This study aims to develop Android-based interactive multimedia in Distributor Less Ignition System (DLI) learning to improve student learning outcomes. The research method used is research and development with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. The research population included all students of class XI of SMK Muhammadiyah Bligo, with a purposive sampling technique involving two classes totaling 70 students. Data collection instruments include learning outcome tests and student response questionnaires. The results of the media feasibility test showed that the assessment by media experts was 88% and by material experts by 90%, both of which were in the "very feasible" category. The implementation was carried out in two classes, namely the experimental class that uses Android-based interactive multimedia, and the control class that uses conventional methods. The results of the t-test (independent sample t-test) showed a value of sig. (2-tailed) = 0.001 (p < 0.05), which means that there is a significant difference between the learning outcomes of students in the experimental class (mean = 86.7) and the control class (mean = 74.3). Educators' and learners' responses to multimedia use received scores of 92% and 91%, respectively, in the "very feasible" category. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Android-based interactive multimedia developed using Lectora Inspire software has proven to be effective and feasible to be used as a learning medium to improve students' learning outcomes on the basic competencies of the DLI ignition system in vocational high schools.

Mitigation of abnormal combustion in hydrogen-fuelled SI engines via ignition system optimisation and water injection

Abstract Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving carbon neutrality require enhancing spark-ignition engine efficiency and compatibility with renewable fuels. However, electrode wear of spark plugs presents a significant challenge in hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Such excessive wear increases the total cost of ownership and may delay the introduction of such lowemission transportation alternatives. Hence, understanding the interaction between spark discharges and the electrodes to reveal the mechanisms of such wear is crucial. Unlike conventional, ex-situ long-term tests, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) can assess the wear process during the spark discharges by detecting the target species from the electrodes with high temporal resolution. In this work, spatiotemporal characteristics of gas phase nickel atoms originated from nickel-based alloy spark plug electrodes are performed with two-dimensional planar LIF in elevated pressures. A higher intensity and an earlier peak of laser-induced nickel fluorescence signal are observed under higher pressure. The spatial distribution of nickel atoms within the electrodes gap is observed to be different at varied pressures. Lengthening the dwell time, i.e. charging of the coil between DC spark discharges, and thus increasing the energy of sparks can significantly increase the loss of material. Similarly, increasing the peak current of AC sparks results in a higher power of spark discharges and thus increasing the removal of material. Moreover, the low signal intensity in pure nitrogen indicates that the existence of oxygen enhances the evaporation process and accelerates the erosion of the electrodes. The unique experimental data of electrode wear provides valuable insights not only into the development of next-generation ignition systems for renewable fuels, but also other aspects involving the interactions between the gas discharges and the electrodes, such as spark nanoparticle generation.

ABSTRACT Flaring serves as an important safety and emissions compliance tool in industries such as oil and gas production, refineries, and landfills. Nonassisted, low-flow (≤100 thousand cubic feet per day (MSCFD)), utility (pipe) flares are widely used in practice, yet there are limited studies of real-world conditions. Additionally, while shrouds (windshields) are commonly used to mitigate wind effects, their impact on flare performance is previously undocumented. This study introduces a novel outdoor testing facility designed to evaluate low-flow flares and quantitatively assess their performance with and without shrouds. Experiments were conducted at flare-gas flow rates of 5 to 75 MSCFD using natural gas and an 80% natural gas/20% propane blend (by volume) under crosswind speeds from 0 to over 35 miles per hour (MPH). Combustion efficiency (CE) and methane destruction removal efficiency (DRECH4) were determined for all operating conditions. While CE for a baseline utility flare (3-inch diameter pipe equipped with a pilot ignition system) was over 96.5% for crosswinds below 10 MPH, the CE decreased rapidly for crosswinds above 10 MPH, with CE <70% for crosswinds above 30 MPH. The utility flare results were compared with results of prior wind-tunnel studies and prior proposed scaling relationships and incorporated into machine learning (ML) models. The scaling relationships show poor correlation with the body of data, but the ML models yielded good agreement (R2 = 0.84) when crosswind turbulence intensity was incorporated as an input parameter. The current work investigated retrofitting a utility flare with different shroud designs, which increased CE ≥96.5% for all conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness of shrouds as practical and cost-effective strategies to improve utility flare performance. The results showed low sensitivity to different shroud designs. Implications: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), industry and other monitoring organizations commonly assume flares operate at 98% destruction efficiency; however, recent aerial surveys have revealed efficiencies as low as 91.1%, resulting in up to five times more methane emissions than expected. Low-flow (≤100 MSCFD) utility flares, widely deployed at oil and gas production sites, have limited performance data under real world conditions. This study addresses that gap by providing new experimental data on low-flow utility flares, identifying a new parameter important for predicting flare efficiency and demonstrating a practical solution for significantly reducing emissions.

