Ideological Approach Research Articles

ОТ БОЛЬШОЙ ИГРЫ К ХОЛОДНОЙ ВОЙНЕ: МАЛЫЕ ВОЙНЫ НА ВОСТОКЕ В БРИТАНСКОЙ И ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЕННОЙ МЫСЛИ ПЕРВОЙ ТРЕТИ XX В.

The understanding of a small war as a model of a colonial insurgency was a characteristic feature of the development of the military thought of European empires that were expanding their borders. The authors see this process as a reflection of discussions about the role of military authorities in ensuring the colonial order. Comparison of the Russian and British cases in the first third of the 20th century allows us to move beyond the traditional framework of the “Great Game” in studying the peculiarities of the use of military force in the eastern outskirts of the Russian and British empires. An analysis of the evolution of the military thought of these countries demonstrates that on the eve of the Great War, their professional military communities shared common ideas about the spectrum of priority potential threats to their security in Asia, giving priority to training personnel and officers in conventional conflicts. The study proves that in the Interbellum, the attitude of the military of the Great Britain and the USSR to small wars changed under the influence of new global ideological trends (nationalism, communism, pan-Islamism). We have succeeded in proving that, despite all the differences in ideological approaches and the methodology of analysis, both British and Soviet military thought came to the conclusion that in non-European theaters of small war, military measures represent only a part of the overall policy of appeasement of a particular territory and should be combined with social, economic and political measures designed to overcome the crisis of loyalty in relations with the native population.

Новации в системе образования мусульман Самарской губернии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. и вопросы финансирования новометодных учебных заведений

Islamic education in the Samara region at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries began to change gradually: from the existence of the Kadimist (old-fashioned) system to the appearance of the Jadid (new-fashioned). This article highlights the most significant Jadid educational institutions of the Volga-Ural region, thanks to which it became possible to develop religious schools of a new format in the Samara province. The work is written on the basis of unpublished archival data contained in the archives of the Samara Provincial Government, the Samara Governor of the Central State Archive of the Samara region. The dynamics of the emergence and development of Jadid schools since the late 19th – early 20th centuries is analyzed in connection with the sources of their financing in the territory of the Samara Region. At the beginning of the 20th century, the growth in the number of new-fangled institutions in the province became especially noticeable, their appearance was dictated, among other things, by the changed financial situation in the Muslim communities of the Volga-Ural region – the appearance of a layer of bourgeois ready to invest in the activities of educational institutions of a new format. This study confirms that the main source of funding for both Kadimist and Jadid educational institutions in Samara province were donations from parishioners and individual major benefactors, which proves the existence of divergent ideological approaches to the question of the place and role of religious education in the development of the Ummah among Volga-Ural Muslims in the period under study.

An ideological approach to political development in the new era of China

An ideological approach to political development in the new era of China

Формування економічної ідеології енергетичної безпеки держави

The article is aimed at forming the economic ideology of the country’s energy security in turbulent economic conditions. According to the results of the carried out research, it can be said that the modern assessment of the economic situation, setting goals, all economic activity implies the existence of a starting point – the formation of a convergent and communication basis of the economic ideology of the country’s energy security. The transformation of a social country into an economic system with market coordination mechanisms inevitably entails changes in socioeconomic relations, accompanied by shifts in various fields of activity. Adapting society to modern challenges faces problems; the decline in social production is accompanied by a decrease in the number of employed, an increase in negative phenomena in culture, public consciousness; an increase in social tensions, and a decrease in economic activity. Recent years have shown that the transition economy does not live up to its name, tends to stabilize and stagnate at a critically low level. The article, based on the results of the conducted analysis, considers the ideological approach to the formation of the country’s energy security. It is determined that the strategic guidelines of the economic ideology of the country’s energy security are energy and environmental security, energy efficiency and budget efficiency. Achieving these indicators and increasing the controllability of the energy development process requires the formation of the main elements of the country’s energy policy. The constantly developing regulatory framework will become the basis for the convergent and communication basis for the formation of the economic ideology of the country’s energy security. The improvement of the economic ideology of the country’s energy security will take place through the further development of legislation, which ensures the stability, completeness and coherence of the economic and legal framework of this most important sphere of public life.

