Immunohistochemical Findings Research Articles

Differential Expression Patterns of Bcl-2, D2-40, β-Katenin, and E-Cadherin in Thymomas: Correlation With Clinical Stages and Subtypes.

Thymomas are rare mediastinal tumors exhibiting heterogeneous behavior. Although histologic subtypes and stages serve as prognostic factors, the molecular mechanisms of thymoma progression are unclear. Immunohistochemical markers like Bcl-2, D2-40, β-catenin, and E-cadherin offer insights into thymoma biology, but their predictive value for clinical outcomes remains uncertain. This study evaluated the expression of these markers across thymoma subtypes and stages, aiming to assess their prognostic significance. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 66 thymoma cases resected at a single center between 2005 and 2023. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the expression of Bcl-2, D2-40, β-catenin, and E-cadherin. Clinicopathological characteristics were correlated with immunohistochemical findings using statistical analysis. Differential expression patterns of Bcl-2, D2-40, β-catenin, and E-cadherin were observed across thymoma subtypes and clinical stages. Bcl-2 displayed cytoplasmic positivity predominantly in type A and B thymomas, while E-cadherin showed membranous staining in type B thymomas and cytoplasmic staining in type A and AB thymomas. β-catenin demonstrated membranous staining in type B thymomas and cytoplasmic staining in type A and AB thymomas. D2-40 expression was localized to peripheral regions and invasive nests of thymomas, with higher expression in type B2 thymomas and early-stage tumors. Our findings indicate that immunohistochemical markers may provide valuable insights into thymoma biology and prognosis. Further validation in larger, multicenter cohorts is warranted to confirm the prognostic significance of these markers and their potential utility in guiding clinical management.

Fabrication of α-lactalbumin-coated chamomile nano-emulsion for their synergistic anticancer and anti-inflammatory applications.

This study aims to evaluate the anticancer properties of chamomile nano-emulsion (Cha-NE) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) coated Cha-NE (LA-Cha-NE) against breast tumor through both in vitro and in vivo investigations. Both Cha-NE and LA-Cha-NE exhibited typical semi-spherical forms under Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and displayed surface charges of 46.75 and 28.45 mV with average sizes of 87.46 and 112.75 nm, respectively. In a safe manner, Cha-NE and LA-Cha-NE showed higher selectivity against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) cells than normal (HSF) cells. Reductions in serum contents of IL1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, ASAT, ALAT, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol, as well as an the administration of LA-Cha-NE, breast tumor incidence dramatically reduced. Thus, improvement in survival rates leads to successful prevention of mammary tumorigenesis as proved by the histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings. However, there was an increase in mammary GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD activity. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations showed that LA-Cha-NE had a beneficial therapeutic effect, exhibiting more significantly regulated apoptosis and elevated expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle. Thus, this study demonstrated that the chemo-preventive property of LA-Cha-NE may offer a brand-new alternative therapy to cure breast cancer by re-establishing the compromised oxidative stress response, enhancing the immune response, reducing inflammation process, and fortifying the apoptosis pathway.

Craniomaxillofacial Bone Regeneration with Attenuated Early Inflammatory Response by Sustained-release of BMP-2 from a Supramolecular Polymer Slurry

