Identical Arrays Research Articles

Direct MR arthrography of cadaveric wrists: Comparison between MR imaging at 3.0T and 7.0T and gross pathologic inspection

To prospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography for the detection of articular cartilage abnormalities at 3.0T and 7.0T in cadaveric wrists. MR imaging (MRI) was performed in nine cadaveric wrists (four right wrists, five left; mean age, 81.0 ± 9.8 years) after the intraarticular administration of gadoterate-meglumine. A 3.0T and 7.0T MR system, mechanically identical custom-built 8-channel wrist coil arrays and a similar standard MRI protocol, were used. MR images were evaluated for visibility of articular cartilage surfaces, presence of cartilage lesions, and confidence of diagnosis by two independent radiologists. Open pathologic inspection served as reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV), and accuracy (ACC) were calculated. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess differences in the diagnostic performance. Visibility of articular cartilage surfaces was significantly better at 3.0T than at 7.0T (P < 0.001). Mean sensitivity, specificity, NPV, PPV, ACC for both readers were 63%, 90%, 85%, 76%, 82% at 3.0T, respectively, and 52%, 91%, 82%, 75%, 79% at 7.0T. The difference between 3.0T and 7.0T was not significant for reader 1 (P = 0.51), but was significant for reader 2 (P = 0.01). The level of confidence was significantly higher at 3.0T than at 7.0T for both readers (P = 0.004; P = 0.03). MR arthrography of the wrist at 7.0T is still limited by the lack of commercially available radiofrequency coils and limited experience in sequence optimization, resulting in a significantly lower visibility of anatomy, lower diagnostic accuracy, and level of confidence in judging cartilage lesions compared to 3.0T.

Forward-backward masking of contrast patterns: The role of transients

Graham and Wolfson have shown that, after adaptation to an array of Gabor patterns, observers discriminate poorly between spatially identical Gabor arrays in which the contrasts are symmetrically above and below the adapt contrast. Ten experiments are reported that show that the effect occurs in simple contrast discrimination tasks and examine its properties using a two-alternative spatial forced-choice paradigm. The experiments show that the effect is quite robust and manifests itself in several different experimental paradigms. It occurs with masks as short as 50 ms, but it disappears when an interval as short as 30 ms intervenes between the test patterns and the masks. It occurs at 4 and 8 c/deg. The decrease in discrimination for straddle contrasts is accompanied by an increase in discrimination for contrasts above the mask contrast. A model is presented that describes and predicts the results. The key idea of the model is that patterns which suddenly change contrast produce two responses in the visual system, a V-response that is a function of the absolute value of the difference between the test contrast and the mask contrast and an S-response that is an increasing function of contrast.

Perceiving Spatial Relations via Attentional Tracking and Shifting

Perceiving which of a scene's objects are adjacent may require selecting them with a limited-capacity attentional process. Previous results support this notion [1-3] but leave open whether the process operates simultaneously on several objects or proceeds one by one. With arrays of colored discs moving together, we first tested the effect of moving the discs faster than the speed limit for following them with attentional selection [4]. At these high speeds, participants could identify which colors were present and determine whether identical arrays were aligned or offset by one disc. They could not, however, apprehend which colors in the arrays were adjacent, indicating that attentional selection is required for this judgment. If selection operates serially to determine which colors are neighbors, then after the color of one disc is identified, attention must shift to the adjacent disc. As a result of the motion, attention might occasionally miss its target and land on the trailing disc. We cued attention to first select one or the other of a pair of discs and found the pattern of errors predicted. Perceiving these spatial relationships evidently requires selecting and processing objects one by one and is only possible at low object speeds.

Constructing identities through “discourse”: Stance and interaction in collaborative college writing

There has been little research on academic writers that shows how social interaction influences the construction of “discoursal identity” (the impressions that writers convey about themselves in their texts and that readers develop about writers). This study analyzes a collaborative writing session among college students to explore the negotiation of discoursal identity in the selection of a single word, discourse. Drawing on video-based conversation analysis and ethnographic methods, it argues that the writers’ embodied stances on the word discourse index an array of identities: that of the teacher and class (over)using the word, the teacher reading the word, the good student who fluently uses the word, the student who displays that the word is not a natural part of her vocabulary, and the student who is trying not to “show off.” Through an examination of stancetaking during group work and interviews, this study details how interaction constructs discoursal identities.

