The dynamics of change and time rarely shake the mother river's rich heritage, resilient capability and capacity since immemorial times. However, life on land and below water in Varanasi is increasingly under threat due to several anthropogenic activities, particularly sewage discharge. These activities are negatively affecting the bacteriophage cleaning capacity of the Ganga River. The primary objective of the study is to identify and analyse livelihood security, psychological wellbeing and indigenous knowledge in enhancing the resilience of the ghats from social, political and economic dimensions. A household survey was conducted in Ghats of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. Both primary and secondary data were used, and ethnographic methods were employed to achieve the research objects. The findings indicate that the livelihood security of people is under serious threat due to several factors, notably the declining level of the Ganga water level along the ghats of Varanasi. Although the recent coronavirus pandemic provided temporary relief to the river, significant improvements were observed in water quality, flow and aquatic flora and fauna.

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) houses knowledge assets in health, education, philosophy and sustainability right from the immemorial times. However, in spite of the fact that it was becoming increasingly significant, there has been scant research on an overall survey of people’s awareness, attitude and practice (AAP) towards IKS. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a psychometric scale that can capture AAP towards Indian Knowledge systems (as such) on the ground realistically and reliably so as to provide an easily usable tool for research, policy making and educational/learning systematization. The authors used a simultaneous approach design, in the first phase, items were generated from a review of the literature, expert opinion and focus groups. Content validity was assessed by a expert team and pilot study was followed by a large survey on respondents from different parts of India. EFA determined latent structure and measurement model was tested by CFA. An internal reliability and convergent/discriminant validity analyze were performed. The final scale included three main factors that have been named as Awareness, Attitudes and Practices. The three factors showed high reliability, acceptable fit with the measurement model and strong evidence for convergent and discriminant validities. Each item on the scale read and discussed, to confirm that it was clear, culturally acceptable as a function of content analysis, and had good psychometric properties.The research offers a valid approach to assessing AAP toward IKS. The tool can be employed by researchers, educators and policy makers for measuring perceptions and learning about IKS in curricula/ programmes, dissemination of methods for promoting culture conservation and sustainable development.

Currently, the issue of the spread of fakes in information flows is more acute than ever – false information that is passed off as truth in order to obtain benefits, attract traffic, destructively influence the public consciousness, etc. In this regard, the relevance of this article is explained, on the one hand, by the spread of fakes in the media space, and on the other hand, by the insufficient theoretical development of this topic and only emerging interest in it. The article analyzes the essence of fakes, their goals and features, types of fake news, technologies that are used to create fake content, and also examines the influence of fakes on public consciousness. The article provides data from a survey of 586 respondents and a statistical analysis of the results. As a result, a conclusion is made about the need for further thorough and in-depth study of this topic in order to reduce the negative impact of fakes on the social and political stability of society in such a difficult time for the country. Nowadays, information is one of the most powerful tools for influencing people's opinions, beliefs and ideas, manipulating their consciousness. Modern people live in an information flow, the source of which is the media, social networks, the Internet, news and, of course, fakes. News fakes are not an innovation of the 21st century, they have existed since immemorial times, but it is in recent years, with the development and spread of information technology and artificial intelligence, that they have acquired truly global proportions. The situation is complicated by the fact of the spread and active use of modern information technologies, in particular artificial intelligence, which allows creating fakes so real that they are almost impossible to distinguish from the truth.

Milk from different animals is a staple food consumed since immemorial times all over the world. However, there is a lack of knowledge in the scientific literature about knowledge related to milk and its effects on nutrition and health. The objective of this study was to investigate consumers’ knowledge about milk, its composition, and its effects on human health in two different countries. The study was conducted through a questionnaire survey in Portugal and France and involved 542 participants of whom 332 were French and 210 were Portuguese. For data analysis, we used basic statistics, parametric tests, tree classification, and factor analysis. The results showed that some sociodemographic variables significantly influenced the level of knowledge, namely country (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.029), and the dimension of the household (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, tree classification analyses revealed that other variables such as education, occupation, and body mass index showed some discriminating ability. Factor analysis retained 20 items of the 23 initially tested. The solution contained five factors, two of which had very good internal consistency (alpha values of 0.825 and 0.803). The mean scores for knowledge in practically all factors were consistently higher for the Portuguese as compared with the French sample. In conclusion, the level of knowledge about milk composition and its health effects differs according to several sociodemographic variables, particularly in what constitutes country differences.

