Solvent Immersion Research Articles

Hollow porous carbon spheres (HPCSs) doped thin-film nanocomposite membrane for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration

A novel thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane was prepared for efficient organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) by doping hollow porous carbon spheres (HPCSs) nanoparticles in polyamide separating skin-layer through interfacial polymerization and solvent activation techniques. The undoped thin film composite (TFC) membrane was also prepared for comparison. In the interfacial polymerization process, the excellent adsorption properties of HPCSs lead to the unstable diffusion of m-phenylenediamine monomers from the aqueous phase to the oil phase, resulting in the formation of a ridge-valley morphology on the membrane surface. This ridge-valley morphology can effectively increase the contact area between the membrane and the solvent, which in turn improves the permeation capacity. The as-synthesized optimal TFN-HPCSs-200 membrane exhibits superior OSN performance. The methanol permeation capacity is 11.51 L m–2 h–1 bar–1, which was 1.42 times of that of the TFC membrane. Meanwhile, the retention rate of RDB dye for TFN-HPCSs-200 membrane is maintained at a high level (97.50%). Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the prepared TFN-HPCSs-200 membrane maintained stable solvent resistance and long-term stability after immersion in a strong polar DMF solvent at 80 °C for 5 days, implying that TFN-HPCSs membranes have potential for long-term application in industrial OSN processing.

MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES OF HESPERIDIN: SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION

This work represents an attempt to synthesize mesoporous silica nanoparticles and to take advantage of its surface area, pore size and pore volume for delivery of drug. In this work hesperidin, a bioflavonoid obtained from citrus fruit, was successfully loaded on silica nanoparticles by solvent immersion method. Hesperidin loaded nanoparticles were characterized for surface area, pore size, pore volume, in vitro dissolution, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The SEM and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm result demonstrated that both blank and hesperidin-MSNs possessed spherical surface with little aggregation. Mesoporous particles had surface area of 812.232 m2 g-1. It had pore size and volume was 2.242 nm and 0.635cm3 g-1, respectively. In vitro drug dissolution study showed slow release of hesperidin; which may be due to interaction between silanol function groups. This technique seems to produce particles with larger surface area and can be used as an effective carrier for drug delivery

Tannic acid/Fe3+ interlayer for preparation of high-permeability polyetherimide organic solvent nanofiltration membranes for organic solvent separation

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes have a great application prospect in organic solvent separation, but the development of OSN membranes is mainly restricted by trade-off between permeability and rejection rate. In this work, a TA/Fe3+ polymer was introduced into polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration membranes crosslinked with hexamethylene diamine as the intermediate layer, and OSN membranes with high separation performance and solvent permeability were obtained through interfacial polymerization and solvent activation. The interlayer with high surface hydrophilicity and a fixed pore structure controlled the adsorption/diffusion of the amine monomer during interfacial polymerization, forming a smooth (average surface roughness < 5.5 nm), ultra-thin (separation layer thickness reduced from 150 to 16 nm) and dense surface structure polyamide (PA) layer. The PA-Fe33+-HDA/PEI membrane retained more than 94% of methyl blue (BS) in 0.1 g·L−1 BS ethanol solution at 0.6 MPa, and the ethanol permeation reached 28.56 L−1·m−2·h−1. The average flux recovery ratio (FRR) of PA-Fe33+-HDA/PEI membrane was found to be 84%, which has better fouling resistance than PA-HDA/PEI membrane, and it was found to have better stability performance through different solvent immersion experiments and continuous operation in 0.1 g·L−1 BS ethanol solution. Compared with thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes, the PA-Fe33+-HDA/PEI membrane can be manufactured from an economical and environment-friendly method and overcomes the trade-off between permeability and rejection rate, showing great application potential in organic solvent separation systems.