Abstract Purpose Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are pivotal in craniomaxillofacial surgery for bone reconstruction. However, their side effects, such as severe edema and local inflammation, limit their use. Nanoscale peptide amphiphiles (PAs) self-assemble into nanofibers and can act as sustained-release carriers for biological molecules, supporting tissue regeneration. This study investigates the impact of PA gels on in vitro osteogenic differentiation and bone repair and inflammation in craniomaxillofacial bone defect models in vivo. Methods BMP-2 release from PA gels was analyzed. Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were treated with growth medium or medium containing BMP-2 and PAs. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR for osteogenesis-specific genes. Bone defects were created in rabbit calvaria and rat maxilla and treated with collagen material containing BMP-2 with or without PA gels. Control groups included collagen material only. Bone tissue and surrounding soft tissue were harvested for radiographic and histologic analyses and inflammation-related gene expression. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed for inflammatory responses. Results BMP-2 was released from PA gels in a sustained manner, significantly increasing osteogenic activity in BMSCs compared to controls. In bone defect models, collagen with low-dose BMP-2 incorporating PA gels showed robust bone regeneration, comparable to high-dose BMP-2 without PAs. Inflammatory markers, such as IL6, TNF-α, and Cox2, were elevated in high-dose BMP-2 groups but normalized in groups treated with BMP-2 incorporating PAs, consistent with IHC findings. Conclusions PAs with low-dose BMP-2 may be a viable alternative to high-dose BMP-2 in craniofacial surgery, offering reduced inflammation and effective bone regeneration. Lay Summary This study evaluates the potential of a hybrid material combining peptide amphiphile (PA) nanostructures and collagen particles as an alternative for bone reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. While bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are effective for bone regeneration, their use is often limited by side effects like inflammation. PA gels mimic extracellular structures, enabling sustained BMP-2 release and promoting tissue regeneration. The study demonstrated that low-dose BMP-2 combined with PA gels supports robust bone regeneration while reducing inflammation, as compared to high-dose BMP-2, which elevated inflammation-related gene expression. These findings suggest that PA gels with low-dose BMP-2 offer a promising, less inflammatory alternative for bone reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery.

The Prognostic Significance of Ki-67 Expression in Breast Cancers Developing Malignant Effusions

Purpose: To investigate the prognostic significance of Ki-67 in breast cancer patients developing malignant effusions. Methods: In this retrospective study, 76 breast cancer patients developing a malignant effusion were enrolled. The Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings from both initial tissue and paired metastatic effusion samples of these patients were grouped into the following three categories: ≤5, 6-29, and ≥30%. Results: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) showed higher Ki-67 levels at both initial diagnosis (p<0.001) and malignant effusion samples (p=0.015), compared to the non-TNBC phenotypes at the same tumor evolution phases, respectively. A Ki-67≥30% at initial diagnosis was associated with a shorter overall survival (p=0.031; long-rank test), in addition to an earlier development of a malignant effusion (p<0.001; long-rank test). A Ki-67≤5% at malignant effusion cell block samples was associated with a longer post-effusion survival (p=0.015; long-rank test). Lastly, a Ki-67 index≤5% at the effusion samples showed a significantly lower risk of mortality following the development of malignant effusions (HR: 0.355 (0.150 - 0.842; p=0.019)), after being adjusted for the intrinsic subtype covariate (TNBC vs non-TNBC). Conclusion: Estimating the Ki-67 IHC expression in malignant effusion cytology samples may have a prognostic significance, when evaluating patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, larger-scale prospective studies would be necessary to provide more evidence on this topic.

High-grade Endometrial Carcinoma With Serous and Colorectal Carcinoma-like Components: Unique Morphology in Correlation With Immunohistochemical and Molecular Findings.

Endometrial carcinoma with intestinal differentiation/colorectal carcinoma-like (CRC-like) features is rare with few cases reported to date. Those described are mainly endometrioid carcinomas with intestinal differentiation. We report a case of high-grade endometrial carcinoma with serous and intestinal/CRC-like components. The gross, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features are described for both components of the tumor in the initial diagnostic biopsy and subsequent resection specimen. The diagnosis of primary endometrial carcinoma with serous and CRC-like components is supported by immunohistochemical and molecular findings, as well as clinical workup. The rarity of this phenomenon poses diagnostic challenges. In addition, the literature is reviewed with specific emphasis on the molecular and pathologic features of mixed endometrial carcinomas, including those with intestinal/CRC-like features.

TFE3/TFEB Altered Renal Cell Carcinomas in End-Stage Renal Disease Setting: A Single Institution Clinicopathological Study of 4 Cases.

