An International Multicenter Study of Native and Immigrant South Asian Crohn's Disease.

Early large language models (LLMs) were released with minimal alignment, offering a rare view of how generative systems reframe the ethical values embedded in human texts. We examine outputs from a 2021 version of OpenAI’s base GPT-3, prompting it to summarise culturally diverse source materials (laws, political speeches, and philosophical works) and interpreting results through a descriptive, moral value pluralist lens. Where possible, we contextualise outputs with cross-national datasets such as the World Values Survey. We document recurring value drift: Australia’s firearm policy is recast as a threat to liberty; de Beauvoir’s feminist critique becomes gender-essentialist dating advice; and Merkel’s humanitarian appeal is recast as immigration control. In contrast, multilateral documents (UN/UNESCO) exhibit greater value stability, suggesting consensus-crafted language can buffer against cultural mutation. We argue that these early behaviours (observed before extensive fine-tuning and safety layers) provide a baseline for understanding how training distributions shape normative framing. Our contribution is twofold: (1) empirical evidence that value drift can invert or overwrite encoded values along predictable cultural axes, and (2) a pluralist, descriptive evaluation method that surfaces whose values dominate and when. We conclude with implications for culturally inclusive evaluation and alignment in contemporary LLMs.

ABSTRACT Most migrant care workers in South Korea are Joseonjok migrants, ethnic Koreans from Northeastern China. Korean Chinese migrants have an ambiguous identity, with a shared Korean ethnicity but a different social culture and citizenship. The ambiguity necessitates sophisticated immigration control technologies, especially given the official desire of the South Korean state to incorporate Korean Chinese populations selectively. The visa pathways between temporary Working Visit Status (H-2 visa) and long-term Overseas Korean Status (F-4 visa) provide an apt site for observing temporal techniques of bordering and in/exclusion. Using migrant care work in South Korea as a case study, the paper interrogates the relationship between control and time norms in three timescales, namely the temporality of immigration control, the control of time in a gendered work regime, and migrants’ lifecycle expectations. The visa pathways to long-term status open for migrant care workers when they demonstrate three disciplinary traits, quality, docility, and invisibility, which are considered desirable by the immigration authorities. However, demonstrating such traits requires migrants to acrobatically maneuver their timescales to mediate contradictions.

ABSTRACT How did governments respond to the COVID-19 pandemic? In governments, policymaking authority is delegated to ministers, who play a central role in policymaking. Consequently, assessing ministers’ positions and interministerial policy conflicts during the pandemic is essential for understanding governments’ responses. We conduct a text analysis of cabinet ministers’ speeches in the Japanese Diet to identify individual ministers’ policy positions on the health versus economy dimension. We find that ministers with jurisdiction over public health, immigration and border control, education, and the COVID-19 pandemic prioritised infection control, whereas ministers with jurisdiction over economic management, public finance, tourism, and the Olympic and Paralympic Games prioritised the economy. These findings shed new light on cabinet governments by showing that policy conflicts exist between ministers, as evidenced in their legislative speeches, and that ministers pursue the interests of policy areas under their jurisdiction, which may also serve their individual career ambitions.

Starting in the 1980s, the U.S. federal government considerably expanded criminal grounds for deportation, laying the foundation for today’s enforcement regime. Yet, the policymaking dynamics behind this shift remain unclear, given the country’s long history of using criminality to exclude, detain, and remove immigrants. I argue that modern crime-based deportation originated with an underexplored provision of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, followed by key expansions in 1988 and 1990. Using a reactive sequences framework, I trace how macroscopic forces converged to produce a contingent event—the insertion of Section 701 into the 1986 Act—triggering a backlash-driven sequence of reforms that reshaped U.S. immigration enforcement. Analyzing congressional debates from 1986–1990, I reveal how a bipartisan coalition of political entrepreneurs, many from Florida, embedded crime-based deportation within the broader institutional crackdown on drugs and crime. Substantively, my findings clarify how deportation laws evolve through national policymaking, often in response to local pressures. Theoretically, I extend the reactive sequences approach to a novel case, demonstrating how political actors exploit contingent moments to drive institutional change.

