Idea Of Guilt Research Articles

THE CONCEPT OF DELINQUENCY IN MESOAMERICA: FOCUS ON THE AZTECS AND THE MAYA

This paper focuses on the concept of delinquency in addition to prevention and suppression methods and the idea of guilt in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, while treating its inhabitants as highly-developed indigenous peoples. The first section of the study examines the ideas of law and justice in terms of the particular policies that shape people’s way of life in every society. The premise for addressing law in this manner is that one can only comprehend it via ongoing experience. The main focus of this paper is placed on the earlier timeline, when two crucial civilisations existed in Mesoamerica. Both the Maya and the Aztecs built vast, densely inhabited, and extremely efficient empires. However, even a large human society cannot function without order and there is no order without law. Committing a crime or a tort is incompatible with the desirable values and norms that govern the society and causes harm and hazard. Taking into consideration also the detrimental consequences of a forbidden act, the psychological determination of the delinquent and his or her personal attitude towards the act, the concepts of guilt and shame cultures should be brought to attention. From a historical point of view, a delinquent’s feeling of guilt was given consideration during criminal trials in Europe as early as in the Middle Ages, while in Mesoamerica this concept had already existed. Furthermore, some of pre-Columbian Mesoamericans distinguished between intentional and accidental acts, which had an impact of final judgments.

Pediatric Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis Masquerading as Depression: A Case Report From a Tertiary Care Center in South India

Abstract Autoimmune disorders are now widely recognized as playing a larger role in encephalitis than previously thought. The most common disorder appears to be anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. Psychological symptoms, memory difficulties, and autonomic instability are all part of the complicated presentation and are being considered an important differential diagnosis for children presenting with acute behavioral disturbances. We present the case of a 17-year-old girl, who presented with a 1.5-year history of psychiatric symptoms such as pervasive low mood, decreased ability to concentrate on her studies, academic decline, memory disturbances along with poor social interaction, decreased self-esteem, and ideas of guilt. This was accompanied by altered biological functions. Within a week, the symptoms changed dramatically, with labile mood, over familiarity, over identification, déjà vu, auditory hallucinations and anxiety symptoms, nonspecific somatic symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and neurological symptoms including seizures and dyskinesia. Diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis was made by electroencephalography and serum antibody testing. Symptom improvement was noted with five cycles of plasmapheresis and injection of rituximab. Psychiatric manifestations are common, and child and adolescent psychiatrists are frequently the first to be contacted for patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. There is, therefore, an increasing need for them to become aware of the disorder and consider it in their differential diagnosis. A better prognosis can be achieved with appropriate evaluation by a multi-disciplinary team.

A Machine-Learning-Algorithm-Based Prediction Model for Psychotic Symptoms in Patients with Depressive Disorder.

Psychotic symptoms are rarely concurrent with the clinical manifestations of depression. Additionally, whether psychotic major depression is a subtype of major depression or a clinical syndrome distinct from non-psychotic major depression remains controversial. Using data from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants, we developed a machine-learning-algorithm-based prediction model for concurrent psychotic symptoms in patients with depressive disorders. The advantages of machine learning algorithms include the easy identification of trends and patterns, handling of multi-dimensional and multi-faceted data, and wide application. Among 1171 patients with depressive disorders, those with psychotic symptoms were characterized by significantly higher rates of depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, reduced energy and diminished activity, reduced self-esteem and self-confidence, ideas of guilt and unworthiness, psychomotor agitation or retardation, disturbed sleep, diminished appetite, and greater proportions of moderate and severe degrees of depression compared to patients without psychotic symptoms. The area under the curve was 0.823. The overall accuracy was 0.931 (95% confidence interval: 0.897–0.956). Severe depression (degree of depression) was the most important variable in the prediction model, followed by diminished appetite, subthreshold (degree of depression), ideas or acts of self-harm or suicide, outpatient status, age, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and others. In conclusion, the machine-learning-based model predicted concurrent psychotic symptoms in patients with major depression in connection with the “severity psychosis” hypothesis.

Abstract- Poster

Compulsive sexual behaviour (CSB) is characterized by repetitive and intense pre-occupation with sexual thoughts, urges, and behaviours causing clinically significant distress or impairment in occupational, interpersonal, or social domains of functioning. It has also been called by other names such as sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, and hypersexuality. The estimated prevalence of CSB ranges from 3% to 6% in the general adult population of the United States.We present the case of a 23 year old male patient, studied b.Tech with a 3 year history of persistent pornography viewing and compulsive masturbation. He developed sexual thoughts on seeing all females, ideas of guilt, fearfulness and suicidal ideation since 3 months with failure to resist impulses and fantasies with accompanying intense distress. Because of these thoughts his socio occupational life impaired. Family history of parents being separated, Father was an alcoholic, and never took family responsibilities.Mental state examination shows sad mood, congruent with affect, preoccupation with sexual thoughts, ideas of worthlessness and helplessness, suicidal ideations and had no perceptual disturbances. A diagnosis of compulsive sexual behaviours and mild depressive episode was made because patient met criteria according to ICD 10 and proposed ICD 11. He was started on tablet fluoxetine 20mg and went up to 40mg. With this treatment there was reduction in frequency of sexual thoughts and suicidal ideations were reduced.Considering its low prevalence and no specific diagnostic criteria, careful evaluation, diagnosis and management of such clinical cases should be undertaken.