This essay aims to present some sexual representations in rock art in the Serra da Capivara National Park (PNSC), in southeastern Piauí, Brazil. Since immemorial times, humans have created ways to express themselves, and rock art, engravings and/or paintings were sociocultural forms found to store and safeguard the most varied everyday information of group interests. More than 1,000 archaeological sites are known in the park, representing subjects related to the sociability of ancestral life, such as hunting, gathering, fighting, ceremonies, sexualities and much more. These depictions have been studied since the 1970’s and allowed the creation of a national park recognized as a World Heritage site. Although the paintings depict scenes considered by Western observers as obscene, barbaric and immoral, it is necessary to remember that primitive sexuality was not separate, private subject, to be hidden from the eyes of the social human life, as it is considered by us in 21st century. Key words: sexuality, rock art, prehistoric life, Serra da Capivara National Park, Piauí.

This article aims to reveal the contribution and importance of the study of Qirāʾat science in the modern era. Muslim scholars have emphasised it since immemorial times, even before several other sciences were discussed. This article conducts qualitative research and will reveal several reasons why the science of Qirāʾat needs to continue to be maintained. Although the description does not cover all aspects, it is hoped that it can represent and illustrate the purpose of this article. The research results found that the study of Qirāʾat science is a form of preserving the special qualities of al-Quran al-Karim. It is a reference and source that has an important role in Islamic studies such as tafsir, fiqh, and language. Apart from that, it can also oppose every challenge and accusation made by the enemies of Islam that aim to undermine the honour and dignity of the Qur'an. So, the study of the science of Qirāʾat in the modern era is an important thing that must be continued, because the extinction of the science of Qirāʾat will result in the burial of some of the words of Allah S.W.T. and the disappearance of the treasures of knowledge. It could even be the loss of a way of life for Muslims.

Deception has long been an essential component of military operations. It can be considered a tactic as old as warfare, having been used since immemorial times. From Sun Tzu’s “Art of War” to the present days, military strategists have recognized its power to turn the tide of conflict. Although, over the years, the methods, means and techniques specific to it have continuously evolved, along with technological developments, its basic principle remains the same: portraying a false reality to the adversary that leads to the materialization of operational opportunities, by causing the adversary to adopt courses of action disadvantageous to him. As the battlefield has become increasingly complex, the ability to deceive the adversary has also become an increasingly important asset to the success of military operations. Today, in an era of instant and abundant information, deception has paradoxically become more difficult to achieve and more critical to operational success. The deceptive action of the Ukrainians at Kherson last September against the Russians once again demonstrated its importance on the modern battlefield. However, many military planners tend to overlook this key aspect of military strategy despite its importance. This oversight can lead to grave consequences in the modern battlefield, where the enemy’s ability to gather intelligence can hinder operational success. For this reason, the present paper is an analysis of how deception actions can be integrated into the operational planning process at the operational level in order to maximize the chances of their success and, consequently, the military operation success. The need for such a scientific approach arises from the complexity of the deception process, which places a special emphasis not only on the thoroughness in planning these actions but also on the need to integrate and synchronize them with other military actions.

Las comunidades campesinas han estado observando sus territorios y manejando su biodiversidad desde tiempos inmemoriales; pero con los avances de la ciencia y la tecnología, sus saberes son marginados por un conocer académico sostenido en la modernidad, el cual no le ha dado el justo trato y los minimiza. La destrucción de innumerables tradiciones culturales no beneficia al ambiente, ni compromete los diálogos entre la academia, agencias del desarrollo y los observadores locales del clima.

Ayurveda is a pelagic with lashing quantities of proclaimed and unrevealed medicinal gems. Due to the morphological structure and lack of knowledge certain medicinal gems of Ayurveda are debatable. Such as Adina cordifolia which is one of the controversial kind of drug. Adina cordifolia is the Saffron Teak, Yellow, Belonging to family Rubiaceae, subfamily Cinchonoideae is endowed from India, Southern Asia, Srilanka, Vietnam and Southern China. It is a buoyant, deciduous tree; hinges disintegrated all throughout the significant part of Indian deciduous forests and drift in the sub-himalayan zone up to an altitude of 900 m. Since immemorial times it has been utilized in folklore medicine. Adina cordifolia is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of chronic jaundice, skin disease, gastropathy, fever, cough, swelling in stomach, stomachache and several other diseases. In the present article Adina cordifolia was investigated for Pharmacognostical screening such as Morphological Identification, Organoleptic properties, Microscopic evaluation, Fluorescence Analysis, Determination of the moisture content, Determination of Ash values, Determination of percentage extractive, Loss on drying, and Determination of pH. Because Adina cordifolia is a controversial kind of drug having sparse research so this study will be benevolent to push scientist for co-ordinating their studies.