TFE3/TFEB Altered Renal Cell Carcinomas in End-Stage Renal Disease Setting: A Single Institution Clinicopathological Study of 4 Cases.

Oral Kaposi sarcoma in Brazil: a case series of 40 patients highlighting a significant health burden.

Oral Kaposi sarcoma in Brazil: a case series of 40 patients highlighting a significant health burden.

The vomeronasal system of the Steller sea lion.

The vomeronasal system receives pheromones and kairomones in mammals, and its receptor organ and primary integrative center comprise the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively. Because cetaceans, sirenians, and harbor seals no longer have a vomeronasal system, it might not be important to some marine mammals. On the other hand, an AOB has been confirmed in three species of the family Otariidae, although whether they also have a VNO has not been investigated. Therefore, we detailed the morphological and histological features of the VNO of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). The entire VNO extended vertically within the incisive foramen, and its lumen formed a short common duct with the incisive duct to open into the oral cavity. The incisive duct was narrow and passed through the lateral part of the VNO. The VNO was extensively covered with sensory epithelium and with non-sensory epithelium ventrolaterally. A dense arrangement of basal cells in the sensory epithelium implied that a rapid turnover of supporting cells repaired salt-induced damage. The VNO lacked large venous sinuses, suggesting that Steller sea lions pull substances into the VNO by a suction mechanism after closing a nostril. The glands beneath the sensory and non-sensory epithelia contained abundant mucoserous and mucous cells, respectively. Mucous glands in the incisive duct stained positive for Alcian blue (pH 1.0), indicating that these glands protect against seawater. These morphological and histological properties of the VNO of Steller sea lions significantly differ from those of other terrestrial carnivorous species. Immunohistochemical findings of the anti-G protein α-subunits i2 (Gαi2) and o (Gαo) in the AOB revealed that the vomeronasal system of Steller sea lions expresses vomeronasal type-1 receptors coupled with Gαi2 to detect volatile substances, but not type-2 receptors coupled with Gαo to receive water-soluble substances. These findings indicate the importance of the vomeronasal system in marine Steller sea lions, especially when on land.

AXL and SRC in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: absence of mutations, rare alternative splicing events, but association of protein expression with poor prognosis.

Novel treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCC) include specific MET inhibitors, GAS6/AXL inhibitors, and SRC inhibitors. The interplay between c-MET, SRC, AXL expression, and their gene mutation patterns in different renal carcinoma subtypes is unclear. To improve the understanding of these signaling pathways, we analyzed c-MET, AXL, and SRC expression in 590 clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and 127 papillary RCC (pRCC) by immunohistochemistry and integrated sequencing data to investigate the frequency of MET, AXL, and SRC gene mutations, their expression levels, and the presence of splice variants. In TCGA and in Foundation Medicine, Inc. (FMI) datasets, AXL and SRC gene alterations were extremely rare (<2%) or absent in ccRCC (n = 531 and 2,781, respectively) and pRCC (n = 290 and 566, respectively). On the other hand, MET mutations or amplifications were found in 9.7% (TCGA) and 10.2% (FMI) of pRCC. We show that strong SRC staining intensity by immunohistochemistry is associated with high tumor stage, high grade, and shorter survival in ccRCC (p < 0.001 each). AXL expression correlates with high stage and grade in ccRCC (p < 0.001 each). Both SRC and AXL expression were independent prognostic parameters in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). MET expression is associated with longer survival in pRCC (p < 0.05). Our TCGA data analysis aligns with SRC immunohistochemistry findings on tumor stage and shorter survival in ccRCC. TCGA expression data showed a moderate positive correlation between AXL and c-MET in pRCC. In addition, we identified alternative splicing events reported for AXL in pRCC, and MET and SRC in ccRCC, across various alternative splicing databases. In conclusion, we identified high SRC expression as a biomarker for poor prognosis of ccRCC. Our data demonstrate c-MET, AXL, and SRC signaling pathway interactions independent of c-MET, AXL, and SRC mutations in ccRCC.

Rectal metastasis from lung cancer diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy: A case report.

