Idea Of Realism Research Articles

Człowiek w przestrzeni wyizolowanej. O kilku wizjach zamkniętego świata w utworach Bolesława Prusa

The purpose of this paper is to present different depictions of the microcosm and macrocosm in the works of Boleslaw Prus representing various literary genres. In his literary imagery the author of Lalka (The Doll) exceptionally often creates enclaves abstracted from the vastness of the external world, which overwhelms with its size and the multitude of references. With regard to Balzac’s idea of realism, an attempt has been made to define the nature of the boundaries dividing the protagonist’s inner universe, which is inscribed in a specific framework of its own milieu. Based on anthropological references, horizontal and vertical factors differentiating the two realities have been pointed out. The mutual dependencies conditioning the perception of the world from the perspective of the protagonist and the reader were also highlighted. The imaginary unity of the immediate space becomes a guarantee of understanding the rules and worldviews of the milieus inhabiting it. The microworld turns out to be isolating and protective at the same time, which ambivalently creates the sphere of sacrum: it becomes close, tame, “one’s own,” securing and protecting; however, it can also be besetting, limiting and exclusive. Thus, questions were raised pertaining to the boundaries of freedom and the consequences of violating hermeticity.

The Genesis and Evolution of Iran's Foreign Policy

According to the article, in the late XX and early XXI centuries, Iran's foreign policy strategy has suffered a number of changes under the influence of reforms in the country, and during this historical period, the political elite changed the direction of Tehran's foreign policy based on the current situation. The sources of Iran's foreign policy development and the mechanisms of its implementation will be explored. The foreign policy of Iran's presidents and the methods of its implementation will be analyzed, and their aspects aimed at protecting the country's national interests will be compared. The article states that the Iranian Foreign Policy Office tried to show the world community that it supports the idea of liberalizing international relations at a time when Tehran gave priority to the development of Tehran's foreign policy based on the ideas of realism.

Квантова журналістика: пролегомени вимірювання (ідентифікація критеріїв формування уявлення про одиницю аналізу й одиницю вимірювання)

The article aimed to search for and identify the criteria for forming an idea of the unit of analysis and the unit of measurement in quantum journalism (Kyushu).The research methodology involved the use of methods of three groups: general philosophical (the method of quantum monism; the ideas of realism; the concept of Unity); scientific-practical methods –observation, description and measurement; scientific theoretical methods –formalization, axiomatization, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, generalization, analogy, and abstraction.Results. Since today in the philosophical fields (metaphysics, nonclassical physics (quantum), and classical physics) there are no units of analysis and measurement of synergetic processes and phenomena in quantum journalism (quantum communication), further within holism and the author's concept of Unity it is proposed to create a new "1 hall", or "one holism". The range of analysis and measurement that form the unit "1 hall" should be considered the manifestations of the impact on the environment of a portion of energy (quantum) in the form of intensity and strength of changes that such energy (quantum) causes information flow.Conclusions. According to the results of the analytical review of existing ideas on measurement, it is appropriate to state ambivalent tendencies to identify the criteria for forming an idea of the unit of analysis and the unit of measurement in quantum journalism (more broadly -in the theory of quantum communication). On the one hand, measurement in quantum journalism is inexpedient. On the other hand, such a measurement is possible. From the standpoint of materialism, measurement in quantum journalism is possible thanks to digital indicators. From the point of view of metaphysics, measurement is possible taking into account the synergetic unity as a result of the combination of synergetic-convergent and cross-transmedia characteristics of information processes due to the unit "hall" (holism).Key words: quantum journalism, kyuzhur, measurement, unit of analysis, unit of measurement, identification of criteria.

Foreign policy concept of islamic republic of Iran: Historical view

According to the article, in the late XX and early XXI centuries, Iran's foreign policy strategy has suffered a number of changes under the influence of reforms in the country, and during this historical period, the political elite has changed the direction of Tehran's foreign policy based on the current situation. The sources of Iran's foreign policy development and the mechanisms of its implementation will be explored. The foreign policy of Iran's presidents and the methods of its implementation will be analyzed, and their aspects aimed at protecting the country's national interests will be compared. The article states that the Iranian Foreign Policy Office tried to show the world community that it supports the idea of liberalizing international relations at a time when Tehran gave priority to the development of Tehran's foreign policy based on the ideas of realism.