ПРОБЛЕМНІ АСПЕКТИ ТРАДИЦІЙНИХ УЯВЛЕНЬ ПРО ЗАСАДИ СУДОЧИНСТВА

The purpose of the article deals with analyzing modern ideas about the principles of legal proceedings and considering their results for justifying the need to clarify their list and determine the content in an individual manner. The main tool used was the method of comparative analysis applied to the lists and definitions of the principles of legal proceedings enshrined in international and national legal acts, as well as in the conclusions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the lists of the principles of legal proceedings and the characteristics of some of them in different legal acts differ significantly; the latter is not predominantly attributed to the peculiarities of legal relations, the settlement of which they aim at, but are rather related to traditional national ideological approaches to their understanding. That is why the most significant differences in their characteristics can be traced at the level of international and national legislation, the reason for which was that they were formed in different, and, primarily, Anglo-Saxon and Romano-German legal systems. An example of this is the principle of the rule of law: in the disclosure of the content identified with the principle of the rule of law in Ukraine. There are also distinctions in the constitutional and sectoral interpretation of individual principles. For example, this is the principle of the precedence of the norms of international law over the norms of national law. Some of the principles widely used in international practice are not even mentioned in the national legal system of Ukraine, for example the principles of due process and legal certainty. And a significant number of principles vastly applied in practice of national legal relations are not included in their lists, and are defined at both the constitutional and sectoral levels. These are particularly: the principle for the participation of people in exercising judicial power, the state language of judicial proceedings, etc. All this gives the basis for the general conclusion that both theoretical and legal approaches to the characterization of the foundations of legal proceedings, and the ways of their actual presentation in the Constitution as well as in the industry legislation of Ukraine require further research and appropriate improvement.

Smrt kao eshatološko-istorijski izazov

Since the eschatological-historical perspective of existence is the foundation of the existence of the Orthodox Church, death as a historical "phenomenon" certainly represents the greatest challenge to such a way of existence. Unpleasant associations and discomfort in our mental confrontation with death arise on the one hand from the fear of bodily pain that often accompanies the post-mortem states of a person. However, negative associations in relation to the notion of death most often have their origin in the ideological approach to death. Death, in this sense, is the last enemy that is identified with the terrible "reality" that somehow happens in space and time against the will of man. From a different perspective, we note that the mystagogical approach to death begins with the awareness of its association with man from the act of his creation, so that in divine mystagogy death becomes undoubtedly recognized first as a condition for the possibility of our repentance. Therefore, in the mysterial axiological dimension of life, death as a historical reality does not represent an ideological danger to existence, but a kind of path to the divine salvation of post-fallen man. The threat of death enables man to renew his life in a God-human manner according to eschatological-historical patterns by which man acts as an icon of God. To that extent, the way of researching our topic must be related to the Church as a liturgical-symbolic community on which the world rests, since it acts as the Body of Christ in which mortal man and creation with the help of divine actions are directed towards God as the Cause of immortality.

Peculiarities of the USSR’s Foreign Policy Decision Making towards the Islamic Republic of Iran

This paper examines the earliest stage of the formation of Soviet foreign policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study offers a critical analysis of the state of the international scholarly field on the Islamic Re-public of Iran in its initial form, allowing for the diversity of expert perspec-tives that emerged in the early years after the Islamic Revolution, and trac-ing their reflection in the practical domain. The paper also examines the decision-making mechanism on Iran in the period 1979–1983 and the in-fluence of the views of different groups of Soviet experts on the process. In the context of realpolitik, the USSR tried its best to preserve the unexpected gift of fortune in the form of the new Islamic regime's rabid anti-Americanism, but at the same time it concentrated its efforts on trying to implant local leftist forces into Iranian power structures, following ideolog-ical dogma and being confident in the imminent leftist transformation of the Iranian revolution. The debacle of the Iranian Tudeh Party in 1983 forced the USSR to largely reconsider its policy towards the Islamic Republic and to definitively change its ideological approaches to purely practical ones. This paper draws on English-, French- and Russian-language studies car-ried out in recent decades, as well as ego-documents authored by partici-pants in the events from the main actor countries: diplomats, intelligence officers and scholars of Iran. The author situates the analysis of these ego-documents in the context of a thematically broader critical synthesis of con-temporary work from different countries.

