Identical Pairs Research Articles

Uncertainty analysis in measurement of contact friction parameters of bolted joint interface

In the literature [1,2], a test apparatus was proposed for high-precision measurement of contact friction parameters based on piezoelectric actuator and laser vibrometer. Based on this test apparatus, five pairs of nominally identical bolted joint specimen were fabricated according to the same drawings and process, and they were assembled and tested using four test plans under two bolt preloads. The reassembly uncertainties of the test apparatus were taken into account to assess the variability of the test results and to analyse error sources. Then the influence of part-to-part differences of nominally identical specimen pairs on the contact friction parameters was investigated. Finally, the variability of contact parameters for rough surfaces and smooth surfaces were studied, which indicates that roughness has an important effect on the uncertainty of test results. The results in this paper suggest that the micro morphology of the contact interface has a significant effect on the tangential contact stiffness, followed by energy dissipation, and has less impact on the friction coefficient. Differences in mechanical properties of nominally identical joint structures caused by differences in micromorphology should be considered in the actual analysis.

Precise determination of pair interactions from pair statistics of many-body systems in and out of equilibrium.

The determination of the pair potential v(r) that accurately yields an equilibrium state at positive temperature T with a prescribed pair correlation function g_{2}(r) or corresponding structure factor S(k) in d-dimensional Euclidean space R^{d} is an outstanding inverse statistical mechanics problem with far-reaching implications. Recently, Zhang and Torquato [Phys. Rev. E 101, 032124 (2020)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.101.032124] conjectured that any realizable g_{2}(r) or S(k) corresponding to a translationally invariant nonequilibrium system can be attained by a classical equilibrium ensemble involving only (up to) effective pair interactions. Testing this conjecture for nonequilibrium systems as well as for nontrivial equilibrium states requires improved inverse methodologies. We have devised an optimization algorithm to precisely determine effective pair potentials that correspond to pair statistics of general translationally invariant disordered many-body equilibrium or nonequilibrium systems at positive temperatures. This methodology utilizes a parameterized family of pointwise basis functions for the potential function whose initial form is informed by small-, intermediate- and large-distance behaviors dictated by statistical-mechanical theory. Subsequently, a nonlinear optimization technique is utilized to minimize an objective function that incorporates both the target pair correlation function g_{2}(r) and structure factor S(k) so that the small intermediate- and large-distance correlations are very accurately captured. To illustrate the versatility and power of our methodology, we accurately determine the effective pair interactions of the following four diverse target systems: (1) Lennard-Jones system in the vicinity of its critical point, (2) liquid under the Dzugutov potential, (3) nonequilibrium random sequential addition packing, and (4) a nonequilibrium hyperuniform "cloaked" uniformly randomized lattice. We found that the optimized pair potentials generate corresponding pair statistics that accurately match their corresponding targets with total L_{2}-norm errors that are an order of magnitude smaller than that of previous methods. The results of our investigation lend further support to the Zhang-Torquato conjecture. Furthermore, our algorithm will enable one to probe systems with identical pair statistics but different higher-body statistics, which will shed light on the well-known degeneracy problem of statistical mechanics.

Riordan arrays and r-Stirling number identities

By using the theory of Riordan arrays, we establish four pairs of general r-Stirling number identities, which reduce to various identities on harmonic numbers, hyperharmonic numbers, the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, the r-Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, and the r-Lah numbers. We further discuss briefly the connections between the r-Stirling numbers and the Cauchy numbers, the generalized hyperharmonic numbers, and the poly-Bernoulli polynomials. Many known identities are shown to be special cases of our results, and the combinatorial interpretations of several particular identities are also presented as supplements.

How do we describe other people from voices and faces?