Protein Microarrays for the Identification of Praja1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Substrates

Although they are the primary determinants of substrate specificity, few E3-substrate pairs have been positively identified, and few E3's profiled in a proteomic fashion. Praja1 is an E3 implicated in bone development and highly expressed in brain. Although it has been well studied relative to the majority of E3's, little is known concerning the repertoire of proteins it ubiquitylates. We sought to identify high confidence substrates for Praja1 from an unbiased proteomic profile of thousands of human proteins using protein microarrays. We first profiled Praja1 activity against a panel of E2's to identify its optimal partner in vitro. We then ubiquitylated multiple, identical protein arrays and detected putative substrates with reagents that vary in ubiquitin recognition according to the extent of chain formation. Gene ontology clustering identified putative substrates consistent with information previously known about Praja1 function, and provides clues into novel aspects of this enzyme's function.

In vitro and in vivo comparison of wrist MR imaging at 3.0 and 7.0 tesla using a gradient echo sequence and identical eight‐channel coil array designs

To evaluate in vivo MR imaging of the wrist at 3.0 Tesla (T) and 7.0T quantitatively and qualitatively. To enable unbiased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparisons, geometrically identical eight-channel receiver arrays were used at both field strengths. First, in vitro images of a phantom bottle were acquired at 3.0T and 7.0T to obtain an estimate of the maximum SNR gain that can be expected. MR images of the dominant wrist of 10 healthy volunteers were acquired at both field strengths. All measurements were done using the same sequence parameters. Quantitative SNR maps were calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis and analyzed in several regions-of-interest. Furthermore, the images were qualitatively evaluated by two independent radiologists. The quantitative analysis showed SNR increases of up to 100% at 7.0T compared with 3.0T, with considerable variation between different anatomical structures. The qualitative analysis revealed no significant difference in the visualization of anatomical structures comparing 3.0T and 7.0T MR images (P>0.05). The presented results establish the SNR benefits of the transition from 3.0T to 7.0T for wrist imaging without bias by different array designs and based on exact, algebraic SNR quantification. The observed SNR increase nearly reaches expected values but varies greatly between different tissues. It does not necessarily improve the visibility of anatomic structures but adds valuable latitude for sequence optimization.

Strategies in landmark use by orangutans and human children

Landmark use has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, yet the manner in which landmarks are encoded and subsequently used appears to vary between and sometimes within species, even when faced with identical landmark arrays. In the present experiments, orangutans and human children were shown a square array of identical landmarks and were trained to locate a hidden goal in the centre of the array. In Experiments 1 and 2, the search space appeared to be discrete, with white gridlines dividing up the space, and in Experiments 3a and 3b, the search space was uniformly coloured, making it appear continuous. In all experiments, following training, subjects were given a single expansion test, to determine their landmark strategy use, based on peak search activity. The orangutans appeared to use absolute directional vectors from individual landmarks, with peak search activities on the inner corners of the square array, and they used this strategy persistently. In contrast, human children showed two landmark-based strategies, absolute directional vectors and a relational or "middle" strategy, with the majority of children starting their search in the middle region. Although some children, especially young children, persistently used one strategy like the orangutans, many changed strategies when the original one failed to yield the hidden goal.

The Construct and Verification of Group Faultlines Metrics: An Integrated Perspective