Історія майбутнього як футурологія в дискурсі сучасної китайської фантастики

Introduction. The article considers the historical, philosophical and ideological implications of the concept of the history of the future in the context of the development of modern Chinese fiction. The history of the future is interpreted as a conceptual tool for influencing culture and mass consciousness in the context of transformations of modern history and historiography. Fiction is seen as the development of social expectations in the field of mass culture and collective consciousness. The urgency of the article. The relevance of the article is due to the formation of the latest paradigm of historical narrative and discourse in modern information culture and their impact on the mass consciousness and correlation with ideology. The aim of the study. The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the interpretation of the functioning of the concept of the history of the future in modern historical narrative and discourse, as well as to clarify the intentionality of this process and its effects on mass consciousness and ideology. Methods used in the study: textual analysis of sources, historical and philosophical analysis, analytical and hermeneutical methods in combination with contemporary history of ideas and culturological approach. The results research is based on the following considerations. The concept of the history of the future in the context of the research topic is interpreted not only as a form of representation and translation of historical knowledge and ideas, but also as a marker of the meaning-generating potential of the philosopher of history within the picture of the human world and his life (lebenswelt). Chinese fantasy discourse is interpreted not only as a part of literature and culture, but also as a necessary structural element of ideological constructions and the basis for the formation of worldview knowledge in the modern media space. The ambivalent nature of the instrumental humanism of modern Chinese fiction and its affinity with the ideology of transhumanism are emphasized. Particular attention is paid to fantastic discourse as a space for formalizing negative social, environmental and security expectations. There is a well-founded connection between the peculiarities of modern Chinese fiction and the mythology of the collective ancestral consciousness, which is inherent in the Eastern tradition in general. The ethical and ontological ambivalence of the ideological approach to history as the history of the future is formalized. It also points to the paradoxical nature of futurological prognosis in the latest Chinese fiction discourse, associated with the critique of Western anthropocentrism, which may justify the superiority of the total approach to social reality and the devaluation of fundamental humanistic values. The originality and novelty of the study is based on the interpretation of the concept of future history as a marker of transformations of modern history, philosophy of history and historiography, as well as the impact of these transformations on mass consciousness and culture, social ideology. Conclusion. The effectiveness of the concept of the history of the future as a cognitive tool and at the same time a marker of ontologization of the narrative of literature and culture in general is determined by the methodological foundations of the latest theoretical historical research. Liu Qixing’s Futurological and Social Problems in Memory of the Earth’s Past (2006-2010) and Contemporary Chinese Fiction in general cultivate a kind of non-anthropocentric humanism that can be greatly simplified and reduced to a set of social imperatives and ideological clichйs. In our opinion, such a critique of anthropocentrism can reduce the problem of choosing the future to agnostic-fatalistic worldviews. In the social dimension, this could mean the inevitable crisis of the model of democracy in societies and socio-political formations of cosmic proportions and those that have gone beyond the planetary cradle.

Noir Than Ever: Crime Drama as the Popular Genre in Turkish Streaming Services

The article focuses on the original series of Turkish streaming services Blu TV and Puhu TV released between 2017 and 2020 in terms of genre, and aims to discover their differences from the traditional television series having highly conservative narratives. After identifying that the crime drama genre is primarily preferred by these services, the ideological approach of genre analysis is adopted to study four series which are Masum (Innocent), Bozkır (Steppe), Şahsiyet (Persona), and Dip (Base). It is found that all four of the series share a common pessimism in a social context which is created by representing the evil as omnipotent and all members of the society as more or less victims. In addition, depicting the status quo as unchangeable strengthens the emphasis on -no escape- in general. It is possible to criticize these narratives for normalizing dysfunctional legal system, and neutralizing the prospect for improvement. In conclusion, the article claims that what these new series offer are far from being progressive, despite the freedom of their medium