Ultrastable Anti‐Acid “Shield” in Layered Silver Coordination Polymers

AbstractSurface passivation technology provides noble‐metal materials with limited chemical stability, especially under highly acidic condition. To design effective strategy to enhance stability of noble‐metal particles, an understanding of their surface anticorrosion mechanism at the atomic level is desirable by using two‐dimensional (2D) noble‐metal coordination polymer (CP) as an ideal model for their interfacial region. With the protection of 2‐thiobenzimidazole (TBI), we isolated two Ag‐based 2D CPs, {Ag14(TBI)12X2}n (S−X, where S denotes sheet and X=Cl or Br). These compounds exhibited excellent chemical stability upon immersion in various common solvents, boiling water, boiling ethanol, 10 % hydrogen peroxide, concentrated acid (12 M HCl), and concentrated alkali (19 M NaOH). Systematic characterization and DFT analyses demonstrate that the superior stability of S−X was attributed to the hydrophobic organic shell and dynamic proton buffer layer acting as a double protective “shield”.

Ultrastable Anti-Acid "Shield" in Layered Silver Coordination Polymers.

Surface passivation technology provides noble-metal materials with limited chemical stability, especially under highly acidic condition. To design effective strategy to enhance stability of noble-metal particles, an understanding of their surface anticorrosion mechanism at the atomic level is desirable by using two-dimensional (2D) noble-metal coordination polymer (CP) as an ideal model for their interfacial region. With the protection of 2-thiobenzimidazole (TBI), we isolated two Ag-based 2D CPs, {Ag14 (TBI)12 X2 }n (S-X, where S denotes sheet and X=Cl or Br). These compounds exhibited excellent chemical stability upon immersion in various common solvents, boiling water, boiling ethanol, 10 % hydrogen peroxide, concentrated acid (12 M HCl), and concentrated alkali (19 M NaOH). Systematic characterization and DFT analyses demonstrate that the superior stability of S-X was attributed to the hydrophobic organic shell and dynamic proton buffer layer acting as a double protective "shield".

Organic solvents enhance polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol self‐healing hydrogels for artificial cartilage

AbstractPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have potential applications in bionic articular cartilage due to their good biocompatibility and low friction. However, the lack of adequate mechanical properties is a key obstacle for PVA hydrogels to replace natural cartilage. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced into the PVA hydrogel, and the (PVA/PEG) composite gels were prepared by a blending physical cross‐linking method. The PVA/PEG gels were treated with a simple and novel organic solvent immersion dehydration to improve its mechanical and tribological properties. And the using of organic solvents for dehydration changed the network structure of the PVA/PEG gels, which improved the mechanical properties effectively. In this study, the effects of different organic solvents on the tribological properties, swelling ratio, shore hardness, and dehydration rate of PVA/PEG hydrogels were investigated. Compared with natural drying, organic solvent dehydration reduced the gel formation time. Notably, the organic solvent dehydration treatment reduces the wear rate of PE ball friction pair to 27.4% of the original amount, improving wear resistance. Meanwhile, self‐healing and cellular immune assays demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility and self‐healing ability of the PVA/PEG gels. This study provides a new candidate material for the design of articular cartilage, which is expected to advance the progress of artificial cartilage repair.

Eco‐friendly UV‐curable polyurethane‐silica superhydrophobic coating with superb mechanical durability

AbstractHerein, a facile, scalable, and cost‐effective method was used to fabricate eco‐friendly superhydrophobic UV‐curable polyurethane‐silica nanocomposite coating with promising physicomechanical properties. Fluorinated UV‐curable polyurethane dispersion was synthesized and used as the binder of the superhydrophobic coating along with hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles as textured topography. The chemical structures of the employed silica nanoparticles, prepared UV‐curable polymer, and superhydrophobic coating were thoroughly studied by FTIR analysis. It has been revealed that the prepared SH coating possesses well‐defined micro/nano‐scale roughness, high contact angle (159°), and low sliding angle (1.5°), which can be applied onto various substrates. Also, the exceptional durability of the fabricated coating against sandpaper abrasion (over 80 m) without losing its superhydrophobicity revealed the high capability of the prepared waterborne coating to be used in harsh practical applications. Additionally, due to the highly cross‐linked structure of the prepared SH coating, the applied coating could maintain its integrity even after 30 days of immersion in different organic solvents. Moreover, the prepared coatings showed substantial potential for use in self‐cleaning and oil/water separation fields (&gt; 98% efficiency after 15 cycles of oil/water separations). We are convinced that the prepared hybrid coating could offer a practical approach for fabricating of superhydrophobic materials as promising nominates for disparate fields.