As a notable advance compared with traditional diversity research, Lau and Murnighan (1998) proposed the "group faultlines" concept to capture aligned effects of multi-dimensional characteristics and their interrelationships. Much progress has been gained in terms of theoretical development and empirical analysis about faultline research, but an examination of previous literature has shown little further work on how to quantitatively measure faultline strength. To the best of our knowledge, only Thatcher, Jehn and Zanutto (2003) Fau-Index, Shaw (2004) FLS-Index along with Trezzini (2008) PMD-Index have provided systematic and rigor measurement of faultline strength. Each of these indices has its robustness. In nature, Fau can be interpreted as amount of total variance accounted for by intergroup heterogeneity, while FLS is more like a mixed product of subgroup internal alignment and cross-subgroup alignment. PMD, if we scrutinize, will find it a special case of class of polarization measures introduced by Esteban and Ray (1994). Be that as it may, all the indices mentioned above have ignored the faultline width, which is a critical dimension concerning that an identical array of attributes will have different dynamics if distances that exist between subgroups diverge. The fact that faultline width may play a unique role on behaviour was not reflected in any of the three indices. This study aims to resolve this problem by constructing a new integrated metric based on simultaneously measuring subgroup internal alignment (IA), the degree of dispersion between subgroups (Fau) and subgroup distance (D). The resulting metric, namely Integrated-Group-Faultline-Strength (IGFS) was represented in the following form: IGFS=IA×Fau×D. A total of 21 well-designed groups were selected to test the validity of our new metric. These groups all came from published articles. We did this because we wanted to present all sorts of teams that could be typically imagined. The benefit of doing so is apparent, with groups of all kinds be sufficiently examined, the validity of IGFS could be justified. Ten evaluation criteria were also adapted from previous research, which were theoretically derivative as well as intuitional oriented. We relied on these ten criteria to see if they could be coincided with IGFS metric and the others. Results indicated that IGFS fit better than FLS and PMD. Moreover, IGFS fit all the ten criteria well. Actually there also existed one problem related to the subjective perception of group members. In many cases, people tend to cognize and behave according to what they perceive rather than what really is. So questionnaire designed to explore people’s psychological dimensions necessitates the use of one brand new indicator to measure the distances of members’ ratings. We proposed to adopt regression coefficients as elements for distance calculation, which could replace the last term of PMD to form a modified metric appropriate for subjective perception faultlines measurement. In this regard, this study contributed substantially to faultline indices development and provided fundamental base for future research. Furthermore, cluster analysis or cohesive subgroup algorithms seem to be two prominent methods for group faultlines calculation.

Gender Variance: An Ongoing Challenge to Medico-Psychiatric Nosology

An array of gender variant behaviors and identities among youth has been identified in many historical periods and diverse cultures around the globe. The cinaedos in Ancient Rome have been well doc...

In vivo cell-autonomous transcriptional abnormalities revealed in mice expressing mutant huntingtin in striatal but not cortical neurons

Huntington's disease (HD), caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, is characterized by abnormal protein aggregates and motor and cognitive dysfunction. Htt protein is ubiquitously expressed, but the striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) is most susceptible to dysfunction and death. Abnormal gene expression represents a core pathogenic feature of HD, but the relative roles of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects on transcription remain unclear. To determine the extent of cell-autonomous dysregulation in the striatum in vivo, we examined genome-wide RNA expression in symptomatic D9-N171-98Q (a.k.a. DE5) transgenic mice in which the forebrain expression of the first 171 amino acids of human Htt with a 98Q repeat expansion is limited to MSNs. Microarray data generated from these mice were compared with those generated on the identical array platform from a pan-neuronal HD mouse model, R6/2, carrying two different CAG repeat lengths, and a relatively high degree of overlap of changes in gene expression was revealed. We further focused on known canonical pathways associated with excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dopamine signaling and trophic support. While genes related to excitotoxicity, dopamine signaling and trophic support were altered in both DE5 and R6/2 mice, which may be either cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous, genes related to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor are primarily affected in DE5 transgenic mice, indicating cell-autonomous mechanisms. Overall, HD-induced dysregulation of the striatal transcriptome can be largely attributed to intrinsic effects of mutant Htt, in the absence of expression in cortical neurons.

Coastal conflicts and reciprocal relations: Encounters between Yolngu people and commercial fishermen in Blue Mud Bay, north‐east Arnhem Land

For centuries, the residents of Blue Mud Bay, the residents of Blue Mud Bay, the Djalkiripuyngu,1 have encountered seafarers landing on their shores, and contacts with these visitors have varied in their regularity, intensity and amity. Currently, the most frequent non‐indigenous seafarers are the professional crab and barramundi fishermen who extract resources from the local estuaries. The crab fishermen are recent migrants from Southeast Asia and some sign royalty contracts for access to Aboriginal land to transport their crabs, whilst the wealthy and politically powerful Anglo‐Australian barramundi fishermen operate from large boats, do not need land access, and reject formal agreements. Djalkiripuyngu engagements with these respective visitors are shaped by Australian laws and by the different histories, ethnicities, access to power and depths of attachment to places between the various parties. The Djalkiripuyngu have consistently asserted ownership over the coastal seas adjacent to their lands and, in an important recent decision, have had one aspect of that ownership legally endorsed.2 Yet struggles for control over local seas demonstrate more than principles of indigenous and wider Australian law. They also reflect the wider history of Northern Australia, the pitfalls and possibilities of encounters between indigenous Australians and recent migrants, and an array of contemporary Australian identities.