Ислам и Российское государство в имперский период: характер взаимоотношений и этапы

The article is devoted to the study of the Islamic policy of the Russian state in the Imperial Period, which today is of great interest to the Russian academia due to a wide involvement of socio-historical knowledge in the process of developing a modern concept of state structure in the Russian Federation. Analyzing the current controversy on this issue associated with finding legitimate, political and ideological grounds for the new concept and comparing various ideological positions and assessments of the nature of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, the authors discover a differentiated approach of the imperial state to different Muslim peoples and their social categories. A significant drawback of contemporary controversy is that its participants, when dealing with such an essential issue, do not attach importance to the Eurasian, multi-ethnic, confessional and civilizational foundations of integration and modernization of the Russian society, thus repeating the mistakes of tsarism and post-Soviet “Westernizers”. Due to the use of new ideological approaches and sources of information, the authors integrate the most important elements of Islamic political culture with political and legal processes in the Russian state and analyze the conditions and positive factors that can give stability and dynamic development to the Russian society proceeding from its civilizational essence. The work highlights qualitatively different stages of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, reveals the socio-political, ideological and moral limitations of tsarism. The authors conclude that only a truly democratic and legitimate system of government in Russia is capable of creating and sustaining the political and ideological foundations of state-building based on indepth civilizational, ethnic and confessional Eurasian priorities. Regrettably, these characteristics were not inherent to the Russian Empire and are not typical of contemporary Russia.

Adaptation and Sinicization: Contemporary Religious Policy of the CPC Leadership

The article examines the key stages in the evolution of the ideological and political approaches of the CPC leadership to religious activity since the beginning of the 21st century. The main points of the study were the Chinese interpretations of the problems of “adaptation to a socialist society” and “Sinicization.” The author tries to identify the relationship between continuity and innovation in the religious policy of the Chinese authorities, taking into account the historical context of the ongoing changes and responses from religious circles. Based on the methods of discourse analysis, an attempt has been made to demonstrate multi-faceted complexity of the problem of “Sinicization” and to outline the contours of all-embracing balanced approach to the study of this topic. The fi rst part of the article examines the foundations of the policy of directing religion towards “conformity to socialist society” formulated under Jiang Zemin. The second part analyzes the main components of Xi Jinping’s concept of “Sinicization” of religions. Chinese believers are encouraged to interpret religious dogmas in accordance with the requirements of social progress and in the spirit of conformity with the best traditions of Chinese culture. The article examines the main directions of “Sinicization” adopted by offi cially recognized religions, covering the spheres of doctrine and liturgical practice, practical work with believers, and training programs for clergy. It is emphasized that the one-sided reduction of “Sinicization” to the state-sponsored policy of “repression” prevents researchers from looking deeper into historical and cultural aspects of the problem. It is concluded that “Sinicization” of religions will help to prevent socio-political marginalization of religions in the course of deep transformations of modern China.

The Role of the Mojahedin Khalq Before and After the Islamic Revolution of Iran

The Mojahedin Khalq Organization was formed in 1965 with an organizational and religious approach and was one of the political groups that fought against both the Pahlavi regime and the Islamic Republic. The main purpose of this group was to oppose the government and their armed methods. In 1971, after the execution of the organization's main leaders, members of the organization came to the conclusion that Islam did not meet the organization's goals for guerrilla and armed operations, and that Marxism could replace Islamic ideology, which were divided into Marxist and religious branches. The religious groups of the Mojahedin Khalq Organization joined Imam Khomeini in 1975, but the Marxist branch, led by Rajavi, fought against the revolution with the idea of seeking supremacy. The main question of this research is how the Mojahedin Khalq Organization has changed its ideological positions and approach to Marxism. In response to this question, it is hypothesized that the Marxist course of the members of the organization gradually began from September 1941 onwards and finally this organization took on a Marxist form and content. This article examines the principles of thought of the Mojahedin Khalq Organization, the process of ideological deviation of the organization and the reason for the failure of the organization and the strategy and performance of this organization after the revolution. The present research has been done using the method of interviews, library and documents in an analytical-descriptive method.