When seeing someone's face or hearing their voice, perceivers routinely infer information about a person's age, sex and social traits. While many experiments have explored how individual person characteristics are perceived in isolation, less is known about which person characteristics are described spontaneously from voices and faces and how descriptions may differ across modalities. In Experiment 1, participants provided free descriptions for voices and faces. These free descriptions followed similar patterns for voices and faces – and for individual identities: Participants spontaneously referred to a wide range of descriptors. Psychological descriptors, such as character traits, were used most frequently; physical characteristics, such as age and sex, were notable as they were mentioned earlier than other types of descriptors. After finding primarily similarities between modalities when analysing person descriptions across identities, Experiment 2 asked whether free descriptions encode how individual identities differ. For this purpose, the measures derived from the free descriptions were linked to voice/face discrimination judgements that are known to describe differences in perceptual properties between identity pairs. Significant relationships emerged within and across modalities, showing that free descriptions indeed encode differences between identities – information that is shared with discrimination judgements. This suggests that the two tasks tap into similar, high-level person representations. These findings show that free description data can offer valuable insights into person perception and underline that person perception is a multivariate process during which perceivers rapidly and spontaneously infer many different person characteristics to form a holistic impression of a person.

Fiscal consequences of Alzheimer's disease and informal care provision in the UK: A “government perspective” microsimulation

• Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a substantial impact on the UK government finances. • The fiscal loss to the UK government is £73,749 per person and carer affected by AD. • Welfare support and payments account for 60% of the estimated fiscal loss due to AD. • Lost earnings for informal carers are estimated at £27,189 over the AD continuum. • Total fiscal consequences of diseases should inform health policy decision-making. Estimating the fiscal consequences of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on patients and informal carers using a UK public economic perspective. A simulated cohort of 1,000 pairs of people with AD and informal carers was compared with 1,000 demographically identical pairs in the general population. Both cohorts enter the model at the mean age of mild cognitive impairment onset. Time to AD onset was based on the literature and AD progression was modelled using published equations and a state-transition microsimulation. Labour participation, financial support, and paid taxes were linked to cognitive decline and caregiving needs using UK labour statistics and tax rates. Healthcare costs were based on published literature. Future costs and life-years were discounted at 3.5%. Results were reported as incremental differences in total tax revenue, financial support, and healthcare costs, over the AD continuum, between cohorts affected and unaffected by AD. Each AD-affected pair was associated with estimated incremental fiscal losses of £73,749 to the UK government. Financial support and healthcare costs were responsible for 59.3% and 22.2% of AD’s fiscal burden, respectively. Total lost tax revenue due to PwAD and carers’ reduced earnings represented 18.5% of total government losses. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Assuming mild cognitive impairment onset at age 60 let to incremental fiscal losses of £141,323 per AD-affected pair. Fiscal costs for entire UK population with AD were predicted to be £16 billion annually. Alzheimer’s disease strongly impacts UK’s public economy and should be considered to inform healthcare policymaking.

Gear fault detection using noise analysis and machine learning algorithm with YAMNet pretrained network

Gears are an essential machine element in every machinery. Faults in gears must be detected promptly to reduce downtime and avoid the sudden failure of the machine. Intelligent fault diagnosis techniques are gaining impetus due to Industry 4.0. This work proposes to use the YAMNet network for fault detection of gear pairs using transfer learning. YAMNet is a pre-trained network trained on audio data for sound event detection. The knowledge of the pretrained network is transferred to the fault diagnosis model. Research in this area suggests that noise and vibration data in the time-frequency domain is used to train pre-trained networks for fault detection. However, the research on applying pre-trained audio networks is minimal. An experimental setup is fabricated with two identical gear pair sub-assemblies, one in healthy condition and another with one gear tooth failure condition. Noise data is collected and preprocessed to extract Mel Spectrogram and is given at the input size requirement of the YAMNet pretrained network. The final connected layer is replaced, and hyperparameters are fine-tuned to improve accuracy. The final prediction accuracy is 95% for the random test dataset.

Genome-wide characterization of two Aubrieta taxa: Aubrieta canescens subsp. canescens and Au. macrostyla (Brassicaceae).