ABSTRACT Purpose Undocumented Afghan women migrants in Pakistan face profound barriers to reproductive healthcare. This study examines the informal reproductive healthcare strategies of undocumented Afghan women migrants living in Peshawar, focusing on the invisible safety nets they construct in response to legal and institutional exclusion. Method The study employed a qualitative research method by conducting narrative in-depth interviews, focus group discussions with undocumented Afghan women migrants, and five key informant interviews. The study conducted a narrative-informed thematic analysis grounded in concepts of social networks, everyday bordering, and reproductive justice. Results The study findings revealed that public facilities are widely perceived as sites of document checking, humiliation, and potential exposure to immigration authorities, leading women to anticipate exclusion and pre-emptively turn away from formal care. In this context, traditional birth attendants, small private clinics, pharmacies, and home-based remedies form a plural, informal care landscape, accessed and evaluated through dense kinship and neighborhood networks. Community-based practices, rotating loans, information sharing, accompaniment, and emotional support, operate as invisible safety nets that partially compensate for state neglect.. Conclusion The study calls for decoupling reproductive care from immigration control while engaging pragmatically with existing informal providers and community networks to promote reproductive justice and well-being.

The interconnections between immigration, crime, and criminal justice are leaving a stronger and more lasting imprint on penal policy, the design of penal institutions, policing practices, and legal outcomes than in previous periods. This review presents the work of a growing area of scholarly inquiry that highlights the transformative impact of immigration control on criminal justice. Although heated and fierce political rhetoric about immigrants commands a lot of media and scholarly attention, the actual contours of immigration policies within the criminal justice field are more difficult to discern and demand empirical examination. The review also addresses the potential challenges these developments represent for justice and the rule of law, which lie not only in the harshness of the system but also in the fact that it may serve as a vehicle for the growth of authoritarianism and exceptionalism.

West Kalimantan Province, remain a significant challenge to the national immigration control system. This phenomenon consists of two main forms: first, the entry of foreign nationals without official documents and the irregular departure of Indonesian citizens, particularly prospective migrant workers, through non-procedural means. These crossings typically utilize unofficial routes or jalur tikus—paths that are difficult to access and poorly monitored. Such practices often involve third parties, including brokers, illegal agents, or transnational syndicates that facilitate the unlawful movement of people. In addressing this issue, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic frontline role; however, implementation remains constrained by limited human resources, infrastructure deficiencies, and the suboptimal presence of authorized immigration officers at traditional border posts. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using literature review methods to analyze the forms of illegal crossings, institutional challenges faced by immigration authorities, and the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration in border surveillance. The findings reveal that joint operations involving multiple agencies have resulted in a 27% increase in the detection of illegal crossers within a six-month period compared to separate patrols. However, collaboration among agencies such as the military (TNI), police (POLRI), National Border Management Agency (BNPP), Migrant Worker Protection Agency (BP2MI), and local governments has not been fully effective due to weak coordination, the absence of an integrated monitoring system, and a lack of unified standard operating procedures (SOPs). Therefore, strengthening immigration functions requires institutional synergy, improved officer capacity, the use of modern surveillance technologies, and active community involvement through a sustainable and adaptive participatory monitoring framework tailored to border characteristics.

This research examines law enforcement against immigration violations and the factors influencing the effectiveness of border crossing inspection at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI) of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Immigration inspection plays a vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty and monitoring cross-border human movement. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that enforcement procedures include document verification, identification of violations, administrative actions, and deportation in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Common violations found include misuse of stay permits, travel document forgery, unauthorized border crossers, and illegal activities by foreign nationals beyond visa provisions. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Several factors affect the effectiveness of inspections, including personnel quality, technological support, legal frameworks, infrastructure capacity, traveler volume, inter-agency cooperation, political and international relations factors, socio-cultural dynamics, financial and logistical support, as well as internal supervision and accountability systems. The research concludes that institutional capacity building, policy integration, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened internal supervision are essential to ensure optimal immigration control at TPI Tanjung Perak in facing global challenges.

Historically, the number of United Kingdom (UK) emigrants has exceeded the number of immigrants, but this trend began to change in the early 1970s. The UK government has been enforcing strict immigration controls to reduce the number of immigrants, especially asylum seekers. The country even left the European Union to better control its borders and consider new arrivals based on their skills. However, despite tighter immigration policies, long-term international migration to the UK has continued to grow. The ongoing, and to some extent gendered and racialised, migration fix has not provided a sustainable solution for the country. Instead, it has increased the vulnerability and anxiety of refugees, asylum seekers, and other migrants. Informed by a scoping review and the concept migration fix, this article examines UK immigration policies since World War II. This article is important for understanding the migration fix in UK immigration and asylum policies and their effects on asylum seekers, refugees, and other migrants.

We propose a single-step hybrid block approach that incorporates three strategically chosen fixed off-grid points to tackle a system of methamphetamine abuse models governed by first-order equations. The method is formulated using a polynomial basis formed via a power-series representation and is proven to be both convergent and A-stable. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method effectively approximates the solution, highlighting its capability to solve the methamphetamine abuse model and other first-order initial value problems. Additionally, we analyze the effect of immigration on the dynamics of methamphetamine abuse and find that controlling user influx is a crucial strategy for mitigating the spread of substance use. These findings emphasize the significance of incorporating immigration control measures into intervention policies to curb methamphetamine abuse effectively.