The Cold War in the Programs and Activities of the Left-wing Political Parties and Trade Unions in Canada (1956-1962)

The aim of the article is to show the ideological transformation of the left part of the Canadian political spectrum from the post-stalinist shifts till the Cuban missile crisis. The presented material can be used in further studies of the Cold war from the ideological approach. The results of the study can contribute to the better understanding of the Cold War history in Canada, regarding the global confrontation as a conflict of not only the superpowers but also the ideas. The article is also a case study of political parties, making an account of factors which caused organizational instability and changes in their ideological orientation. The main results: it has been found that there was a significant right-wing ideological shift in the Canadian Labour movement and Social Democrats as well. On the other hand, our study shows how the Communists were able to keep their ideological background stable and overcome the organizational weakness of 1956-59, even if the price was paid in losing some people the among their ranks. 
 The article shows a wide range of factors that influenced that drift. Concise conclusions: It is shown that overall the Canadian left were weakened during this period. The most powerful leftist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, has shown a denounce of some Marxist theses in the 1956 conference, and that led it to further centrist transformation, united with the labour movement in this drift. The Cold war influenced this shift in many cases, as the Left program documents consistently show the distancing from the communist regimes which are claimed as totalitarian. The Communist Party of Canada was left as a one, and reasonably weak, pro-soviet power, remaining somewhat orthodox in its doctrinal ideological beliefs. Their activities were crippled as well due to societal opposal to them as a rival Cold war side. Originality and scientific novelty of the current article are based on the fact that, for the first time, the attempt has been made to give an account of program changes of the Canadian Left while considering the factors which led to them (or their absence). For the first time there has been made a comparison of those changes which gives us possibility to characterize Canadian political climate during the subsequent period.

Abordarea conflictului transnistrean în stânga Nistrului și în lucrările proseparatiste / Approaching the Transnistrian conflict on the left bank of the Dniester in the pro-separatist works as well

The article reveals the historiographical approach of Transnistrian separatism in the works of pro-separatist authors, Russian and those publicized in the Eastern part of the Republic of Moldova. The author presents the works that appeared until 2005. As it is ascertained, researchers dwell upon the Transnistrian separatism problem from the position of the environment they were rooted in, projecting their research results on the present and the future, or out of the need to aliment and decode their identity, to feed their imagination. The pro-separatist historiography includes the same ideas regarding the MSSR history. This means nothing but “the translation” of the past into present or the mechanic and passionate protection of the present into the past, the positive or negative capitalization of historical events, or decline in the run of deformation and fabrication in pro-separatist historiography was produced due to an ideological approach of the Transnistrian problem. Albeit, generally speaking, all authors both from Transnistria and the Russian Federation recognize the impact of the Russian Federation in generating and perpetuating the Transnistrian separatism.

Who are your people? – The effect of political ideology and social identity on climate-related beliefs and risk perceptions

ABSTRACT Persistent divides among American voters regarding climate change, especially climate skepticism among conservatives, have long been explained with reference to ideology, vested interests, and trends of political polarization. More recently, an alternative set of explanations for the opinion gap between conservatives and liberals has been gaining traction, arguing that these divisions are generated by social identities and their effects on individual beliefs and attitudes. Here, we focus on global citizenship as a specific social identity. Seeking to connect ideology and social identity approaches, we study how the interaction between a person’s ideological leanings and their social identity as a global citizen relates to beliefs and risk perceptions regarding climate change. Analyzing two kinds of survey data, we find that a global citizen identity moderates the relationship between a conservative ideology and a person’s climate-related beliefs and risk perceptions, while it does not seem to have the same effect for liberal individuals. In other words, a global citizen identity is associated with a potential decrease in the ideological divide between conservatives and liberals regarding climate change. We explore the implications of these findings for climate change communication and policy and other issue areas.