A 73-year-old man visited our hospital due to hyperintestinal peristalsis and diarrhea. He had been undergoing regular annual checkups for dust lung disease. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed edematous thickening of the rectal wall with contrast effect. A colonoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor-like protrusion in the Rb lesion of the rectum without neoplastic epithelial changes. Forceps biopsies of the overlying mucosa were non-diagnostic; however, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy revealed that the specimen was poorly differentiated non-small cell invasive carcinoma. Then, we performed a chest computed tomographyand a newly detected mass lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung. Based on immunohistochemical analysis and image findings, the patient was diagnosed with rectal metastasis from lung cancer. Subsequently, sputum cytology confirmed the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Rectal submucosal tumor-like protrusions are occasionally encountered. When a non-exposed rectal tumor is identified, it is important to differentiate metastatic diseases, consider endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy, and make a definitive diagnosis through detailed immunohistochemical evaluation and systemic imaging surveillance.

Comprehensive Classification of Surgically Resected Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Updates From a Single-Institution Experience Based on the WHO 5th Edition.

The 5th edition of WHO classification (WHO5) renamed pituitary adenoma as pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET), aligning with NET nomenclature from other sites. This study investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of surgically resected PitNET based on the WHO5 classification. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 210 cases of surgically resected and pathologically confirmed PitNET treated at Seoul National University Hospital from 2021 to 2023. The tumors were graded using the French five-tiered grading system proposed by Trouillas et al. Detailed information on grade 3 metastatic PitNET cases is provided. The cohort's median age was 53 years (age range: 8-84 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1. Mean tumor size was 2.5 cm (range: 0.1-6.5 cm). Macroadenomas predominated (91.9%), followed by microadenoma (6.7%), and giant tumors (1.4%), with 56.2% extending suprasellarly. SF1-lineage PitNET was most prevalent (49.5%), followed by PIT1-lineage (23.3%) and TPIT-lineage (17.1%). Null cell tumors (5.7%) and unclassified plurihormonal PitNET (4.3%) were rare. PIT1-lineage PitNET comprised somatotrophs (47.0%), mature plurihormonal PIT1 lineage tumors (18.4%), thyrotrophs (16.3%), immature PIT1-lineage tumors (16.3%), and acidophilic stem cell tumors (n=1), however, there was no lactotroph PitNET. Among SF1-lineage tumors, serologically non-functional tumors predominated (79%), while, immunohistochemically, 71.2% were gonadotrophin (FSH/LH)-positive. Tumor grades by the French five-tiered classification system were distributed as follows: grade 1a (58.1%), 1b (17.6%), 2a (16.2%), 2b (7.1%), and 3 (1.0%). Two cases of metastatic corticotroph PitNET were observed: The first case, a 50-year-old female had liver metastasis and experienced tumor recurrence 7 years after his initial diagnosis of PitNET, ultimately dying 9.5 years later. The primary tumor appeared bland, but the metastatic tumor exhibited a high mitotic rate and a Ki-67 index was 48%. The second case involved a 44-year-old man with metastases to the paranasal sinus, liver, and bone. Despite showing initial bland histopathology and a low proliferation index, this tumor displayed aggressive behavior. The patient had a recurrence 1.5 years after diagnosis, with additional metastases emerging 3 years later. He survived for 8.0 years and is currently disease-free following surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This comprehensive analysis of surgically resected PitNETs using the new WHO5 classification provides valuable insights into the distribution of the subtypes in the surgical cohort. Key findings were the predominant gonadotroph PitNET, the absence of lactotroph PitNET, and the rarity of null cell tumors in surgical cases. The lack of lactotrophs was mainly due to medical treatment. This study highlights the discrepancy between serological and immunohistochemical findings of SF1-lineage PitNETs. While metastatic PitNET cases showed poor prognosis, the predictive value of the French grading system for PitNET requires further validation through extended follow-up.