Increasing the solar photovoltaic energy capture on sunny and cloudy days

This report analyzes an extensive set of measurements of the solar irradiance made using four identical solar arrays and associated solar sensors (collectively referred to as solar collectors) with different tilt angles relative to the earth’s surface, and thus the position of the sun, in order to determine an optimal tracking algorithm for capturing solar radiation. The study included a variety of ambient conditions including different seasons and both cloudy and cloud-free conditions. One set of solar collectors was always approximately pointed directly toward the sun (DTS) for a period around solar noon. These solar collectors thus captured the direct beam component of the solar radiation that predominates on sunny days. We found that on sunny days, solar collectors with a DTS configuration captured more solar energy in accordance with the well-known cosine dependence for the response of a flat-surfaced solar collector to the angle of incidence with direct beam radiation. In particular, a DTS orientation was found to capture up to twice as much solar energy as a horizontal (H) orientation in which the array is tilted toward the zenith. Another set of solar collectors always had an H orientation, and this best captured the diffuse component of the solar radiation that predominates on cloudy days. The dependence of the H/DTS ratio on the solar-collector tilt angle was in approximate agreement with the Isotropic Diffuse Model derived for heavily overcast conditions. During cloudy periods, we found that an H configuration increased the solar energy capture by nearly 40% compared to a DTS configuration during the same period, and we estimate the solar energy increase of an H configuration over a system that tracks the obscured solar disk could reach 50% over a whole heavily-overcast day. On an annual basis the increase is predicted to be much less, typically only about 1%, because the contribution of cloudy days to the total annual solar energy captured by a photovoltaic system is small. These results are consistent with the solar tracking algorithm optimized for cloudy conditions that we proposed in an earlier report and that was based on a much smaller data set. Improving the harvesting of solar energy on cloudy days deserves wider attention due to increasing efforts to utilize renewable solar energy. In particular, increasing the output of distributed solar power systems on cloudy days is important to developing solar-powered home fueling and charging systems for hydrogen-powered fuel-cell electric and battery-powered vehicles, respectively, because it reduces the system size and cost for solar power systems that are designed to have sufficient energy output on the worst (cloudy) days.

Acknowledging Learner Multiple Identities in the EFL Classroom

Students in any educational settings represent a wide array of social and cultural identities: as men/women, as foreigners or locals, as native speakers or non-native speakers, as individuals with particular beliefs, as members of families, organization, ethnic groups or society at large. Despite their multiple identities, English language pedagogy continues to subsume these diverse identities into a single linguistic basket labeled non-native speakers. Although the label has now been widely challenged (see, among others, Jenkins, 1996; Phillipson, 1992; Seidlhofer, 1999; & Shuck, 2006), the label persists because suggestions have not been accompanied by microlevel classroom techniques on how to address students’ various identities in the classroom. This paper seeks to address this gap by recommending practical classroom techniques to accommodate learners’ multiple identities.

Expression patterns of the mouse Spir-2 actin nucleator

Spir proteins are the founding members of the novel class of WH2 domain containing actin nucleation factors. They initiate actin polymerization by binding of actin monomers to four WH2 domains in the central part of the proteins. Despite their ability to nucleate actin polymerization in vitro by themselves, Spir proteins form a regulatory complex with the distinct actin nucleators of the formin subgroup of formins. The mammalian genome encodes two spir genes, spir-1 and spir-2. The corresponding proteins have an identical structural array and share a high degree of homology. Here, we have addressed the yet unknown expression of the mouse spir-2 gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that the spir-2 gene is expressed as a single mRNA. During embryogenesis in situ hybridizations show spir-2 to be expressed in the developing nervous system and intestine. In adult mouse tissues highest expression of spir-2 was detected in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and in neuronal cells of the nervous system. High expression was also detected in testical spermatocytes. In contrast to the restricted expression of the mouse spir-1 gene, which is mainly found in the nervous system, our data presented here show a distinct and broader expression pattern of the spir-2 gene and by this support a more general cell biological function of the novel actin nucleators.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPLEX PROCESSING OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING WITH NONLINEAR TEMPLATES OF CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS

A complex processing of the dynamic programming is implemented with the parallel architecture of Cellular Neural Networks. Dynamic programming is an efficient algorithm to find optimal path and Cellular Neural Network is a parallel computation architecture composed of identical computation cell array and identical connections at each cell. Breaking down complex processing of the dynamic programming into a sequence of simple steps, the dynamic programming algorithm can be built with the nonlinear templates of Cellular Neural Networks. The procedure to breakdown the complex computation into the sequence of CNN building blocks is illustrated. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, the designed CNN-based dynamic programming is applied for detecting the traces of road boundaries. Edge information of road image is extracted and assigned as local distance value accordingly, then dynamic programming algorithm is implemented by a nonlinear CNN template. The proposed algorithm and its possible circuit structure are described, and simulation results are reported.

Proliferative cell types in embryonic lineages of the central complex of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria

The central complex of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria develops to completion during embryogenesis. A major cellular contribution to the central complex is from the w, x, y, z lineages of the pars intercerebralis, each of which comprises over 100 cells, making them by far the largest in the embryonic protocerebrum. Our focus has been to find a cellular mechanism that allows such a large number of cell progeny to be generated within a restricted period of time. Immunohistochemical visualization of the chromosomes of mitotically active cells has revealed an almost identical linear array of proliferative cells present simultaneously in each w, x, y, z lineage at 50% of embryogenesis. This array is maintained relatively unchanged until almost 70% of embryogenesis, after which mitotic activity declines and then ceases. The array is absent from smaller lineages of the protocerebrum not associated with the central complex. The proliferative cells are located apically to the zone of ganglion mother cells and amongst the progeny of the neuroblast. Comparisons of cell morphology, immunoreactivity (horseradish peroxidase, repo, Prospero), location in lineages and spindle orientation have allowed us to distinguish the proliferative cells in an array from neuroblasts, ganglion mother cells, neuronal progeny and glia. Our data are consistent with the proliferative cells being secondary (amplifying) progenitors and originating from a specific subtype of ganglion mother cell. We propose a model of the way that neuroblasts, ganglion mother cells and secondary progenitors together produce the large cell numbers found in central complex lineages.

Recovery From Borderline Personality Disorder

Recovery From Borderline Personality Disorder

Large-Eddy Simulation of Dispersion from Surface Sources in Arrays of Obstacles

Towards meeting the objective of simulating heat transfer processes in urban areas, the study of dispersion from a scalar (ground) surface area source has been addressed as a first step, since dispersion from such a source is in some ways analogous to heat transfer from the surface. Two different urban-like geometries are considered: an array with cubes of equal height and an array with random height cuboids. Some point measurement dispersion experiments in a wind tunnel have previously been carried out in identical arrays using a naphthalene sublimation technique. Large-eddy simulations (LES) of these experiments have been performed as a validation study and the details, presented here, demonstrate the influence of the roughness morphology on the dispersion processes and the power of LES for obtaining physically important scalar turbulent flux information.

Dimension-based attention modulates early visual processing

Target selection can be based on spatial or dimensional/featural mechanisms operating in a location-independent manner. We investigated whether dimension-based attention affects processing in early visual stages. Subjects searched for a singleton target among an 8-item array, with the search display preceded by an identical cue array with a dimensionally non-predictive, but spatially predictive singleton. Reaction times (RTs) were increased for changes in the target-defining dimension but not for featural changes within a dimension. This RT effect was mirrored by modulations of the P1 and anterior transition N2 (tN2). Current density reconstructions revealed increased activity in dorsal occipital cortex and decreased activity in left frontopolar cortex owing to repeated dimensional pop-out identities. These findings strengthen dimension-based theories of visual attention by indicating dimension-, rather than feature-, specific influences within the first 110 ms of visual processing.

Personal identities and disordered eating behaviors in Mexican American women

Eating disorder behaviors are prevalent in Latina populations. This study tested Schwartz's (2006) theoretical view that a broad array of personal identities serves as an internal resource during acculturation and prevents internalization of dysfunctional weight related beliefs. Sixty-six Mexican American women completed measures of personal identities, fat self-definition, eating disorder symptoms and acculturation. Results show that few positive and many negative personal identities predict higher eating disorder scores and effects are mediated through the fat self-definition. Characteristics of personal identities may influence internalization of cultural values related to weight. Interventions focused on overall identity may prevent eating disorders in Latinas.