process to ensure quality performances that can lead to the revival of the Nigerian theatre practice.

Investing in the Transition to Renewables: Understanding the Infodemic on Climate Change among Undergraduates of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences in a Nigerian University

Background: A close interlink exists between the health of man and his environment Therefore, committing to sustainable practices, building thriving communities, securing future growth potentials and strategies on adaption to related global challenges, remain key.
 Objective: To assess the knowledge and perception of climate change among undergraduate students of the faculty of environmental sciences, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study of 337 undergraduates selected via multistage sampling technique. Data were obtained using self- administered semi-structured questionnaires, and analysed using statistical package for social sciences software version 22. Statistical significance was done using Chi-square test at p value < 0.05.
 Results: Three hundred and twenty two (95.5%) respondents reported awareness of climate change and cited their sources of information on climate change thus: 270 (83.9%) from social media, 256 (79.5%) from television. Two hundred and thirty two (72.3%) of these 322 respondents reported the understanding of climate change. Only 90 (26.7%) of respondents had good level of knowledge on Climate change. The level of knowledge of climate change among respondents significantly vary with age (p= 0.0000), cum gender (p= 0.0000).
 Conclusions: This study found apparently high awareness on climate change. The level of knowledge on climate change was poor and varies significantly with age and gender. We recommend comprehensive but, need- based environmental education to sustain awareness, impart knowledge, improve perception and equip these students with requisite interventions strategies to handle challenges linked to climate change.

Stress Factors and Job Performance of Lecturers in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria

This study examined stress factors on job performance of lecturers in Imo State. Nigeria. Six specific purposes, six research questions and six hypotheses guided the work. The study employed inferential survey research design. The population of this study consisted of all lecturers in the tertiary institutions in Imo state which are eight thousand, three hundred (8,300). The sample size for this is 382, determined using the Taro Yamane formula. The researcher applied a random sampling technique to ensure that all selected groups have an equal chance with the other sample that is not selected. The instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire tagged “Stress as a factor of Job Performance of Lecturers’’. The validity of the research instrument was determined by two specialists in Health Education and one specialist in Educational Measurement and Evaluation, from Alvan Ikoku FCE Owerri and Imo State University Owerri, respectively, while the reliability coefficient over time of the instrument for data collection was established through test retest method of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) statistics which gave a reliability coefficient of 0.94. The research questions were answered using, mean, and standard deviations presented in tables, while the hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicated amongst others that physical, psychological and psycho-social stressors are factors on job performance of lecturers in tertiary institutions in Imo State. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made, which includes amongst others that there is a need to create recreational activities for lecturers to ease job stress. Also, Seminars, workshops and conferences on occupational health services should be organized periodically for lecturers so as to improve their knowledge on occupational stress and related issues.

Stress 3Ps and the Health Conditions of Lecturers in Tertiary Institution in Nigeria

This study examined stress 3Ps (Physical, Psychological and Psycho-Social) as factors on health conditions of lecturers in Imo State. Nigeria. Three specific purposes, three research questions and three hypotheses guided the work. The study employed inferential survey research design. The population of this study consisted of all lecturers in the tertiary institutions in Imo state which are eight thousand, three hundred (8,300). The sample size for this is 382, determined using Taro Yamane formula. The researcher applied random sampling technique to ensure that all selected groups have an equal chance with the other sample that is not selected. The instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire tagged “Stress 3Ps as factors on health conditions of Lecturers’’. The validity of the research instrument was determined by two specialists in Health Education and one specialist in Educational Measurement and Evaluation, from Alvan Ikoku FCE Owerri and Imo State University Owerri, respectively, while the reliability coefficient over time of the instrument for data collection was established through test retest method of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) statistics which gave a reliability coefficient of 0.94. The research questions were answered using, mean, and standard deviations presented in tables, while the hypotheses was tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Findings in the course of this study indicated that lecturers exposed to hectic academic activity will experience stress; physical stress affects the mental state of lecturers reducing their level of productivity; psychological stress limits the emotional stability of lectures and directly affects their health condition; psychosocial stress interferes in the intrapersonal and interpersonal relationship of lectures leading to withdrawal and health instability. This study therefore recommends that seminars, workshops and conferences on occupational health services, should be organized periodically for lecturers so as to improve their knowledge on occupational stress and related issues. Also, Lecturers should be encouraged to participate in sport, exercise and fitness programmes in other to maintain a good health status.