Aubrieta canescens complex is divided into two subspecies, Au. canescens subsp. canescens, Au. canescens subsp. cilicica and a distinct species, Au. macrostyla, based on molecular phylogeny. We generated a draft assembly of Au. canescens subsp. canescens and Au. macrostyla using paired-end shotgun sequencing. This is the first attempt at genome characterization for the genus. In the presented study, ~165 and ~157 Mbp of the genomes of Au. canescens subsp. canescens and Au. macrostyla were assembled, respectively, and a total of 32 425 and 31 372 gene models were predicted in the genomes of the target taxa, respectively. We corroborated the phylogenomic affinity of taxa with some core Brassicaceae species (Clades A and B) including Arabis alpina. The orthology-based tree suggested that Aubrieta species differentiated from A. alpina 1.3–2.0 mya (million years ago). The genome-wide syntenic comparison of two Aubrieta taxa revealed that Au. canescens subsp. canescens (46 %) and Au. macrostyla (45 %) have an almost identical syntenic gene pair ratio. These novel genome assemblies are the first steps towards the chromosome-level assembly of Au. canescens and understanding the genome diversity within the genus.

Supplemental Material for Why Do Judgments of Learning Modify Memory? Evidence From Identical Pairs and Relatedness Judgments

Supplemental Material for Why Do Judgments of Learning Modify Memory? Evidence From Identical Pairs and Relatedness Judgments

Suprathreshold perceptual decisions constrain models of confidence.

Perceptual confidence is an important internal signal about the certainty of our decisions and there is a substantial debate on how it is computed. We highlight three confidence metric types from the literature: observers either use 1) the full probability distribution to compute probability correct (Probability metrics), 2) point estimates from the perceptual decision process to estimate uncertainty (Evidence-Strength metrics), or 3) heuristic confidence from stimulus-based cues to uncertainty (Heuristic metrics). These metrics are rarely tested against one another, so we examined models of all three types on a suprathreshold spatial discrimination task. Observers were shown a cloud of dots sampled from a dot generating distribution and judged if the mean of the distribution was left or right of centre. In addition to varying the horizontal position of the mean, there were two sensory uncertainty manipulations: the number of dots sampled and the spread of the generating distribution. After every two perceptual decisions, observers made a confidence forced-choice judgement whether they were more confident in the first or second decision. Model results showed that the majority of observers were best-fit by either: 1) the Heuristic model, which used dot cloud position, spread, and number of dots as cues; or 2) an Evidence-Strength model, which computed the distance between the sensory measurement and discrimination criterion, scaled according to sensory uncertainty. An accidental repetition of some sessions also allowed for the measurement of confidence agreement for identical pairs of stimuli. This N-pass analysis revealed that human observers were more consistent than their best-fitting model would predict, indicating there are still aspects of confidence that are not captured by our modelling. As such, we propose confidence agreement as a useful technique for computational studies of confidence. Taken together, these findings highlight the idiosyncratic nature of confidence computations for complex decision contexts and the need to consider different potential metrics and transformations in the confidence computation.

Text Similarity Using Siamese Networks and Transformers

Abstract-- In result-oriented conversational models like message renders and chatbots, finding the similarity between the input and output text result is a big task. In general, the conversational model developers lean to provide a minimal number of utterances per instance, and this makes the classification a difficult task. This problem becomes more difficult when the length of the processed text per action is short and length of the user input is long. Identical sentence pair detection reduces manual effort for users with high reputation. Siamese networks have been one of the best innovative architectures designed in the field of natural language processing. A Siamese network was initially designed for computer vision applications. Later the core concept of this algorithm was designed for NLP ,to identify similarity for two given sentences. Siamese networks are used in this algorithm. It's an artificial neural network also known as a twin neural network that works in tandem on two independent input vectors to calculate equivalent output vectors using the same weights. Also there are few commonly addressed drawbacks like word sense disambiguation and memory intolerance of initial inputs for sentences having more than 15-20 words. To tackle these issues, we propose a modified algorithm that integrates the transformer model implicitly with the core part of the siamese network. Transformer model helps to generate each output position based on the semantic analysis of overall sentence and can also deal with homonyms, by extracting its meaning based, which is syntactic based and semantic based on the overall sentence or paragraph or text.