Синтез социокультурной и технико-технологической обусловленности реализма в фотографии

The article presents the analysis of realistic images in photography as a concept and phenomenon. The author considers realism as a method that allows creating recognition of the surrounding world in photographic images. Reality is understood as reality, which is technically possible to record with photographic equipment. Much attention is paid to the development of photographic technology and its influence on the idea of realism in photography. The point of view is given, according to which the realism of the photographic image is conditioned by the liberal-democratic progress of society: the emergence of freedom of movement, mass tourism industry, leisure, hobbies, the appearance of affordable photographic equipment. Realism in the article is described in the categories of the literal presentation of reality, as photographic naturalism, tied to the optical perfection of the image. The development of amateur photography is interpreted in close connection with scientific and technological progress in the photo department, where design solutions are aimed at improving the optical performance of the image, but not at the possibility of artistic interpretation of the image. The mass amateur photographer and the modern user of digital equipment are considered in the article as conductors of a strictly limited model of understanding the realism of the image. This model is replete with figurative cliches and technical cliches, implemented not so much by the «photographer» himself, as by a computer program and its «ideas» about reality and realism.

New Problems of Realism in Martín Rivas

Abstract This article discusses a central feature in the poetics of Martín Rivas (1862): its realism. It describes the way in which the particularisation of experience and the breakdown of the old theory of the levels of discourse – two main components of realism – are embodied in the novel. Like its models in French realism, Martín Rivas focuses on the unique experiences of singular subjects. This particularisation, however, rarely acquires an interclass dimension, as it did in French forms. The “ideas of realism” are misplaced in Martín Rivas. The novel represents times, spaces, and people in the dramatically reduced frame of the times, spaces, and people of the oligarchy. It signifies a return to the same old rule that European realism had broken from. Blest Gana’s realism could be considered, therefore, as an example of the Chilean modo de ser aristocrático [aristocratic way of being], that is, a set of cultural operations which allow the oligarchy to live their privileges as natural, far from the bourgeois ethos. This insight can be a point of departure for an international discussion as we think about how these transformations might enter into dialogue with similar phenomena in other parts of the world.

On Misinterpretation of Mach, Poincare and Weber by A.L. Nikiforov

The article disproves the panel thesis of A.L. Nikiforov. The fallacy of his assertion that the ideas of Max Weber represent a marginal direction of the development of science, connected with the purely social interest of this thinker, is revealed. In turn, it is proved that the attribution of the idea of realism and the correspondent theory of truth to E. Mach and H. Poincare is incorrect or restrictedly possible.

(Soc)realizmi u praksi - ponovno čitanje sovjetskog iskustva iz tridestih godina prošlog veka

The discourse on realism in contemporary architectural debate seems to circumvent the complexity of the historical roots of this phenomenon in the twentieth century architecture and, in particular, the discourse on socialist realism: a source of many perspectives gravitating around the idea of realism in postwar period and constituting a significant moment in the theoretical debate and design practice between the thirties and the fifties, until the death of Stalin. The aim of this article is to propose an articulated reflection on the experience of socrealism, explored in its "formative" years, in the crucial phase of its elaboration. Far from being the result of a rigid, top-down theoretical determination, realism was defined in a pragmatic way, on many worksites of design practice and theory. The eclecticism and plurality of its expressions, gravitating around the idea of critical assimilation of history, explains the developments of the socrealism between war and post-war in The USSR and in Eastern European countries and finds its clearest statement in the Moscow metro.

Bazin's Modernism

One of the basic assumptions about André Bazin's theory of cinema has been that his idea of realism stands in direct opposition to modernism. In this article, I further develop a revised account of Bazin's realism that I have offered elsewhere, which rethinks the basic assumptions of ontology and realism in his work. This brings Bazin into a surprising affinity with tenets of high (reflexive) modernism. From this position, a re-examination of his engagement with the films of Orson Welles not only shows Bazin to be wrestling with those issues in his criticism but also provides a way to rethink a number of positions in film theory that have historically been associated with a stringently reflexive modernism.

Puzzled by realism: a response to Deichsel

No realist project in and about economics is close to completion. There are many open issues that remain to be addressed and resolved. Simon Deichsel (2011) has written a healthy challenge that should offer some useful inspiration to anyone interested in assessing and perhaps contributing to the realist projects. He argues against realism and in support of some sort of anti-realism. My response first deals with some conceptual issues regarding the very ideas of realism and anti-realism. I will then discuss the role of pragmatics in relation to truth. Finally, I will address the issue of justifying realism—Deichsel’s title, after all, suggests his challenge is directed against what he calls the pragmatic justification of realism. My remarks are both brief and selective.