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, has been known since immemorial times as a prominent oriental drug in East Asia that can treat various ailments, such as kidney disorders, anemia, and diabetes. In order to be applied for medical purposes, R. glutinosa is commonly processed using steam to increase its efficacy and biological activity. The increasing demand for R. glutinosa in the traditional medicine industry encouraged many researchers to develop a fast, efficient, and high-quality production system using biotechnological approaches. This study aimed to compare the chemical and biological activities of in vitro regenerated R. glutinosa (PKR) and commercial R. glutinosa (PCR) samples subjected to steam processing. We assessed the effects of steam processing and the differences in R. glutinosa material on 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) content, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and anti-inflammatory activity. PKR samples showed a significantly higher content of 5-HMF (0.15%) as compared to PCR samples (0.05%). Compared to unprocessed R. glutinosa (UPR) and PCR samples, PKR again showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 41.578 mg GAE/g and 17.208 mg RUE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, both processed R. glutinosa samples (PKR and PCR) showed a significantly higher DPPH antioxidant activity ((67.095 + 1.005)% and (61.579 + 0.907)%, respectively) than unprocessed R. glutinosa ((31.452 + 1.371)%). In addition, both PKR and PCR samples showed good anti-inflammatory activity by showing similar effects such as the inhibition of NO production and the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Based on these results, PKR fulfilled the Chinese pharmacopeia standards, in terms of the amount of the marker compounds and showed a high level of bioactivity. Therefore, these findings are expected to be useful in verifying the efficacy of herbal medicines and the availability of suitable materials for medicinal use.

Storytelling in native languages is an integral part of human life. This art form has been existing since immemorial times in India. In Indian society in general and in Odia society in particular the grandparents/parents used to play a key role in telling stories to their grandchildren. By virtue of their wisdom, they used to adopt the stories from the ancient texts to the contemporary needs and societal and family contexts. The oral practice that transcends spatiotemporal offers many insights to the kids through the informing and enlightening process. The present study is an engagement with the critical comparison between the ancient and the modern (digital) storytelling practices to find out which practice is more effective in transforming the kids into more ethical and responsible citizens. The present study applied an epistemological analysis to examine both the above pedagogical practices in relation to their effectiveness in boosting the creative and imagination levels to next higher levels. The study conducted several open ending interviews with the elders who engaged their kinds with the ancient stories and the modern practitioners involved in storytelling through digital platforms such as YouTube. After examining the contentions put forward by various stakeholders in the process of storytelling, the study showed that the ancient system of storytelling still has many advantages in enlightening the kids over the digital platforms of technological advancement notwithstanding.

The State has been a participant in economic relations since immemorial times, but it has always been expressed through a system of its organs and organizations. The modern problem of the legal status of state bodies remains relevant even after the extreme reform of civil legislation, since many aspects of such a status remain unclear to the science of civil law. One of the reasons is that the issue is at the intersection of private and public law. The author, using the comparative historical method of research, on the basis of a systematic approach, tries to establish the continuity of approaches to determining the civil status of state bodies at different stages of the development of the state and law. Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that the pre-revolutionary and Soviet stage of the development of civili law thought is characterized by the consideration of state bodies as integral parts of the entire state, in which they play the role of representatives of the latter. At the same time, with the justification in Soviet law of the formal separation of the property of state bodies from the treasury in the civil legislation of the early stage of modern Russian law, individual state bodies are given the independent status of legal entities. However, this trend is not caused either historically or formally legally. As the author shows, it is caused by an attempt to shift the Soviet system of management of socialist property to the modern conditions of a free economy, when the state acts as an equal participant in the market. In conclusion of his research, the author comes to the conclusion that the problem of the participation of state bodies in civil legal relations is rather characteristic of the modern stage of the development of civil law and is due to the desire to limit the civil liability of the state for the actions of its bodies.