Proto Language Relationship with Mandailing Language

This study aims to examine the kinship of the Proto language with the Mandailing language. This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method by grouping languages according to their level of kinship. The quantitative method is carried out using lexicostatistics techniques. Data collection techniques used in the form of recording techniques and recording techniques. The data used in this research is basic vocabulary which contains a list of 200 Swadesh vocabularies. (1) Identical pairs of Proto and Mandailing have 35 vocabularies. (2) Pairs Have Phonemic Correspondence in Proto and Mandailing, there are 2 vocabularies. (3) Phonetic similarities between Proto and Mandailing have 2 vocabularies. (4) One different phoneme in Proto and Mandailing languages has 16 vocabularies. The overall similarity of vocabularies from Proto and Mandailing which can be concluded is that there are 55 vocabularies or about 28%. That is, the percentage of kinship between the two is 28%. This percentage indicates that the Proto and Mandailing languages belong to the same family.

Dual-channel feature disentanglement for identity-invariant facial expression recognition

Facial expression recognition is a challenging task owing to subtle inter-class differences and significant intra-class variations. To address this problem, we propose a novel dual-channel alternation training strategy, in which image pairs with different expressions from the same identity and image pairs with the same expression from different identities are alternately fed into a Siamese network for model training. Unlike previous studies, the extracted features from each branch of the Siamese network are disentangled into three feature subspaces, namely, an expression-related feature subspace, identity-related feature subspace, and shared feature subspace, to reduce the potential negative effects caused by expression-related features contaminated by identity components. To further enhance the ability to pull the same expressions together and push different expressions apart in the feature space, the Hilbert–Schmidt independence criterion (HSIC) is introduced to design an identity-sensitive and expression-sensitive loss function because of its excellent ability to measure the similarity between high-dimensional vectors. Comprehensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach can produce competitive recognition results compared with state-of-the-art methods.

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS)

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) is a sounding rocket instrument that flew on July 30, 2021 from the White Sands Missile Range, NM. The instrument was designed to address specific science questions that require differential emission measures of the solar soft X-ray spectrum from 6 – 25[Formula: see text]Å(0.5 – 2.1[Formula: see text]keV). MaGIXS comprises a Wolter-I telescope, a slit-jaw imaging system, an identical pair of grazing incidence paraboloid mirrors, a planar grating and a CCD camera. While implementing this design, some limitations were encountered in the production of the X-ray mirrors, which ended up as a catalyst for the development of a deterministic polishing approach and an improved meteorological technique that utilizes a computer-generated hologram (CGH). The opto-mechanical design approach addressed the need to have adjustable and highly repeatable interfaces to allow for the complex alignment between the optical sub-assemblies. The alignment techniques employed when mounting the mirrors and throughout instrument integration and end-to-end testing are discussed. Also presented are spatial resolution measurements of the end-to-end point-spread-function that were obtained during testing in the X-ray Cryogenic Facility (XRCF) at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Lastly, unresolved issues and off-nominal performance are discussed.

Wideband Balanced Filters With Intrinsic Common-Mode Suppression on Coplanar Stripline-Based Multimode Resonators

In this paper, two types of coplanar stripline (CPS)-based multimode stepped-impedance resonators are proposed for exploration of wideband balanced filters with intrinsic common-mode (CM) suppression. Such CPS multimode resonators (MMRs) can be readily terminated with either a pair of open- or short-circuited ends with no need of via holes. With resorting to a proper impedance ratio, the first three modes of each MMR are assembled to construct a wide differential-mode (DM) passband. Afterwards, two distinctive broadside-coupled sections are further investigated based on their open- and short-ended circuit models, respectively. Characteristic impedances and effective dielectric constants can be adequately obtained by virtue of an efficient quasi-static approach under the odd- and the even-mode operations. As such, two types of CPS-MMR-based bandpass filters each with five transmission poles are synthetically designed. For experimental validation, the proposed balanced filters are finally fabricated and measured with the help of two identical pairs of balanced-to-balanced microstrip-to-CPS transitions. Theoretical, simulated, and measured results are found in reasonable agreement with each other with/without the transitions, thus demonstrating that the proposed CPS-based MMRs are well characterized with the wideband DM transmission and intrinsic CM suppression.