The Emergence of Environmental Policy in China: Multiple Streams and the Shaping of a Technocratic Bias

Was it a result of domestic political changes or of developments in international environmental politics? While the decision to introduce comprehensive modern environmental policies in China has had arguably a long-term impact on environmental governance, few studies have scrutinised the early decision-making process. This article attempts to address the void in scholarship. Adopting the multiple streams framework, the authors argue that the origins of environmental policy in China arose from the confluence of three streams—problem identification, political tensions and policy choices—under Premier Zhou Enlai's sponsorship. The new ecological perspective arising from the environmental policy emphasises scientific principles and technocratic solutions, lending a contrast to an ideological approach that had characterised the previous decades. This process was accompanied by the new political role of an environmentalist group consisting primarily of bureaucrats and scientists who mobilised international experience to identify appropriate technological solutions. This article analytically traces the historical context, problem identification, policy entrepreneurship and key policy instruments that characterised the first phase of Chinese environmental policies. The authors discuss the extent to which key elements of China's environmental policies today may still be shaped by the technocratic approach in the initial phase.

Ideas and ideologies of the XXI century

Abstract. The article interprets the modern concept of ideology based on various modernization ideas. It is shown that modern ideas have both a political (often militant), and a spiritual and moral, humanistic orientation. The features of conservatism and neoconservatism are also shown. The opinion that Russia cannot follow the Western path of development has begun to assert itself in the mass consciousness of Russians, as evidenced by the results of sociological surveys. Currently, the "Asian vector" prevails in Russia, suggesting "conservative" ideas and values - order, family, stability, strengthening the role of the state in all spheres of life, etc. Representatives of neoconservatism put forward the idea of freeing the economic sphere from state regulation. Today's ideological discourse concerns topical issues of the socio-cultural development of the country, forms and methods of social transformations, etc. Modern philosophers, sociologists, political scientists talk about the advent of the era of "modern" and "postmodern", but, at the same time, they often rely on classical ideological approaches. Religious ideology is considered in detail. Traditional confessions with great social and cultural authority have formulated holistic conceptual approaches in their new social doctrines, on the basis of which religious organizations can broadcast their ideas, carry out a dialogue on socially significant issues, making every possible use of the constructive part of the spiritual heritage of religions. In today's reality, there is a tendency to involve religious denominations and movements in modern forms of social and political participation.

“POPULIST FOREIGN POLICY”: BARRIERS TO CONCEPTUALIZATION AND TYPOLOGIZATION

The “populist wave” in the EU member states is no longer a phenomenon isolated in domestic politics. It has a projection on the sphere of foreign policy of national states and the European Union. The article aims to “shed light” on the barriers arising on the way of conceptualizing and typologizing the foreign policy orientations of populist actors, relying on an ideological approach to populism. The study revealed that the main constraints for the conceptualization and typologization of populists' foreign policy are the fragmented nature of populism as an ideology, the limited ability to translate their attitudes into the political course, and gradual mainstreamization after coming to power.

Il linguaggio politico delle dinistre extraparlamentari negli anni Settanta. Seduzioni rivoluzionarie, antifascismo militante e rottura col Partito Comunista Italiano

In this essay, the author analyses 123 slogans of the extra-parliamentary left from 1968 to the Anni di Piombo. The slogans are examined from a linguistic, thematic and political perspective. After a linguistic analysis, the thematic cluster analysis reconstructs the main political ideas in this political area. The communication of the extra-parliamentary left is analyzed in relation to the prevailing language of the political scene at the time and from a political point of view in connection with the parties represented in Il linguaggio politico delle sinistre extraparlamentari negli anni Settanta Nicola Guerra 94 Parliament and the extra-parliamentary movements that followed an opposite ideological approach. The analysis shows an important linguistic and political break with the PCI, a break whose development and linguistic expression is reconstructed in this study. The various themes of the political-revolutionary movements of the extra-parliamentary left are analyzed with regard to the language register that characterizes them and which changes from a predominant gloom and violence in the field of militant anti-fascism to a desecrating humour towards the parliamentary left.

Ibsen, Power and the Self: Postsocialist Chinese Experimentations in Stage Performance and Film

Ibsen, Power and the Self: Postsocialist Chinese Experimentations in Stage Performance and Film