Recent publications show other unexpected winners in this fight against viruses: drinks based con citrus fruits prepared by grandmothers since immemorial times.

SOMMARIO: 1. All’origine (antropologica) del problema: tra scandalo e linciaggio rituale - 2. Competenza confessionale (legalmente pacifica) sull’accusa - 3. (intermezzo) Parallelismi tra linciaggio e scomunica - 4. (segue) Natura giuridica dell’intervento di Pilato. Una lezione di laicità.
 Jesus before Pilate. Procedural remarks on a case of legalisation of ecclesiastical lynching
 ABSTRACT: The Author wants to reconsider the trial of Jesus through a double critical grid: that of elimination by lynching of those who, by causing scandals, have cracked, regardless of any guilt, the certainties of the group (model dating back to immemorial times, and expression of pagan myths), and that of the execution of the death sentence issued by the great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem against the Nazarene, subject to adequate control by the Roman praetor (limited, however, only to the conditions of its admissibility by the imperial system). The discussion proceeds by underlining the full autonomy in merit of the confessional verdict, which the execution power accessed as a mere formal verification of the existence of conditions of public order considered indispensable by the State system. On the side-lines, the Author takes the opportunity to highlight how these precautions have become less and less renounceable over time, in face of the recurrent ecclesiastical claim to re-propose in new forms the ancestral logic of the ritualized lynching of discuting members.

ABSTRACT Since immemorial times, farmers especially in Africa have built and transmitted orally from one generation to another a complex network of seasonal climate knowledge enabling them to lower climate variabilities and vagaries. Despite the prominent role of this knowledge system in smallholder farming, empirical studies relative to the production process, use and economic valuation of this knowledge to inform decision-making are scanty. Travel cost method, descriptive statistics and a two-step Heckman method are used to analyse the use and economic value of indigenous seasonal climate forecasts (ISCF) in Benin. ISCF were produced based on the observation of abiotic and biotic indicators in Kandi, Glazoué and Zè with the observations largely undertaken by local elders and professional traditional forecasters. Most farmers got ISCF either by travelling to visit a source of knowledge or by sacrificing their time. The use of ISCF increased a maize producer's net income by at least 3%, implying that ISCF are valuables goods. The main factors driving the use and value of ISCF were the use of fertilizer, large farm size, traditional African religions and access to market. Therefore, policy to promote the integration of indigenous forecasting knowledge with modern forecasting system should be taken.

Moroccan Berbers/Imazighen have undergone centuries of cultural and economic exchange with different foreign powers that crossed to the Maghreb throughout history. Following a significant process of interaction and interchange, the mode of life of the indigenous people has been significantly shaped. This might explain a great deal of present-day socio-cultural diversity enjoyed and exercised in Morocco. The present study aims at investigating aspects of Berber’s interaction with the various populations that landed on North Africa throughout history. The research study builds on the following question: How does the Berber heritage enhance an outlook of transnational exchange and cooperation? The study reaches out the conclusion that Moroccan Imazighen had cohabited and coexisted with different races since immemorial times. Moreover, the study infers that such a longstanding tradition of borderless socio-cultural and economic exchange may serve as a background legacy for present-day Moroccan transnationalism and universal coexistence.

ABSTRACT For many, Green Infrastructure (GI) is a modern ecological planning concept focusing on stormwater runoff. This paper argues for the importance of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in GI planning and policy through the case study of the Tumbes Basin. The Basin serves as home to a diverse array of Pre-Hispanic Indigenous networked agro-ecological practices and landscape interventions guided by a worldview marrying humans and landscapes dating back to immemorial times of human habitation in the Americas (∼36,000 BP). By 900 BCE–1100 CE this planned regional network was actively managing landslides, stormwater runoff, and riverine flooding, all challenges are currently being exacerbated by climate change and urban development. Today, this landscape-level network is one of the biggest GI systems in Peru and yet remains unacknowledged in emergent GI policy and planning. By examining existing Peruvian scholarship on landscape practices, and visualizing Pre-Hispanic landscape networks in the Tumbes Basin, this study makes the case for Peruvian GI policy to be guided by Indigenous Knowledge and governance systems. Such a transformation requires a deeper integration of Indigenous conceptualizations of GI with other infrastructure systems and regional urban planning and design.