Evaluation of the Fiscal Costs and Consequences of Alzheimer’s Disease in Germany: Microsimulation of Patients’ and Caregivers’ Pathways

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease is a severe condition, impacting individual’s wellbeing and independence in daily activities. Informal care provision is common and of great value to societies but is not without negative externalities to households and the broader economy.ObjectivesEstimate the lifetime incremental fiscal consequences of Alzheimer’s disease in community-based individuals and their informal caregivers.SettingThe fiscal consequences of Alzheimer’s disease was modeled using the German government and social security perspective.ParticipantsSynthetic cohort containing 1,000 pairs of people with Alzheimer’s disease and their informal caregivers, compared to 1,000 demographically identical pairs from the general population.DesignDisease progression was modeled using published equations and a state-transition microsimulation framework. Labor participation, financial support and paid taxes were estimated according to cognitive decline and caregiving responsibilities using German labor statistics and tax rates. Healthcare costs were sourced from several German publications. Costs and life-years were discounted at 3% annually.MeasurementsResults are reported as lifetime incremental differences in total tax revenue and transfer payments between the cohort affected by Alzheimer’s disease and their general population analogues.ResultsThe Alzheimer’s disease-affected pair was associated with net incremental fiscal losses of €74,288 ($85,037) to the German government and social security over the lifetime of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Most costs were lost taxes on employment earnings (48.4%) due to caregivers working reduced hours. Caregivers were estimated to earn €56,967 ($65,209) less than their general population analogues. Financial support for informal and formal care accounted for 20.4%, and medical healthcare costs represented 24.0% of the incremental fiscal losses. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model results. In a cohort with early onset Alzheimer’s disease, incremental fiscal losses were predicted to be €118,533 ($114,209) over the lifetime of people with Alzheimer’s disease.ConclusionsAlzheimer’s disease externalities profoundly impact public economics for governments and should be considered to inform policy making and healthcare planning.

Step by step: A hierarchical framework for multi-hop knowledge graph reasoning with reinforcement learning

Recently, knowledge graph reasoning has sparked great interest in research community, which aims at inferring missing information in triples and provides critical support to various tasks (e.g., question answering and recommendation). To date, multi-hop reasoning is a dominant approach which infers the target answer by walking along the path connecting entities and relations, ensuring both accuracy and interpretability. However, in most knowledge graphs, there are multiple relations related to an identical entity, and multiple tail entities for an identical pair of head entity and relation. Due to this one-to-many dilemma, enlarged action space and ignoring logical relationship between entity and relation increase the difficulty of learning. In order to deal with such an issue, this work presents a novel paradigm for knowledge graph reasoning by decomposing it to a two-level hierarchical decision process. We apply the hierarchical reinforcement learning framework which dismantles the task into a high-level process for relation detector and a low-level process for entity reasoning, respectively. In this way, the action space is effectively controlled where the policies can be optimized. The interactions between entity and relation decision enhance the rationality of reasoning. Moreover, we introduce a dynamic prospect mechanism for low-level policy where the information can guide us to a refined and improved action space, assisted by embedding based method. Our proposed model is evaluated on four benchmark datasets and the results validate its superiority over state-of-the-art baselines, showing the interpretability of reasoning process simultaneously.

Cue selection in the perception of pitch in music and speech

Spectral shape affects pitch perception; sounds with more high energy harmonics sound higher than sounds with low energy in higher harmonics. Flatter spectral slope corresponds to "tenser" voices while steeper spectral slope correlates to "breathier" voices in speech. In string instruments, the spectral slope differentiates sul ponticello and sul tasto. Listeners were found to integrate spectral slope cues in pitch perception in speech; however, work on music focused on cross-instrument differences, glossing over cue integration within instruments with fixed-formant frequencies. Furthermore, spectral cues and F0 co-vary in human pitch production, but are largely independent in instrumental music. It remains unclear whether music processing is as integrative as speech processing. In this study, listeners were given either speech or violin stimuli with identical pitch contour pairs, and were asked to decide whether the second contour was higher or lower in pitch compared to the first. The spectral slope of each sound was manipulated to include all combinations of “breathier”/“sul tasto” and “tenser”/“sul ponticello” sounding pairs. Results show that listeners integrate spectral slope cues in pitch perception in speech and violin stimuli similarly, with similar categoricity and shift. Overall, listeners with higher musicality have more categorical responses but no differences in shift.