Manufacturing, Testing and Recycling of a small recyclable wind turbine blade

Thermoplastic resins are likely to replace thermoset resins in wind blade manufacturing, as their similar structural properties together with their recyclability would enable the reuse of the raw materials in other composites at the end of life. This paper presents the manufacturing, testing and recycling process of a 1 m thermoplastic composite wind turbine blade compared to a similar thermoset blade. The results showed that the static and centrifugal performance of the two blades were similar, but the thermoplastic composite blade had a lower deflection compared to the epoxy blade. The different components of the thermoplastic blade were recovered by immersion in a suitable solvent for their possible reuse in the manufacture of a new wind turbine blade. Thus, this study provides an example of the use of circular economy principles in a strategic renewable sector, wind energy, validating the use of a new thermoplastic resin in the design and recycling of wind turbine blades, without changing their current manufacturing process.

Novel organic solvent nanofiltration membrane based on inkjet printing-assisted layer-by-layer assembly

Novel layer-by-layer (LBL) organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane was developed via inkjet printing of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on a polyketone (PK) membrane surface, followed by post-treatment using three different cross-linking agents: glutaraldehyde (GA), (±)-epichlorohydrin (ECH) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The effects of PEI and SWCNT concentrations, bilayer numbers, and cross-linking conditions in the formation of the selective layers were evaluated in terms of membrane OSN performances. PEI concentration of 10.0 g/L and SWCNT concentration of 1.0 g/L with eight cycles of printing bilayers were chosen as optimal conditions. GA cross-linking was found to give the best membrane performance, and thus GA was considered as the best cross-linking agent for inkjet-printed LBL membrane modification among the three kinds of cross-linkers. The (PEI/SWCNT)8-GA exhibited Rose Bengal (RB) rejection over 99% with high organic solvent permeances. Compared to the cross-linking time, cross-linking agent concentration was found to have a greater effect on the membrane modification in terms of rejection performance. Moreover, the inkjet-printed LBL membrane showed negligible changes in membrane weight and OSN performance after immersion in different organic solvents over a period of three weeks, indicating its high mechanical and chemical stability. Finally, the possible applications of our printed LBL membranes in the pharmaceutical and hemp industries were evaluated. Overall, our work could further develop inkjet printing method for LBL OSN membrane fabrications.

UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAH ARA (Ficus carica Linn) TERHADAP TIKUS YANG DI INDUKSI ALOKSAN

Diabetes is a disease in which the blood sugar level rises above the normal level. When blood sugar levels are regulated by the hormone insulin produced by the pancreas. The fig fruit (Ficus carica Linn) is a plant that is thought to be used as an herbal remedy in the management of diabetes. Contains flavonoids which are thought to have potential as antidiabetic. Flavonoid mechanism in reducing blood glucose levels is to reduce glucose absorption and increase insulin secretion. Flavonoids are phenol compounds that have several pharmacological activities. Objective knowing antidiabetic activity of fig extract (Ficus carica Linn) against mice induced by alloxan. The process used is a 70% ethanol solvent immersion process. This study method is designed before and after the control group. Fifteen rats were divided into 5 treatment groups. 1 (negative control) received the CMC Na 1% group, 2 (positive control) received glibenclamide 0.09 mg / kgBB, 3, 4 and 5 received 9 mg / kgBB, 18 mg / kgBB, and 36 mg / kg. The fig extract was administered at a dose of kgBB. Previously, rats were given alloxan 125 mg / kg BB intraperitoneally for 3 days and mice with a blood glucose level of ± 200 mg / dL were used in this study. The results of this study showed that glibenclamide 0,09 mg/kgBB and fig extract dose 36 mg/kgBB could reduce the best glucose levels for seven days. Conclusion the best glibenclamid as antidiabetic in male white rats induced by alloxan and fig extract at a dose of 36 mg/kgBB 1,5% concentration is good as antidiabetic mellitus in male white mice induced by alloxan.