Belawan waters are waters that directly lead to the waters of the Malacca Strait and are a human trafficking route that is frequently traversed by perpetrators. The existence of cases of human trafficking that occur in the Malacca Strait area will certainly have an impact on the security of the strait. There are three main principles of national security that could be threatened by cross-border cases, namely sovereignty, territorial integrity, political, social, economic and cultural sustainability. This research aims to examine the factors causing human trafficking through Belawan waters from a criminological perspective; to determine the forms of supervision and law enforcement in Indonesian waters in eradicating criminal acts of human trafficking and to examine obstacles to law enforcement of criminal acts of human trafficking through Indonesian waterways. This research method uses normative legal research. The data used is secondary data with primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials as research data sources. The data obtained comes from statutory regulations and developing legal theories related to human trafficking. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis. The results of this research are the first that factors causing human trafficking through Belawan waters include internal factors consisting of economic influence (poverty), negligence of victims, authoritarian societal cultural factors, lack of expertise or skills of victims, low education, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to information and occupational risks. Meanwhile, external factors can be influenced by weak immigration control in a country, lack of coordination between immigration and the police and the Indonesian Navy in the Belawan waters. Second, that the form of supervision and law enforcement in Indonesian territorial waters is to eradicate criminal acts of human trafficking by carrying out penal efforts through law enforcement in accordance with Law Number 21 of 2007 and non-penal efforts by prioritizing preventive efforts. Third, that Obstacles law enforcement of criminal acts of trafficking in persons through Indonesian waterways, including weak supervision by the police and immigration which does not provide information on trafficking in persons; Community indifference in preventing human trafficking cases; The case handling process can take a relatively long time; Development of the Modus Operandi for the Crime of Human Trafficking; There is a condition that the victim does not know that he is being exploited or is a victim of human trafficking; Minimal budget for law enforcement officers.

Abstract The European Union (EU) aims to become a trendsetter in regulating the use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in fields that are considered high risk – such as, for instance, migration control. The EU is already using various advanced technologies in its migration and asylum policy, and will expand its toolbox via the European Travel Information and Authorization System, requiring visa-exempt individuals traveling to the EU to register and provide personal data. The data will be filtered automatically, based on various specific risk indicators. The fundamental rights-compliant nature of such automated filtering needs to be assured, having regard to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the various data protection regimes enacted by the EU – as well as the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The paper analyses the algorithmic decision-making process of the ETIAS in light of all of the above, and concludes that the system is lacking certain safeguards, possibly imperiling not only the right to privacy and data protection but the right to an effective judicial remedy as well.

Abstract Shortly after the conquest of Beijing in 1644, the Qing rulers commissioned the construction of a linear barrier system, made of an earthen embankment with willows planted on it, called the Willow Palisade, that enclosed southern Manchuria (approximately corresponding to modern Liaoning Province). This structure physically demarcated the region from Mongol territories to the west and from northern Manchuria (Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) to the northeast. While functioning secondarily as a Manchu-Mongol boundary, its primary purpose was to partition Manchuria into distinct zones subject to different policies regarding Han Chinese migration. This study first provides a concise examination of the barrier’s physical characteristics, geographical extent, and historical evolution. It then analyses the structure’s dual function as both a territorial border and an immigration control mechanism, demonstrating how it principally served to separate Manchuria’s selectively open southern districts from the strictly prohibited northern territories that the Qing leadership sought to preserve to themselves and to their Manchu subjects.

Immigration control at key ports of entry, such as Durban Harbour, does not occur in isolation; it is shaped by how well government agencies communicate, coordinate, and cooperate in practice. The researchers examined the dynamics of stakeholder management and inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of immigration policies at one of South Africa’s busiest harbours. Using a qualitative case study design, in-depth interviews were conducted with senior officials from the South African Police Service (SAPS) to explore how stakeholder relationships influence policy execution. Although formal arrangements, such as Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and the Local Seaport Core Command (LSCC), are in place, the findings reveal persistent institutional silos, weak enforcement of collaborative frameworks, and limited accountability mechanisms. Agencies were found to prioritise internal organisational objectives over collective action, undermining the effectiveness of immigration policy enforcement. The researchers call for a national framework to strengthen inter-agency coordination and establish clearer operational roles for enhanced national security. The research contribution lies in offering empirical insights into how cooperation, or the lack thereof, shapes immigration governance, with broader implications for public management and stakeholder theory in complex, multi-actor environments.