Role of NBI fuelling in contributing to density peaking between the ICRH and NBI identity plasmas on JET

Density peaking has been studied between an ICRH and NBI identity plasma in JET. The comparison shows that 8 MW of NBI heating/fueling increases the density peaking by a factor of two, being R/L n = 0.45 for the ICRH pulse and R/L n = 0.93 for the NBI one averaged radially over ρ tor = 0.4, 0.8. The dimensionless profiles of q, ρ *, υ *, β n and T i/T e ≈ 1 were matched within 5% difference except in the central part of the plasma (ρ tor < 0.3). The difference in the curvature pinch (same q-profile) and thermo-pinch (T i = T e) between the ICRH and NBI discharges is virtually zero. Both the gyro-kinetic simulations and integrated modelling strongly support the experimental result where the NBI fuelling is the main contributor to the density peaking for this identity pair. It is to be noted here that the integrated modeling does not reproduce the measured electron density profiles, but approximately reproduces the difference in the density profiles between the ICRH and NBI discharge. Based on these modelling results and the analyses, the differences between the two pulses in impurities, fast ions (FIs), toroidal rotation and radiation do not cause any such changes in the background transport that would invalidate the experimental result where the NBI fuelling is the main contributor to the density peaking. This result of R/L n increasing by a factor of 2 per 8 MW of NBI power is valid for the ion temperature gradient dominated low power H-mode plasmas. However, some of the physics processes influencing particle transport, like rotation, turbulence and FI content scale with power, and therefore, the simple scaling on the role of the NBI fuelling in JET is not necessarily the same under higher power conditions or in larger devices.

Verbal learning, working memory, and attention/vigilance may be candidate phenotypes of bipolar II depression in Chinese Han nationality

ObjectivesBipolar II depression (BD-II) is a subtype of bipolar disorder with recurrent depressive, manic, and frequent depressive episodes as the main clinical manifestations. This study aimed to compare the cognitive function of patients with BD-II with those of healthy siblings and controls to explore the internal phenotype of BD-II in the field of cognitive function. Methods66 BD-II patients, 58 healthy siblings, and 55 healthy controls were assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Symbol Coding Test (DSCT), Category Fluency, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLTR), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Wechsler Memory Scale 3rd ed. Spatial Span Subtest (WMS-III SS), Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Mazes (NABM), Continuous Performance Test, and Identical Pairs (CPT-IP). ResultsPatients with BD-II showed cognitive deficits in visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, verbal learning, attention/vigilance, working memory, and speed of processing. Healthy siblings showed cognitive deficits in reasoning and problem solving, verbal learning, attention/vigilance, working memory, and speed of processing. Substantial differences were observed among the three groups in reasoning and problem solving. ConclusionsVerbal learning, working memory, and attention/vigilance may be potential endophenotypes that can be used to identify BD-II among Han Chinese in the early stage.

Solving Sensor Ontology Metamatching Problem with Compact Flower Pollination Algorithm

To implement co-operation among applications on the Internet of Things (IoT), we need to describe the meaning of diverse sensor data with the sensor ontology. However, there exists a heterogeneity issue among different sensor ontologies, which hampers their communications. Sensor ontology matching is a feasible solution to this problem, which is able to map the identical ontology entity pairs. This work investigates the sensor ontology meta-matching problem, which indirectly optimizes the sensor ontology alignment’s quality by tuning the weights to aggregate different ontology matchers. Due to the largescale entity and their complex semantic relationships, swarm intelligence (SI) based techniques are emerging as a popular approach to optimize the sensor ontology alignment. Inspired by the success of the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) in the IoT domain, this work further proposes a compact FPA (CFPA), which introduces the compact encoding mechanism to improve the algorithm’s efficiency, and on this basis, the compact exploration and exploitation operators are proposed, and an adaptive switching probability is presented to trade-off these two searching strategies. The experiment uses the ontology alignment evaluation initiative (OAEI)’s benchmark and the real sensor ontologies to test CFPA’s performance. The statistical comparisons show that CFPA significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art sensor ontology matching techniques.