Abstract Conventional large-bore marine engines often suffer from misfire, incomplete combustion, and elevated emissions under lean-burn conditions. This review focuses on the application of prechamber turbulent jet ignition (TJI) systems in internal combustion engines to enable stable and efficient lean-burn. As a significant technological advancement, TJI generates multiple high-energy turbulent flame jets, effectively extending the lean-burn limit and enhancing ignition reliability. Given the increasingly stringent emission regulations and the marine industry’s shift toward zero- and low-carbon fuels-such as H 2 , NH 3 , methane, and methanol—TJI offers a promising solution for clean propulsion. This study systematically reviews the structural design of prechambers and nozzles, the strategies for fuel selection and injection in both the prechamber and main chamber, and their collective influence on combustion performance, emission characteristics, and thermal efficiency. It highlights the potential of TJI to support ultra lean-burn and low-emission operation, offering theoretical insights and technical references for future research and the practical deployment of sustainable marine power systems.

Innovative technology approaches the Arduino UNO serves as the central controller, processing data from the MPU 6050 accelerometer and gyroscope to detect sudden impacts or collisions. A pumping motor is triggered to deploy an airbag mechanism whenever critical acceleration thresholds are exceeded. Water submersion is detected using a pressure sensor, allowing the system to automatically transmit distress signals for timely rescue. Driver drowsiness is mitigated through an eye blink sensor that monitors blink frequency, thereby reducing sleep-related accidents. RF encoder and decoder modules secure ignition control, preventing unauthorized vehicle access. The engine ignition system is simulated by a gear DC motor governed by relay outputs from the Arduino. An LCD module provides real-time status and alert notifications, keeping the driver informed. The GSM module enables emergency communication, sending SMS alerts to user-defined contacts. GPS integration ensures precise location tracking, facilitating prompt assistance from rescue services. Upon detecting an accident, the system automatically relays the vehicle’s coordinates to both the user and ambulance services. An efficient Arduino-based control algorithm processes sensor inputs to generate timely alerts. A user-friendly LCD interface displays sensor readings and operational statuses in real time. The combined GSM and GPS modules ensure immediate and accurate emergency reporting. Security is further reinforced by the RF-based key authentication, minimizing theft and unauthorized usage. Ultimately, this system showcases how affordable, integrated electronics can significantly enhance vehicle safety and driver security

Application exploration of pre-chamber jet ignition system in load control of hydrogen engines and hydrogen-ammonia dual-fuel engines

Experimental study of a novel long pulse-width plasma ignition system to expand lean ignition limit of kerosene air mixture

Microwave electrothermal thrusters provide small spacecraft with cost-effective, long-life operation and flexible propellant options. However, plasma ignition during startup remains a critical challenge. This study proposes a simulation-based multi-objective design optimization approach to explore cavity geometries for optimal plasma ignition. By examining the tradeoffs between electric field strength and bandwidth, optimal cavity configurations have been identified, and the impact of various parameters on the engine startup has been assessed. Stronger electric fields promote faster plasma ignition but exhibit greater sensitivity to geometric errors compared to weaker, wider-bandwidth designs. For all optimal geometries, plasma ignition has occurred within a very short timeframe on the order of 100 ns, and a close link of plasma evolution to the electric field distribution has been observed. These findings suggest that balancing bandwidth and electric field strength is essential to achieve robust ignition with low power requirements while the ignition process has minimal influence on the overall system operation and performance as long as ignition is achieved. The simulation results have been verified by experimental testing, which confirms the reliability and accuracy of the proposed design optimization method. This approach enables practical design of robust and efficient plasma ignition systems for future microwave electrothermal thruster applications.