Spatially microstructured topology of chalcogenide glasses by a combination of the electrothermal process and selective etching for functional infrared media

Chalcogenide glasses exhibit a wide transparency domain spanning from near infrared (IR) to mid-IR and thus, have become highly attractive optical materials in a range of applications. Controlling the topology of these glasses can be seen as a key aspect for the design of optical elements such as gratings, metasurfaces, waveguides, and other diverse refractive and diffractive optical components. Here, we demonstrate the structuring of large, millimeter square areas that have been structured at the micrometer scale employing an easy two-step process, incorporating a micro-poling step followed by immersion in an amine solvent. Ge-Sb-S-Na glasses have been investigated, and the influence of the sulphur and sodium content on the pre- and post-poling material dissolution response has been discussed. Three compositions of varying sulphur and sodium content were selected to study the influence of thermal poling using either a homogeneous or a structured electrode. It was found that either a large difference in dissolution rates of poled and unmodified regions or a large poled layer thickness leads to the generation of significant topological contrast. The origin of the poled region’s selective etching has been explained on the basis of a poling-induced density decrease. Finally, it was demonstrated that when the targeted resolution is micrometric, this rather easy process could be employed as an alternative to classical lithography techniques.

Investigation of Degradation of Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Vinyl Ester Resin.

This study compares the degradation process of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and vinyl ester resin (VER) and their biocomposites with kraft lignin. In order to study their degradation, accelerated aging, immersion in different solvents, microwave radiation and high temperature were applied. The results show that, depending on the conditions, the degradation assumes a different course. The VER resin is more chemically resistant than the UPR resin. In the case of the composites immersed in an aggressive solvent (acetone), it can be observed that the polymer matrix is degraded, whereas in water only a small increase of weight takes place. Immersion in NaOH initiates the degradation process consisting in the hydrolysis of ester bonds, which are especially observed for pure resins. Under the influence of UV radiation and microwaves, the resins are additionally cross-linked. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that in the case of composites heated to 1000 °C, a residual mass remains, which is carbonized with lignin. In turn, composites treated with microwaves lost weight.

Tailoring Surface Properties of Electrodes for Synchronous Enhanced Extracellular Electron Transfer and Enriched Exoelectrogens in Microbial Fuel Cells.

An extracellular electron transfer (EET) process between an electroactive biofilm and an electrode is a crucial step for the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which is highly related to the enrichment of exoelectrogens and the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode. Herein, an efficient N- and Fe-abundant carbon cloth (CC) electrode with the comodification of iron porphyrin (FePor) and polyquaternium-7 (PQ) was synthesized using a facile solvent evaporation and immersion method and developed as an anode (named FePor-PQ) in MFCs. The surface structural characterizations confirmed the successful introduction of N and Fe atoms, whereas FePor-PQ achieved the N content of 9.59 at %, which may offer various active sites for EET. The introduction of PQ contributed to improving the surface hydrophilicity, providing the composite electrode good biocompatibility for bacterial attachment and colonization as well as substrate diffusion. Based on the advantages, the MFC with the FePor-PQ anode produced a maximum power density of 2165.7 mW m-2, strikingly higher than those of CC (1124.0 mW m-2), PQ (1668.8 mW m-2), and FePor (1978.9 mW m-2). Furthermore, with the EET mediated by the binding of flavins and c-type cytochromes on the outer membrane was enhanced prominently, the typical exoelectrogen Geobacter was enriched up to 55.84% in the FePor-PQ anode biofilm. This work reveals a synergistic effect from heteroatom coating and surface properties tailoring to boost both the EET efficiency and exoelectrogen enrichment for enhancing MFC performance, which also provides valuable insights for designing electrodes in other bio-electrochemical systems.

Effect of Eco-Friendly Peanut Shell Powder on the Chemical Resistance, Physical, Thermal, and Thermomechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites.