Omeprazole attenuates irradiation-induced lung injury through the suppression of apoptosis and oxidative stress in mice.

Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for patients with malignant thoracic tumors, but it can cause lung damage. Omeprazole (OM) is a proton pump inhibitor with anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of OM on oxidative stress and apoptosis through the use of ionizing radiation (IR) in lung tissue. Sixty-four mice were randomized into eight groups: the control, OM (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day/oral for 7 consecutive days), IR (single dose of 6 Gy), and IR + OM (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) groups. The protective effect of OM was determined by histological and immunohistochemical evaluation and assessment of protein carbonyl levels. OM significantly decreased protein carbonyl levels in the lungs of irradiated mice compared with those in the lungs of IR-treated mice. Histological evaluation of the irradiated mice revealed destruction of the alveolar wall, thickening of the alveolar sac wall, enlarged red blood cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema, and capillary, vascular and interstitial hyperemia. OM at all three doses significantly reduced lung injury. Immunohistochemical findings also revealed that OM could reduce the expression of caspase-3. OM at a low dose and short duration of administration had no side effects. OM is able to protect against lung damage caused by IR through reducing oxidative stress and decreasing the expression of caspase-3.

Perineuriomatous Nevus: A New Case Presentation With a Brief Review of the Literature.

Perineuriomatous nevus (PN) is a rare variant of neurotized spindle-cell melanocytic nevus, first described in 2011, characterized by the expression of perineurioma markers such as epithelial membrane antigen and CD34 in a distinctive fingerprint-like pattern. Although PN is uncommon and not fully understood in terms of pathogenesis, recent studies have explored its definition, etiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis, particularly distinguishing it from benign and malignant entities such as neurocristic hamartoma and desmoplastic melanoma. Accurate diagnosis requires thorough morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis. This case report describes a PN in a 29-year-old woman with a pigmented nodule on her scapula, emphasizing histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings consistent with the literature. The lesion exhibited a biphasic structure, with a conventional nevoid component transitioning into a spindle cell population, showing epithelial membrane antigen and CD34 positivity in the spindle cells, while SRY-box transcription factor 10 and S-100 were positive in the nevoid cells. This case adds to the limited number of reported cases, helping to refine the diagnostic criteria for PN and its differentiation from other similar lesions.

Congenital Cutaneous Neurocristic Hamartoma of the Scalp with Poor Melanin Content.

Cutaneous neurocristic hamartoma (CNH) is a rare tumor that arises from cells of neural crest origin. This tumor typically proliferates within the dermis or subcutaneous adipose tissue and usually exhibits pigmentation, which requires differentiation from conditions such as blue nevus and congenital nevus. We report CNH in a 5-month-old female infant. A subcutaneous mass in the parietal region was identified 4 days after birth. Imaging studies revealed that the subcutaneous mass was approximately 7 cm in diameter and involved the intracranial space. An open biopsy specimen obtained at 3 months of age suggested a benign hemangiopericytomatous tumor, and tumor excision was subsequently performed at 5 months of age. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by a mixture of nevoid epithelioid and spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells. Melanin-pigmented melanocytes were observed in only a small portion of the lesion. Immunohistochemically, the epithelioid cells were positive for S100 protein, SOX10, human melanin black 45 (HMB45) (PMEL), and melan-A (MLANA), whereas the spindle-shaped cells were positive for CD34. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of CNH was made. An accurate diagnosis and long-term follow-up are mandatory in CNH due to the potential for malignant transformation, including transformation to melanoma.