Improving the Efficiency of a Transistor Converter for Capacitive Ignition Systems in Aircraft Engines

Abstract To ensure energy security and promote renewable integration, fuel‐efficient ignition strategies for coal are of practical importance. This study establishes a pilot‐scale arc‐coupled microwave plasma ignition system to improve the ignition performance of low‐volatile pulverized coal while reducing energy consumption. The effects of microwave power, arc power, coal fineness, and feed rate on the ignition process were systematically investigated. Flame temperature, spectral emissions, and stability were evaluated using thermocouples, optical fibre spectroscopy, and flame imaging. Results show that microwave energy enhances arc plasma excitation and promotes the formation of reactive species, thereby improving ignition stability and combustion activity. Compared to arc‐only discharge, the coupled arc–microwave discharge achieves higher flame temperatures under the same or even lower total power, demonstrating superior energy efficiency. Fine coal particles (R90 = 10%–20%) respond more sensitively to microwave enhancement under low arc power, favouring a ‘low arc–high microwave’ configuration. Conversely, coarse particles (R90 = 30%) require a ‘high arc–high microwave’ setup for reliable ignition. Increasing the feed rate results in a more stable, compact flame and better microwave coupling, whereas insufficient feeding leads to flame dispersion, temperature fluctuations, and wall heat loss. This study elucidates the synergistic interactions between coal, microwave, and arc plasma under multi‐parameter conditions, offering theoretical guidance and practical insight for plasma‐assisted ignition in complex coal combustion systems.

Equipment for conducting research into the influence of spark ignition energy on the detonation initiation process for a powderless mortar with controlled shot energy is considered. It is shown that successful tests of prototype mortars demonstrated the possibility of launching shells without the use of traditional powder charges, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the developed launch technology. The system is designed for automatic loading and provides the possibility of direct fire. Unlike conventional mortars, the proposed system uses a gas detonation charge to regulate the firing range. Therefore, the range of the shell is controlled not by changing the mortar elevation angle, but by changing the shot energy while maintaining a fixed elevation angle. Replacing the powder powder charge with a combustible gas mixture contributes to the integration of the mortar shot control system into broader fire control systems. This allows you to create a new semi-direct fire mode, which improves the tactical deployment of weapons in combat conditions. To transfer this technology to military production, further research and development of a specialized mortar control system are necessary. The key parameters for controlling the energy of a mortar shot are the initial pressure and volume of the compressed gas charge in the gas detonation chamber. These parameters are influenced by the gas injection conditions, the processes associated with this, and the spark ignition method, for the study of which the equipment considered in the work was developed. The equipment includes a detonation tube with a spark ignition system and a measuring complex. The detonation tube was a steel tube with a wall thickness of 7 mm and an internal diameter of 73 mm. The length of the tube was 430 mm. The tube was hermetically closed from one end. An automobile spark plug and two spark electrodes were placed on the closed side of the tube, which were inserted into the tube. An automobile ignition system was connected to the automobile spark plug. It has been established that the shock wave velocity that can be determined using the equipment is the shock wave velocity V = 2375 m/s, and the pressure value is very close to the detonation wave pressure.

Influence of wall structure on jet–wall interaction and combustion in an ammonia–hydrogen pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition system: A combined experimental and CFD study

The increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires pose significant threats to electric transmission and distribution infrastructure, creating cascading effects on power system reliability and community resilience. This research examines the complex nexus between wildfire hazards and electric grid vulnerability through a comprehensive analysis of risk assessment methodologies, mitigation strategies, and resilience enhancement approaches. The study synthesizes current literature on wildfire-grid interactions, analyzing both the mechanisms by which electrical infrastructure can ignite fires and the ways in which wildfires can damage power systems. Key findings indicate that power lines are responsible for approximately 10-15% of wildfire ignitions, while simultaneously being highly vulnerable to wildfire damage that can result in extensive outages affecting millions of customers. The research reveals that traditional grid designs inadequately address wildfire risks, necessitating innovative approaches including probabilistic risk modeling, enhanced vegetation management, advanced monitoring systems, and strategic power shutoffs. The methodology employed involves a systematic literature review of 25 peer-reviewed studies spanning vulnerability assessments, risk mitigation models, and operational strategies. Results demonstrate that integrated approaches combining real-time risk assessment, proactive line hardening, and adaptive operational protocols can significantly reduce both ignition probability and system vulnerability. The study identifies critical research gaps in understanding cascading failure mechanisms and the economic optimization of resilience investments. Recommendations include developing standardized wildfire risk metrics, implementing machine learning-based early warning systems, and establishing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that balance fire safety with electric reliability. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on climate-resilient infrastructure design and provides actionable insights for utilities, regulators, and policymakers addressing wildfire challenges in power systems.