Extent of the use of clinical supervision model for teaching practice supervision in Imo State University, Owerri

The seeming decline in the quality of teachers in Nigeria necessitated this study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. Four research questions guided the study while three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised 323 respondents made up of 240 final students and 83 lecturers in the seven Departments of the faculty of Education Imo State University, Owerri. The entire population was used for the study. A researcher developed questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts. The Cronbach’s alpha method was used to determine the internal consistency of the items and it yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.74. The researchers with the help of four research assistants distributed and successfully collected 298 copies of the questionnaire administered. The research questions were answered using the mean, while the hypotheses were tested using z-test at 0.05 level of significance. It was found among others that pre-observational techniques were used to a very low extent t in Imo state university Owerri for teaching practice supervision. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that conference, workshops and seminars should be organized for lecturers at Imo State University where various techniques of clinical supervision will be exposed to them towards ensuring qualitative teaching practice supervision.

Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning in the Post Covid-19 Era: A Case Study of Tertiary Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria

The research work was on educational technologies for teaching and learning in the post covid 19 era: A case of tertiary institutions in Imo State. The study has 4 research questions. The study adopted survey research design. A sample population of 10 educators each was drawn from the department of Library and Information Science of Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri (FPNO) and Imo State University Owerri (IMSU). Observation checklist and questionnaire were used to collect data. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and mean scores. The study found that the available educational technologies for teaching and learning in tertiary institutions in Imo State were computers, powerpoint equipment, social media tools, projectors, etc. The educational technologies integrated in teaching and learning in the post covid 19 era are computers, whiteboards, smart boards, projectors, tablet or smartphone, digital cameras, etc. The challenges to the integration of educational technologies for teaching and learning are inadequate funding, insufficiency of ET/ICT infrastructure, erratic power supply, high cost of ET, and poor ICT policy in the use of ICT/ET etc. The solutions to the challenges in the integration of educational technologies for teaching and learning are adequate funding, sufficiency of ET/ICT infrastructure, good power supply, good maintenance culture on ET, adequate technical support, and regular training of educators in use of ET etc. The research concluded that the outburst of Covid 19 pandemic has provided educators with the opportunity to adopt educational technologies for teaching and learning in the post covid 19 era, and integrating these educational technologies in tertiary institutions will improve digital education and as well enable students to continue their learning activities. The study recommended that adequate training on the use of educational technologies should be provided for educators and their students to improve their teaching and learning, and that there should be adequacy of educational technological tools and resources to support teaching and learning activities in the post covid 19 era. Keywords: Educators, Educational technologies, Teaching and learning, Tertiary institutions, Post covid 19 era.

EXTENT OF THE USE OF CLINICAL SUPERVISION MODEL FOR TEACHING PRACTICE SUPERVISION IN IMO STATE UNIVERSITY, OWERRI

The seeming decline in the quality of teachers in Nigeria necessitated this study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. Four research questions guided the study while three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised 323 respondents made up of 240 final students and 83 lecturers in the seven Departments of the faculty of Education Imo State University, Owerri. The entire population was used for the study. A researcher developed questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts. The Cronbach’s alpha method was used to determine the internal consistency of the items and it yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.74. The researchers with the help of four research assistants distributed and successfully collected 298 copies of the questionnaire administered. The research questions were answered using the mean, while the hypotheses were tested using z-test at 0.05 level of significance. It was found among others that pre-observational techniques were used to a very low extent t in Imo state university Owerri for teaching practice supervision. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that conference, workshops and seminars should be organized for lecturers at Imo State University where various techniques of clinical supervision will be exposed to them towards ensuring qualitative teaching practice supervision.