Realism as a Foundation for Social Work Knowledge

Could a philosophical position called ‘realism’ act as a foundation for social work knowledge? Social work is a phenomenon consisting of three parts: research, education and professional practise. The aim of social work is to alleviate social problems – and this task can be fulfilled through all the three parts of social work. Research must help not only the professional practise, but also the teaching of social work methods. When speaking of research methodology, social work research should overcome the pitfalls of empiricism, inductivism and relativism, and take into consideration of the powers of societal structures, history and nature. The ideas of realism can help in the realization of this task.

Estonian Identity Formations and Threat Framing in the Post-Cold War Era

This article shows that threat framing by the Estonian elite has changed significantly since the end of the Cold War. In order to explain these changes, the identity formations salient in Estonian political discourse are analyzed using discourse analysis and contrasted to two other explanatory approaches: one based on the ideas of realism, the other on cognitive theory. This demonstrates that the variation of threat images, as well as Estonia’s wish to join international organizations, is guided not solely by fear of Russia, but also by a desire to re-establish bonds with an identity formation Estonia once was part of. Thus, the change of threat images can be explained by the dynamics of identity formations, which in turn are linked to processes of socialization, as Estonia adapts to the discourse of the West. It is further argued that previous research on the linkages between identity formations and threat images has tended to oversimplify this relationship. In contrast to earlier research, this article claims that after independence, the Estonian Self has not developed in polarized terms vis-‡-vis the Russian state and the domestic Russian Other. Rather, it is concluded that what is at issue is a process of socialization. This implies not only learning and using language as a means towards the recognition of a multicultural Estonia and the inclusion of the Russian minority in the Estonian Self, but also the institutionalization of such a language in terms of official policies.

The idea of realism in the new experimentalism and the problem of the existence of theoretical entities in chemistry

The paper is focused on some aspects of experimental realism of Ian Hacking, and especially on his “manipulability” criterion of existence. The problem is here related to chemical molecules, the objects of interest in chemical research. The authors consider whether and to what extent this criterion has been applied in experimental practice of chemistry. They argue that “experimentation on” is a fundamental criterion of existence of entities in chemistry rather than “experimentation with”. Some examples regarding studies of structures of complex compounds, taken from organic chemistry, are presented to support the authors’ considerations. Chemists’ laboratory practice depends strongly on the way that representations of entities on (or with) the experiments are used. The authors show that this point has not been given sufficient attention by the new experimentalists.

The Novel as Prison: Scott's "The Heart of Midlothian"

heart of is the almost affectionate nickname given to Edinburgh's Tolbooth prison by the functionaries of the law in Walter Scott's novel with that title. But the setting and subject matter of Scott's tale seem to have very little to do with the place or meaning of incarceration. After the early and dramatic storming of the Tolbooth during the Porteous riot, the narrative gives scant attention to the topicality of its title. The idea of the prison is nevertheless at the heart of The Heart of Midlothian (1818), and most insistently so in those parts of the novel seemingly removed from the stone walls and barred windows of the Tolbooth. It is a newly formulated sense of the penal institution, and the discipline it is designed to inculcate in its inmates, that makes Scott's novel tick. In Imagining the Penitentiary, John Bender argues that in the eighteenth century novelistic ideas of realism informed the emerging idea and physical design of the modern penitentiary; taking Scott's The Heart of Midlothian as a foundational work, I will consider in this essay some of the ways the idea of the prison influenced and informed the disciplinary practices and narrative design of the nineteenth-century novel. The idea that the design of a novel is directly related to an architectural construction is the opening conceit of Scott's novel, and it turns on a pun. Jedediah Cleishbotham, one of Scott's fictional personae and the supposed editor of the Tales of My Landlord series (of which The Heart of Midlothian is the last installment) writes in his preface:

Lawson, the *Bulletin* and the Short Story

Jarvis discusses the influence that advice from the Bulletin had on the form and content of Lawson’s fiction. Jarvis argues, however, that Lawson developed his own idea of realism in contrast to the European mode favoured by the Bulletin, producing stories without plot or incident. Lawson’s obtrusive narrators differed from the conventional narrators found in the Bulletin, but Lawson was criticized personally for the bleak picture of the bush in his stories. This “authorial” presence became an integral element in the reception of Lawson’s fiction.

"Don Quixote," "Ulysses," and the Idea of Realism

Maybe, but in realism you are down to facts on which the world is based: that sudden reality which smashes romanticism into a pulp. What makes most people's lives unhappy is some disappointed romanticism, some unrealizable or misconceived ideal. In fact you may say that idealism is the ruin of man, and if we lived down to fact, as primitive man had to do, we would be better off. That is what we are made for. Nature is quite unromantic. It is we who put romance into her, which is a false attitude, an egotism, absurd like all egotisms. In Ulysses I tried to keep close to fact.