This study investigates TNM-type titanium aluminide alloys, representing the third generation of β-stabilized γ-TiAl heat-resistant materials. The aim of this work is to study the combustion characteristics and to produce compact materials via the free SHS compaction method from initial powder reagents taken in the following ratio (wt%): 51.85Ti–43Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.15B, as well as to determine the effect of high-temperature isothermal annealing at 1000 °C on the structure and properties of the obtained materials. Using free SHS compression (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis), we synthesized compact materials from a 51.85Ti–43Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.15B (wt%) powder blend. Key combustion parameters were optimized to maximize the synthesis temperature, employing a chemical ignition system. The as-fabricated materials exhibit a layered macrostructure with wavy interfaces, aligned parallel to material flow during compression. Post-synthesis isothermal annealing at 1000 °C for 3 h promoted further phase transformations, enhancing mechanical properties including microhardness (up to 7.4 GPa), Young’s modulus (up to 200 GPa) and elastic recovery (up to 31.8%). X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, and EDS analyses confirmed solid-state diffusion as the primary mechanism for element interaction during synthesis and annealing. The developed materials show promise as PVD targets for depositing heat-resistant coatings.

Seatbelt usage is essential for minimizing injury risk during vehicular accidents. The monitoring seatbelt system in modern vehicles can be easily tricked into not displaying the warning alert. Car seatbelt detection, utilising real-time object detection, is employed to monitor seatbelt usage. However, the accuracy of such systems needs to be further evaluated under low-light and bright-light conditions. This study aims to develop a car seatbelt monitoring system using a real-time object detection algorithm, which will be tested in low-light and bright-light scenarios. The system integrates a trained YOLOv5 model into embedded hardware, which interfaces directly with the vehicle’s ignition system, enabling or disabling engine start based on seatbelt usage. Notifications are also delivered through LEDs, a buzzer, and Telegram messages. This system has an accuracy of 95.75%, precision of 99.1%, recall of 96.2%, and an F1-score of 97.2%. The results show that the system can generate a better confidence score under bright-light conditions than under low-light conditions. This work offers tangible proof of the efficacy of applying intelligent object detection models for real-time driver monitoring, particularly in enhancing compliance through physical intervention and IoT-based alerts.

The possibilities of effectiveness increasing of a field-effect transistor converter with integral control are investigated. An improved circuit of a serial single-step flyback converter on a field-effect transistor as part of a capacitive ignition system of an aircraft engine is proposed. An experimental sample of the converter is developed. Keywords capacitive ignition system, converter, stabilizer, driver, pulse duty cycle, discharge processes texprom@yandex.ru

The utilization of ammonia as a fuel for gas turbines involves practical challenges due to its low reactivity, narrow flammability limits, and slow laminar flame propagation. One of the potential solutions to enhance the combustion reactivity of ammonia is co-firing with syngas. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of ammonia/syngas/air mixtures under elevated pressures (up to 10 bar) and temperatures (up to 473 K). Experiments were conducted in a constant-volume combustion chamber with a total volume of 11 L equipped with a dual-electrode capacitive discharge ignition system. A systematic sensitivity analysis was conducted to experimentally evaluate the system performance under various syngas compositions and equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.6 and ultimately identify the factors with the most impact on the system. As a complement to the experiments, a detailed numerical simulation was carried out integrating available kinetic mechanisms—chemical reaction sets and their rates—to support advancements in the understanding and optimization of ammonia/syngas co-firing dynamics. The sensitivity analysis results reveal that LBV is significantly enhanced by increasing the hydrogen content (&gt;50%). Furthermore, the LBV of the gas mixture is found to increase with the use of a rich flame, higher mole fractions of syngas, and higher initial temperatures. The results indicate that higher pressure reduces LBV by 40% but at the same time enhances the adiabatic flame temperature (by 100 K) due to an equilibrium shift. The analysis was also extended to quantify the impact of syngas mole fractions and elevated initial temperatures. The kinetics of the reactions are analyzed through the reaction pathways, and the results reveal how the preferred pathways vary under lean and rich flame conditions. These findings provide valid quantitative design data for optimizing the combustion kinetics of ammonia/syngas blends, offering valuable design data for ammonia-based combustion systems in industrial gas turbines and power generation applications, reducing NOₓ emissions by up to 30%, and guiding future research directions toward kinetic models and emission control strategies.

The article contains practical knowledge on the process of converting a compression-ignition combustion engine to various types of gaseous fuels, including hydrogen. The content of the article is related to the completed project of this type of adaptation of an industrial engine. The process of preparing a gaseous fuel combustion system, the design of the ignition, power supply, safety and power regulation systems are described. The basic functions of the adaptive engine control system are presented, which allow for the adjustment of its control parameters to the physicochemical properties of the gaseous fuel used. The preliminary results of tests of the engine powered by hydrogen or natural gas are also presented.

Development and performance evaluation of a linear motor-driven rapid compression machine for combustion and ignition system research