Effects of samin yogurt on the liver of adult wistar rats

Background: Yogurt is basically fermented milk that is heated and mixed with two types of body friendly bacteria. It is very nutritious and therefore, it is being eaten by all and sundry. Purpose: The study was designed to determine the effect of yogurt on the liver of adult Wister rats. Method: A total of twenty four adzult Wister rats bred and harboured at the animal house of Anatomy and Neurobiology department, Imo State University Owerri were used for the study. The rats which weighed between 180 and 220 grammes were separated and housed in four different cages marked A, B, C and D. Each cage contained four rats. The group A served as control group and so received only the normal rat feed and water. Group B rats were administered 2500mg/kg body weight of yogurt; group C received 5000mg/kg body weight of yogurt why group D was given 10000mg/kg body weight of yogurt, all through oral intubation for four weeks. At the end of the four week treatment, the rats were anesthetized in chloroform vapour and the liver was dissected out for histological investigations. Results: On examining the processed liver tissue, it was observed that there was a mild (for group B), moderate (for group C), and serve (for group D) lymphocyte infiltration on the liver portal tract when compared to the control group which showed very little presence of haepatocytes around a central venule. The effect observed could be described to be dose dependent.

Gender differences in psychoactive substance use among undergraduates in a developing country

ABSTRACT Background: The use of psychoactive substances constitutes one of the leading social problems confronting students. Some gender differences have been reported in the use of substances. Aim and objectives: To identify the gender differences in substance use among students in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 763 students of Imo State University Owerri. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic data and information on the reasons, and consequences of substance use. Results: A total of 763 students were studied. More males used substances compared to females (χ2 = 10.6, p˂0.01). More females used psychoactive substances out of curiosity (51.9%), and because a family member used psychoactive substance (55.7%). More males used psychoactive substances to be accepted by friends (χ2 = 7.33, p˂0.01), to make life more enjoyable (χ2 = 18.6, p˂ 0.01), to appear bold and strong (χ2 = 21.7, p < .01), and to cope with the stress (χ2 = 6.52, p˂0.01). Skipping classes regularly (χ2 = 6.98, p˂0.01) and being charged for sexual molestation (χ2 = 5.64, p˂0.02) were more among those who abused substances. Conclusion: There are differences in the rate and reasons for the use of psychoactive substances between the genders. In the design of preventive approaches in students, these should be borne in mind.

Influenza “A” (A/Pr/6/32) Disease Treatment Response through Oral Administration of a Locally Sourced Lipid Solvent Fortified With Aloe Vera Gel into Guinea Fowls; a Review Paper from a Combined Class Semester Term Mph Project, Imo State University Owerri

Influenza “A” (A/Pr/6/32) Disease Treatment Response through Oral Administration of a Locally Sourced Lipid Solvent Fortified With Aloe Vera Gel into Guinea Fowls; a Review Paper from a Combined Class Semester Term Mph Project, Imo State University Owerri

Neutralization Effect of a Locally Sourced Lipid Solvent on Mouse Adapted Influenza “A” (A/PR/6/32) Virus: A Review Paper from a Combined Class Semester Term MPH Project, Imo State University Owerri

Neutralization Effect of a Locally Sourced Lipid Solvent on Mouse Adapted Influenza “A” (A/PR/6/32) Virus: A Review Paper from a Combined Class Semester Term MPH Project, Imo State University Owerri

Effect of National Home Growing School Feeding Program (NHGSFP) on the nutritional status of children of rural households in Osun State, Nigeria