Breast Cancer: Habitat imaging based on intravoxel incoherent motion for predicting pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Radiomics research based on whole tumors is limited by the unclear biological significance of radiomics features, which therefore lack clinical interpretability. We aimed to determine whether features extracted from subregions defined by habitat imaging, reflecting tumor heterogeneity, could identify breast cancer patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), to optimize treatment. 143 women with stage II-III breast cancer were divided into a training set (100 patients, 36 with pathologic complete response [pCR]) and a test set (43 patients, 16 with pCR). Patients underwent 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before NAC. With the pathological results as the gold standard, we used the training set to build models for predicting pCR based on whole-tumor radiomics (ModelWH), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-based habitat imaging (ModelHabitats), conventional MRI features (ModelCF), and immunohistochemical findings (ModelIHC). We also built the combined models ModelHabitats+CF and ModelHabitats+CF+IHC. In the test set, we compared the performance of the combined models with that of the invasive ModelIHC by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of the model. The DeLong test was used to compare diagnostic efficiency across different parameters. In the prediction of pCR, ModelWH, ModelHabitats, ModelCF, ModelIHC, ModelHabitats+CF, ModelCF+IHC and ModelHabitats+CF+IHC achieved AUCs of 0.895, 0.757, 0.705, 0.807, 0.800, 0.856, and 0.891 respectively, in the training set and 0.549, 0.708, 0.700, 0.788, 0.745, 0.909, and 0.891 respectively, in the test set. The DeLong test revealed no significant difference between ModelIHC versus ModelHabitats+CF (p=0.695) and ModelHabitats+CF+IHC versus ModelCF+IHC (p=0.382) but showed a significant difference between ModelIHC and ModelHabitats+CF+IHC (p=0.043). The habitat model we established from first-order features combined with conventional MRI features and IHC findings accurately predicted pCR before NAC. This model can facilitate decision-making during individualized treatment for breast cancer.

Histopathology Findings of Low-Level Laser Therapy Effectiveness on Achilles Tendon Repair in Rabbit Model.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been utilized to treat tendinitis and various other musculoskeletal conditions. The current study assessed the impact of LLLT (650 and 750nm) on tendon repair in rabbits. Fifteen 2-year-old male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups: control, 650nm laser and 750nm laser therapy. After applying Achilles tendon-destructive surgery on their right legs, rabbits underwent LLLT, and tendon repair was assessed using histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings. All data were analysed using SPSS version 21, considering a significant level <0.05. The study's histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LLLT at 650 and 750nm significantly improved tendon healing compared to the control group (p<0.05). The treated groups exhibited better organized tendon fibres with reduced discontinuity, collagen fibre waviness, and inflammatory response (p<0.05). Both laser wavelengths showed similar results with no significant differences between them (p>0.05), but both were notably better than the control group in reducing inflammation, enhancing fibre structure, and lowering levels of collagen type I (Col-I); collagen type III (Col-III); transformer growth factor beta (TGF-β); galectin-3 (galectin-3); VGF nerve growth factor inducible; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), indicating a more effective healing process with LLLT. Due to our findings, LLLT at 650 and 750nm effectively reduced inflammation, improved structural integrity, and enhanced the organization of collagen fibres for Achilles tendon repair in rabbits.

Case Report: A Rare Case of Central Intraventricular Neurocytoma

Background: Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare, well-differentiated neuroepithelial tumor, classified as WHO Grade 2. It primarily arises within the ventricles, most commonly in the lateral ventricles, and accounts for less than 1% of all intracranial tumors. Due to its location and imaging characteristics, CN poses a diagnostic challenge and may be mistaken for other intraventricular neoplasms.  Case Presentation We present a case of a 28-year-old female who presented with headache, vomiting, and giddiness for two days. MRI brain revealed a heterogeneously enhancing intraventricular mass lesion in the frontal horn and body of the right lateral ventricle, causing obstruction at the foramen of Monro and leading to ventricular dilatation. Imaging features, including T2 hyperintensity, diffusion restriction, and a glycine peak on MR spectroscopy, suggested a neurocytoma. Neurosurgical biopsy confirmed central neurocytoma (CNS WHO Grade 2) based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.  Discussion The patient’s symptoms were due to obstructive hydrocephalus, a common presentation of CN. MRI played a crucial role in identifying the lesion, distinguishing it from differential diagnoses such as ependymoma, astrocytoma, and meningioma. Complete surgical resection remains the preferred treatment, with a generally favourable prognosis.  Conclusion Early recognition of CN on MRI is essential for prompt surgical intervention. Given its benign behaviour and low recurrence rate, CN has an excellent prognosis if completely excised. Radiologists must be aware of its imaging characteristics to aid in accurate diagnosis and appropriate surgical planning.