The paper investigates the synthesis of eco-friendly composites and their properties before and after immersion in solvents of different chemical natures. For their preparation, unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) based on recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and peanut shell powder (PSP) were used. Polymerization was carried out in the presence of environmentally friendly polymeric cobalt. Distilled water, acetone, 10% hydrochloric acid, 40% sodium hydroxide, toluene, and 2% sodium carbonate were used as solvents in the chemical resistance test. Changes in the structure, properties, and appearance (morphology) of composites after 140 days of immersion in solvents were investigated. The results show that both the resin and its composites show resistance towards 10% HCl and toluene. The immersion in water has no significant effect on the resin, but for PSP composites, the plasticizing effect of water was observed. In acetone, after only one day, the resin and its composite with 10% PSP shrink and fall into pieces. However, the most destructive is an alkaline environment. After the immersion test, a huge increase in mass and a deterioration of gloss and thermomechanical properties were observed. The destructive influence of the 40% NaOH environment mainly concerned the resin.

Ability of Lewis Acids with Shallow σ-Holes to Engage in Chalcogen Bonds in Different Environments.

Molecules of the type XYT = Ch (T = C, Si, Ge; Ch = S, Se; X,Y = H, CH3, Cl, Br, I) contain a σ-hole along the T = Ch bond extension. This hole can engage with the N lone pair of NCH and NCCH3 so as to form a chalcogen bond. In the case of T = C, these bonds are rather weak, less than 3 kcal/mol, and are slightly weakened in acetone or water. They owe their stability to attractive electrostatic energy, supplemented by dispersion, and a much smaller polarization term. Immersion in solvent reverses the electrostatic interaction to repulsive, while amplifying the polarization energy. The σ-holes are smaller for T = Si and Ge, even negative in many cases. These Lewis acids can nonetheless engage in a weak chalcogen bond. This bond owes its stability to dispersion in the gas phase, but it is polarization that dominates in solution.

Cefdinir Inclusion in Mesoporous Silica as Effective Dissolution Enhancer with Improved Physical Stability

Objective: The objective of this research was to enhance the physical stability and the dissolution rate of cefdinir, a BCS class IV drug, characterized by low and variable bioavailability due to both its low solubility and low permeability. Methods: Cefdinir was loaded into the mesoporous silica (SBA-15), by using the solvent immersion method starting from different organic solvents. And then formula (F3), which exhibited the highest loading percentage, was selected to study its drug release in media with different pH (1.2, 4.5, and 6.8), and has been fully characterized by using: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and has been subjected to accelerated stability tests using different temperatures and relative humidity. Drug release kinetics were studied by using the following models: Probit, Gompertz, Weibull, and Logistic. Results: The results showed a remarkable dissolution improvement of cefdinir from the loaded silica in comparison to the crystalline drug at the different studied media. Drug release behaviors were well simulated by the Weibull model for F3 in all studied media and for pure Cefdinir in phosphate buffer only, and by the Gompertz function for pure Cefdinir in HCl buffer and Acetate buffer. FTIR results showed hydrogen bonds formed between the drug and silica, DSC and PXRD results revealed the transformation of cefdinir into an amorphous form upon adsorption. Stability studies under different conditions revealed the ability of mesoporous silica to maintain the amorphous state of the drug, which has been formed upon adsorption, and to prevent re-organization in the crystal nucleus of the drug molecules. Conclusion: Thus, loading cefdinir onto mesoporous silica can be used as a promising method to enhance drug dissolution, and maintain the physical stability of its amorphous form.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE POROUS STARCH FOAM FOR IMPROVING ORAL DELIVERY OF EPROSARTAN MESYLATE

Compared to inorganic carriers, Biodegradable Porous Starch Foam has shown strong properties and has a nano-porous structure, low density and large specific surface area and pore volume of Biodegradable Porous Starch Foam to improve the solubility and enhance absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. The study aimed to prepare Biodegradable Porous Starch Foam used to improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug Eprosartan Mesylate. The solid-state properties of the loaded BPSF samples have been characterised by SEM, FTIR, XRPD, and DSC for the analysis of the state of dispersion of loaded eprosartan mesylate compared with the pure eprosartan mesylate. By solvent immersion/ evaporation, the eprosartan mesylate is absorbed by a porous structure. The SEM shows the drug is loaded with crystals and rod-shaped pores. In XRPD, crystallinity of BPSF and unprocessed starch is measured as 26.76 percent and 28.6 percent, respectively. Eprosartan mesylate is thus identified on the surface of BPSF only by FTIR. From the in vitro drug release studies, it was confirmed that BPSF can be used to enhance the water solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This study demonstrates the great significance of using BPSF as a new delivery mechanism for medicines that are poorly water-soluble based on these results. This method can be used as a replacement for another currently used technique to enhance the stability of poorly soluble drugs.