The “National Home Growing School Feeding Program” by Nigeria government was designed to overcome malnutrition disorders through regular school-feeding to improve the nutrition status and the education abilities of school children. Hence, this study focused on assessing the effect of ‘national home growing school feeding program’ on the nutritional status of children of rural households in Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for the study. Two stage random sampling was used for the study, the first stage which was the random selection of four (4) rural communities from each of the three (3) Agro-ecological zones present in the state and the second stage was the random sampling of 10 households from each of the selected communities, comprising of households whose children are beneficiaries and not beneficiaries of the program. A total of 120 households were used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used for the purpose of extracting needed information from the respondents. The data collected was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Anthropometry, Logistics Regression Model and Chi-square Analysis. Result of analysis revealed that nutritional status of children in the study area is significantly influenced by child’s sex, child’s age, mother’s education, national home growing school feeding program, access to clean water, access to sanitation facilities and household income. The effect of national home growing school feeding program on the nutritional status of the children was statistically significant (chi-square=37.263, p &lt; 0.000) which means the program has positive effect on the nutritional status of children in the study area. The study therefore recommended that government should ensure the sustenance of National Home Growing School Feeding Program especially in the rural areas of the country. Education of the rural women folks should be taken importantly by governments and NGOs as they are the one directly taking care of children wellbeing. Government, NGOs and Community groups should Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Imo State University Owerri also provide the basic amenities like portable water supply and sanitation facilities in the rural areas so as to curb the incidence of diseases and malnutrition.&#x0D; Keywords: National Home Grown School Feeding Program, Nutritional Status, Health, Malnutrition

Prevalence of Salmonella typhi Infection among Food Handlers in Imo State University Owerri Nigeria and its Environs

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is an endemic acute febrile illness which causes a high disease mortality and morbidity rate in developing countries. The disease can be transmitted through contaminated food and water and has gained an endemic status as the bacterium can be carried and shed by some individuals who have recovered from the disease. This study investigates the carriership of the bacteria by food handlers who may shed the bacteria into street vended foods they serve, thus spreading the disease and correlating this data to sex, age and source of drinking water. 420 blood and stool samples were collected from volunteers working in the food retail sector (cafeterias) around Imo State University Owerri and its environs using stratified random sampling methods. Widal test (rapid slide agglutination) was utilized as a presumptive screening test with titer values of 1:80 and above considered as positive. Stool culture served as confirmatory assay and resultant bacterial colonies were subjected to a series of biochemical tests to confirm the presence of S. typhi. The overall prevalence rate recorded in this study is 66.2%, with females having a prevalence rate of 67.4% while males had a prevalence of 64.2%. Older adults in the age group of 41-55 had the highest prevalence of 82.9% followed by children within the ages of 8 to 18 (80%). With respect to the source of drinking water, the highest prevalence of Salmonella carriership was recorded for individuals consuming untreated water from boreholes and sachet water at 82.4% and 83.2% respectively while individuals that drank treated water recorded a percentage prevalence of Salmonella carriership of 29.8%. The results obtained from this study highlights the high carriership rate of Salmonella amongst food handlers and the possibility of these individuals introducing the bacteria into foods, posing a public health risk. It also identifies the consumption of untreated water as the possible source of infection of these individuals, thus indicating the need for public health interventions in the provision of portable water to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates of typhoid fever.

Learning Management System for Improved Service Delivery in Tertiary Institution

Learning Management System (LMS) provides educators, administrators and learners with a single robust, secure and integrated system to create personalized learning environments. This paper was motivated by the lag in technological evolution and traditional learning system in the Educational system in most of the Universities. Hence, a call for a change in the way service is delivered in our tertiary institutions. The work proposed the use of Moodle Learning Management System (LMS) as a tool to improve service delivery in tertiary institution. The methodology used was SSADM while the programming used was PHP, HTML, CSS and Ajax. MySQL was for the database design. The expected result was an e-learning site for Computer Science Imo State University Owerri, a platform that increases the possibility of interaction between students and lecturers.

ASSESSMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCE ON STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT SUPERVISOR

Determining the extent of difference between male and female supervised students’ perception on relationship; commitments of Undergraduate Research Project Supervisor (URPS) were among the objectives of the study. Survey design was adopted for the study. The study consisted of three universities, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University of Technology, (ATBU) Bauchi, from North East, Benue State University (BSU) Makurdi, from North Central and Imo state University (ISU) Owerri from the South East geo political zones of Nigeria. Population of the study consisted of 1969 (375, from ATBU, 759 from BSU and 759 from ISU) final year students from Faculty of Education in each university. Proportionate Stratify random sampling was used to select 322 students. Supervised students project questionnaire (SSPQ) was developed, validated and used for data collection. Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.88 was obtained as the stability coefficient of the items. Hypotheses were tested at α=0.05 level of significance. The data was analyzed using weighted mean while chi square test was used for the testing of the hypotheses. Some of the findings from the study shows that, there is significant ( ѱ 2 = 44.541, df = 4, ρ <0.05) difference between male ( Weighted mean score = 28.85) and female ( Weighted mean score =30.4) supervised A students perception on the A relationship with URPS; male have positive perception than female supervised students on level of UPRS commitments to student. Researchers to focus their study on undergraduate research project especially on opinion, perception. Article visualizations:

Efficacy of Cognitive Restructuring Techniques on Affluenza Syndrome of Nigerian Youths

Affluenza which is perceived as a culture that places a high value on and being addicted to wealth is a social condition that affects the cognitions, emotions and academic behavior of youths in our contemporary society. These youths are negatively influenced by the affluence and wealth of their parents to the detriment of their academic pursuit. This study is therefore carried out to ascertain the effects of cognitive restructuring (Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), confrontation (CON) and Thought Stopping (TS) in bringing sanity and discipline on Nigerian youths by curbing their affluenza syndrome. The study adopted quasi experimental design. Two research hypotheses guided the study. The sample is made up of 48 students from Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria 2014/2015 academic year struck by affluenza syndrome. Data were collected using researcher- made questionnaire titled “Affluenza Syndrome Identification Questionnaire” (ASIQ). Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The result showed that the three techniques of Cognitive Restructuring Treatment Package-RET, CON and TS were very effective in lowering the level of affluenza syndrome in participants. The result also reveals that there is no gender effect on affluenza syndrome of participants. A finding that translates to the fact that both male and female participants benefited maximally from the three treatment approaches. Useful recommendations were made based on the findings from the study.

Effect of user education on law students’ use of the library: A case of the faculty of law library, Imo state university, Owerri, Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of user education on the law students’ use of the library : A case study of the faculty law library Imo State University Owerri. The survey research design was used for the study while questionnaire instrument was used for data collection. The population of the study consists of all the registered users of faculty of law library. Six research questions were answered and the analysis was done using mean scores. The findings of the study reveal that Imo State University law students have understanding of the concept of user education. The study also finds out that user education programme has positively affected the law students use of the library and their academic performance. The study identified some problems that hinder effective user education as over population, lack of infrastructure, inadequate and trained personnel, lack of instructional materials,, limited time allocated to the programme, unconducive environment and inadequate space. The study concludes that since the library occupies a central place in the achievement of educational objectives of law students, and this has made user education indispensible in the library, adequate resources should be committed to the programme to ensure that its objectives are realized Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made on how to remedy the problems.

The Effect of Seed Extracts of Physic Nut (&lt;i&gt;Jatropha Curcas&lt;/i&gt; L.) on Some Quality Parameters of Stored Maize Grains (&lt;i&gt;Zea Mays&lt;/i&gt; L.)

This study was carried out in the Laboratory of Crop Science and Biotechnology of Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Imo State University Owerri, to determine the viability (radicle and plumule emergence) and grain damage (exit holes) of maize grains treated with crude liquid and crude powder extracts of seeds of Jatropha curcas L, earlier used in the control of maize weevils. Treatment levels of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4mls for crude liquid and 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4grams for crude powder extracts were applied on ten maize (Zea mays L.) grains in each experimental unit. Results showed that there was significant (P≤0.05) difference in the germination of treated maize grains in petri dishes and jute bags, an indication that the maize grains retained their viability after treatment. On the other hand, there was no significant (P≤0.05) difference on grain damage (exit holes) in the treatments with crude liquid extract except the control. For crude powder extract, exit holes increased with decrease in weight of the levels of crude powder extracts used.Keywords: Grain damage, Jatropha curcas, jute bag, petri dish, Zea mays, viability