The growing use of digital systems to check immigration, biometric identity checks and border control, has reduced these infrastructures to the main targets of cyber-attacks, especially by nation-state actors. The conventional cybersecurity tools are not always sufficient to handle the sophistication and magnitude of current, focused threats. In this article, the author discusses the implementation of machine learning (ML) systems based on AI to defend against sophisticated cyber attacks on the critical systems of the immigration database and biometric identification system. The proposed AI-based tools of cyber defense are based on deep learning, reinforcement learning, and anomaly detection to monitor all network traffic, user behavior, and system activity and prevent possible attacks immediately. The tools are more proactive and automated in preventing threats as they incorporate AI systems and biometric security infrastructure, which can bring down the reaction time of the perceived threats. The article addresses the possible opportunities of machine learning in forecasting and reacting on attacks like data breaches, identity theft, and denial-of-service attacks. The results indicate that AI-based defense tools play an important role to enhance the security stance of immigration and border control facilities against complex and enduring nation-state risks.

Abstract Central to the UK’s Referendum on EU membership, immigration concerns underpinned support for Leave. This article examines ethnic minority support for Brexit, comparing their immigration attitudes with white British voters. Why immigrants and ethnic minorities would support immigration controls through voting Leave presents a theoretical puzzle with existing research finding they generally hold positive attitudes to immigration. Drawing on focus groups and interviews, I find opposition to Eastern European immigration motivated ethnic minority Leave support, who bolstered their own position as “good” immigrants while denigrating Eastern Europeans as “bad” immigrants. This echoes emerging trends of minoritized groups opposing newer migrants, including increased Latino/x support for Trump in 2024. White British Leave voters, however, rarely distinguished between EU and non-EU migrants, often including British ethnic minorities in their “mental image” of immigrants. Thus, tighter borders may do little to quell qualms over immigration which (partly) reflect concerns over rising racial diversity.

Abstract Over the past three decades in the United States, a surge of federal, state, and local laws and policies has increased levels of immigration enforcement and eroded immigrant access to public services and benefits. While a large body of research documents the deleterious effects of these forms of legal violence for a range of immigrant outcomes like poverty, employment, and schooling, the health consequences of these sociopolitical shifts for aging adults remain to be better understood. Linking panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004–2016) (n = 18,259) to longitudinal data on county immigration enforcement and state immigrant policies, we estimate three-way fixed-effects models to examine how changes in immigration enforcement and policy shape physical and physiological health at the intersection of race-ethnicity and immigration status. Results show that as local immigration enforcement intensifies and state policy contexts become more hostile toward immigrants, foreign-born adults—especially Latinx immigrants—experience accelerated health decline. Like episodes of physical violence that can leave lacerations and damage—both visible and more concealed—our results provide evidence of the health harms of state-sanctioned violence: what we call bodily scars of legal violence. Taken together, this research shows how policies governing the surveillance and control of immigrants not only shape structures of racial domination and immigrant exclusion but the embodied health inequities that flow from them, with implications for understanding and redressing inequities in health and aging.

The Trump administration’s rapid expansion of immigration controls across the United States is often cast as exceptional. Taking a historical, transnational view reveals that this rising authoritarianism is intimately tied to the proliferation of walls and cages across Western states over a number of decades. Sustained efforts by politicians across the ideological spectrum to detain, deport, and criminalize migrants have reshaped societies, undermining democracy and contributing to a drift toward authoritarian forms of government. In the face of this expanding carceral state and its corporate affiliates fueled by xenophobia and ethnonationalism, grassroots resistance offers an alternative vision of transnational politics.

This article examines colonial Hong Kong as a US border outpost during the Vietnamese refugee crisis, during which the city processed 195,833 Vietnamese asylum seekers between 1975 and 1997. After 1982, Hong Kong implemented a “closed camp” policy, which led to colonial police carrying out daily oceanic interceptions that became de facto remote immigration control for the United States. This policy change made nonarrival the experience for many oceanic refugees in Hong Kong and was central to the US pivot to humanitarianism as a practice of liberal empire in the Pacific. The article traces this shift through an archive of nonarrival: interception photographs of empty oceanic refugee vessels, which underscore colonial photography as a visual technology of dehumanization and racialized identity making. Developing a concept of “archive as infrastructure,” this article argues that visual policing was an important component in the ideological and material building of US, British, and Hong Kong offshored, transnational migration infrastructure. The article concludes with a reading of Dinh Q. Lê’s multimedia installation and digital archive Erasure (2011), which uses found photographs to engage ephemerality as a counterarchival response to the dehumanizing nonarrival enacted in the colonial state's aesthetics of bureaucratic rationality and visual capture.