El uso del fuego por los productores agrícolas es una práctica común que ha sido utilizada desde tiempos inmemoriales en la mayoría de los países del mundo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue: a) diagnosticar los usos tradicionales del fuego en la Parroquia Ayacucho, Cantón Santa Ana, provincia Manabí, Ecuador, b) verificar la percepción de los agricultores sobre los beneficios y efectos negativos del fuego, c) identificar las medidas de prevención para usar el fuego y cómo proceden cuando tienen que combatir un fuego no deseado, y d) precisar su participación en capacitaciones sobre uso del fuego e incendios forestales. Las informaciones que forman el diagnóstico se obtuvieron aplicando una encuesta semi-estructurada con preguntas abiertas y cerradas a 150 productores rurales de febrero a mayo de 2019. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS Statistics for Windows (Versión 22.0). Los resultados muestran que el uso del fuego en la localidad es común, quemándose en fechas específicas todos los años, aunque noviembre fue el mes mencionado con mayor frecuencia, siendo el área quemada promedio de 1,30 ha. La finalidad más importante del uso del fuego en la localidad es la limpieza de terreno para sembrar o plantar. La prueba de χ2 demostró que no existe asociación estadísticamente significativa entre variables que describen las características de los productores y las del uso del fuego. El trabajo permitió obtener información importante y relevante sobre el uso del fuego en la Parroquia Ayacucho, las cuales podrán ser utilizadas por los decisores de las actividades de manejo del fuego.

The article examines the life and ideas of Kiyozawa Manshi (1863–1903), one of the leading Buddhist thinkers of Japan during the Meiji era. He actively par­ticipated in the processes of modernization of Japanese Buddhism, which took place at that time, and his works reflected all the characteristics of the transfor­mation of Buddhism: the definition of Buddhism as a doctrine based on per­sonal religious experience; in-depth attention to the inner world of the believer, rather than to ritual and dogma; constant correlation of Buddhism and Chris­tianity and resistance to the latter, considered as one of the tools for promoting the colonial rule of the West. The specifics of Kiyozawa’s philosophical thought within these processes were determined by the fact that he professed Shin Bud­dhism, a branch of Japanese Buddhism based on the veneration of the Buddha Amida, who in immemorial times took a vow to save all those who believed in him. Against the background of rapid socio-political and spiritual changes that accompanied the adaptation of Japanese society and Japanese Buddhism to modern conditions, Kiyozawa Manshi’s personal path took him from a philo­sophical understanding of Buddhist teachings to a deep personal faith. Evidence of this was Kiyozawa’s dying will, the essay My faith (Waga shinnen). This lit­tle work is remarkable in two respects. On the one hand, Kiyozawa describes the general mechanisms of religious faith with the objectivity of a researcher, using his characteristic method of deep introspection. On the other hand, the es­say My faith can be called one of the outstanding examples of a personal con­fession of faith. The translation of the essay “My faith” is given in the final part of the article.

The year 2020 marks the centenary of the publication of a classic study by American physicians D. Marine and O. Kimball on the effectiveness of endemic goiter prevention in children in Akron, Ohio. Although goiter has been known from immemorial times, there is still a problem with determining the normal size of the thyroid gland, without which the diagnosis of goiter remains extremely subjective. For example, in Sweden over the past 20 years, not a single case of endemic goiter has been registered, which is not surprising: the country eliminated this pathology decades ago, and the median urinary iodine concentration indicates the optimal iodine intake. Cases of sporadic goiter in children in Sweden are also rare — no more than 6–8 per year. But in Belarus, with the same population (about 10 million), about 2900 cases of goiter in children, both endemic and sporadic, are recorded annually despite the fact that, due to the extensive use of iodized salt since the beginning of the 2000s, there is no iodine deficiency. The incidence of goiter in children, however, having decreased many times over the past 20 years, remains 3 times higher than in Russia, where iodine prophylaxis, if carried out on a limited scale. From the experience of Belarus, Sweden and Russia, we see that the main thing when assessing data on the incidence of goiter and other thyroid diseases associated with iodine deficiency should be not absolute numbers, but the trend of these indicators over the past years. This information should be more actively used by endocrinologists in Russia to assess the effectiveness of preventive measures both at the regional and federal levels.