Development of eco-friendly antifungal coatings by curing natural seed oils on wood

Protective green coatings are advantageous because they are eco-friendly and sustainable. In this study, three natural seed oils, tung, linseed and soybean, were used to investigate how coatings with different oil compositions could inhibit fungal growth. The oils were placed under direct sunlight to form cured films on maple wood. The curing chemistry and its effect on chemical resistance, water resistance and thermal stability were characterized and evaluated by FTIR, 13C NMR, solvent immersion, water contact angle and thermogravimetric analysis. The oil-coated samples were then placed on agar petri dishes that were spread with white-rot fungi. The areas of growth inhibition were measured over several days using an agar diffusion assay. The results showed that all oil-based coatings inhibited the fungal growth, with tung oil being the most effective followed by linseed and soybean oils. By mixing with a small fraction of tung oil, both linseed and soybean oils showed curing rates at least two times faster than individual oils and demonstrated much better inhibition of growth against fungi. This class of green natural seed oil coatings could be beneficial both economically and socially, given their high abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness.

Robust and Durable Superhydrophobic Polythiophene/SiO2 Coated Cotton Fabric for Versatile Oil–Water Separation

AbstractWith the development of industrialization, environmental pollution problems (e.g., oily water discharge and oil spill accidents) are becoming increasingly severe. The efficient and economic treatments for oily sewage are urgently needed and remain a huge challenge. Here, a robust and durable superhydrophobic material with the contact angle above 160° is prepared by coating SiO2 particles/polythiophene on cotton fabrics through a sol–gel process and an oxidation coupling polymerization. The polythiophene/SiO2 coated cotton fabric displays excellent resistance to ultraviolet irradiation, high and low temperatures, acid and salt solution immersion, organic solvent immersion, and good mechanical abrasion durability, antidirt and antifrost properties. The modified fabric is successfully applied as a filter to separate oil–water mixtures by gravity with high separation efficiency and excellent reusability. Moreover, superhydrophobic absorbers can be easily prepared from common 3D porous materials such as a sponge wrapped with the modified fabric for the effective collection of oil. Both immiscible oil–water mixtures and emulsions (oil‐in‐water and water‐in‐oil) can be separated even under harsh conditions (acidic solution or artificial seawater). This work provides a facile and selectable solution to treat oily sewage and leads to new ways of efficient oil–water separation.

Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Doxorubicin: Drug Loading and Release

Functionalized nanoparticles have played a major role in the field of targeted therapy, owing to their ability to control the release and for the selective delivery of entrapped materials to tumours. In this work, we described the loading capacity and in vitro release kinetics of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), functionalized with Poly-L-Histidine and Tamoxifen. The model drug Doxorubicin (DOX) was successfully encapsulated into MSN-based systems, using the technique of solvent immersion. A post-surface grafting loading method was investigated on functionalized systems, with DOX loading content determined using HPLC. Dialysis bag diffusion was employed to investigate the release kinetics of DOX-loaded-systems at pH 7.4 and 5. The amount of DOX released from native MSNs systems over a 72 h period at pH 5 was approximately 40%; and at pH 7.4 ≈ 30%. A moderate pH dependent release behaviour was observed with both our functionalized systems: DOX@MSN-PLH and DOX@MSN-PLH-TAM; with approximately 5% of DOX released from DOX@MSN-PLH-TAM at pH 7.4 and about 9% released at pH 7.4 over 72 h. The maximal cumulated release of DOX molecules from DOX@MSN-PLH after 72 h was ≈18% at pH 7.4 and ≈23% at pH 5, respectively. The outcome of this work offers a promising contribution towards building future stimuli-responsive nano-drug delivery systems.