Recurrence-Free Survival in Composite Hemangioendothelioma: A Case Study and Updated Systematic Review.

Background/Objectives: Composite hemangioendothelioma (CHE) is a rare vascular endothelial tumor with borderline malignancy. This study presents a case of CHE and an updated systematic review of previously reported cases, providing insights into recurrence patterns and survival outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to 31 December 2024, to identify eligible case reports. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate event-free survival. Results: We report a 61-year-old man with a splenic lesion associated with weight loss and abdominal pain persisting for 1 year. Intraoperative findings revealed an enlarged spleen and multiple hepatic deposits. Splenectomy and liver biopsy revealed a well-demarcated, nodular tumor measuring 160 × 145 × 100 mm, with histological and immunohistochemical findings consistent with CHE, complicated by hepatic metastasis. Of 405 potentially eligible studies, 59 were included in the review, covering cases from 2000 to 2024, with a peak in 2020 and 2023. The median age of patients was 42 years, with the most common tumor sites being the lower extremities (30.48%), followed by the face, head, and neck (20.95%), and upper extremities (18.1%). Surgical intervention was the most common treatment (60.95%). Recurrence-free survival was observed in 42.86% of cases, while 15.24% experienced recurrence with or without metastasis. Two patients (1.90%) died from the disease. The median recurrence-free survival was 48 months (95% CI: 7.3-88.7). Conclusions: CHE exhibits significant morphological variation and can mimic other vascular tumors. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for proper prognosis and avoiding overtreatment due to misdiagnosis as more aggressive neoplasms. Patients with high-risk CHE should undergo closer surveillance to ensure timely detection of progression.

A multi-center cross-sectional investigation of BRAF V600E mutation in Ameloblastoma.

B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation stands as a pivotal genetic alteration strongly associated with several neoplasms and contributes significantly to their pathogenesis as well as potential targeted treatment strategies. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the frequency of BRAF V600E mutation in ameloblastoma in a multi-center of Thailand. Anti-BRAF V600E (clone VE1) immunohistochemistry was performed on 227 conventional ameloblastoma (AM) and 113 unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) samples collected from four major dental schools located in the Central, North, South, and Northeast regions of Thailand. Tumor cells from randomly chosen AM cases were also micro-dissected from the FFPE sections and subjected to DNA sequencing to confirm the immunohistochemical results. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 71.8% of the AM samples, while 65.5% of samples with UAs demonstrated BRAF V600E positivity. The BRAF V600E mutation was significantly different in the histological subtypes of AMs in the four centers (p = 0.012) and the location of UA in three centers (p = 0.013). There was no significant association between the BRAF V600E mutation and the location of ameloblastoma in the overall prevalence of our multi-center study; nonetheless, a statistically significant association was found between the BRAF V600E mutation and the mandible location of AMs from the Central Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University (MU) center (p = 0.033), as well as with the histological subtypes of AMs from the Southern Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University (PSU) center (p = 0.009). No statistical association was observed between the BRAF V600E mutation and AM and UA recurrence (p = 0.920 and p = 0.312), respectively. The results of DNA sequencing performed in randomly selected 40 BRAF V600E-positive and 20 BRAF V600E-negative ameloblastoma tissues were in accordance with the immunohistochemical findings. As a result of a notable prevalence of BRAF V600E in Thai individuals diagnosed with ameloblastoma, they may benefit from the utilization of adjunctive anti-BRAF targeted therapy for treatment.

Systemic amyloid A amyloidosis secondary to chronic enteritis in a captive little owl (Athenenoctua).

Systemic amyloid A amyloidosis secondary to chronic enteritis in a captive little owl (Athenenoctua).