Sobre la confesión, el arrepentimiento y la responsabilidad en el sistema penal juvenil uruguayo

Abstract The article debates the notion of responsibility regarding the Judeo-Christian ideas of confession and repentance used by professionals of the Uruguayan juvenile justice system. The study follows a critical model of qualitative studies through an empirical and contextualized research process, based on discourse analysis of a sample of case files and interviews. Results show the coexistence of different theoretical-methodological conceptions among the technicians, in which parental blame for the adolescent offense prevails, search for responsibility for the act committed associated with confession and repentance, opposed to an attitude of patient listening of a person going through adolescence, promoting reflexivity without adult impositions. The conclusion is that, in an early secularized country like Uruguay, the conception of responsibility is used as a synonym of the religious idea of guilt, with its correlates of confession and repentance with consequences on the judicially imposed forms of punishment, perceived as expiatory of the adolescent infraction to penal law.

Síndrome de Cotard en trastorno depresivo recurrente: reporte de caso

The Cotard Syndrome, also known as delirium of negation or nihilistic delirium, was described by the French neurologist, Julius Cotard, on June 1880. From that time until the end of the 20th century, in scientific literature, approximately 100 cases were reported that presented symptoms of depression, anxiety, nihilist delusions concerning the body and existence, hypochondriacal and immortality delusions, as well as auditory and visual hallucinations. We present the case of a female patient, 73-years old, from Ayacucho, with a history of sexual assault at the age of 12 and suicidal attempts on 2 occasions, diagnosed with depression at 40 years of age, received treatment with quetiapine, trazadone and clonazepam. She remained with fluctuating medical progress, with symptoms worsening with stressors such as the death of her mother and husband and when she underwent surgeries. Currently, she presents sad and anxious mood, daily crying, ideas of guilt, disability and death, insomnia of conciliation, nihilistic delusive ideas concerning the body, referring that her stomach and bladder do not work, reason why she doesn’t want to eat or drink water. Due to the total refusal of food intake and persistent suicidal ideation, she was hospitalized to receive psychiatric treatment and nutritional support. It is concluded that there are few cases reported on the use of psychotherapy in Cotard's syndrome. Therefore, this case in which psychotherapy was indicated to reduce anxious-affective symptoms, to avoid isolation of the person and to redirect his personal and social life, is important.

Melancholia. Historical evolution through a case report

IntroductionThe diagnosis of psychotic depression has its origin in the millennial term of Melancholia.ObjectivesA case of psychotic depression is presented to highlight its psychopathological characteristics and to make a historical overview of its origins.MethodsWe present the case of a 40-year-old male patient with a history of dysthymic mood who developed a major depressive mood, loss of self-care, decreased apetite, insomnia and repetitive speech with ideas of guilt and ruin of psychotic characteristics.ResultsMelancholy is a term used since the time of Hippocrates, who spoke of it as the state that appears after the prolongation of an intense period of sadness. It was extolled and self-attributed by authors such as Montaigne and branded as selfish by authors such as Cicero in the days when reason and madness formed a whole and distinguishing their limits was a complex task. Esquirol changed his name to Lypemania to get rid of its poetic nuances and framed it within partial insanity. Both he and the rest of the psychopathologists of the XIX century and early XX considered the melancholic as the great tormented, the one who despises himself and blames all ills, who suffers from apathy and above all presents a strong pain of the soul.ConclusionsLater it was Falret and Baillarger who unified melancholy with mania in what they nominate as circular and dual-form insanity. This gave way to the Krapelinian entity of manic-depressive insanity, the direct predecessor of the current Bipolar Disorder, which includes the diagnosis of our clinical case.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Malomatism (accusation) and navoiy

The idea of guilt is also important in the deep analysis of the life and work of Alisher Navoi. This article discusses the motives of accusation in the works of thinker (Navoi), especially in the lyrical heritage. The influence of the malomatismon the literature and their role in determining the ideological and artistic nature of the work were revealed.

Сюжет «извещение о скорой смерти родителя» в русской литературе ХХ века

The paper identifies and investigates a motif complex formed in the Russian literature of the first half of the 20th century and implemented mainly in the works of the 1960s. It develops the theme of parental melancholy that is widely represented in literature and, influenced by Yesenin’s “Letter to mother,” acquires the motif of death and indirect communication. The plot takes its final shape in K. Simonov’s poems “The Return” and “First love” and develops a stable semantic core in Paustovsky’s short story “The telegram”. This study proves the direct influence of Simonov’s works on Paustovsky. Basic to the plot is the situation of a lonely parent, abandoned by an adult child. There are several stages in the plot development, with the news of the imminent death of a parent being the central event. The younger character receives a letter or a telegram from the parent or his or her surroundings, with a possible duplicate message telling about the forthcoming or incurred parent’s death. In all plot implementations, the child fails to find the parent alive and sometimes ignores the call, actualizing the idea of guilt. Included in the plot is the motif of indirect communication from the parent and the child, both realized and possible. This written communication is perceived as an ersatz of genuine contact and does not relieve the parent’s pain and loneliness. An important micro-detail of the complex is the iconography of waiting: the description of the parent looking at the road (window, door).

POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN AS A SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF THE “POLITICS OF CHILDREN”

The article examines the importance of the political socialization of children to ensure generational continuity and stability of political communications. The author supposes that the dominance of the research attitude towards the process of politicization of children as the implementation of the institutional and ideological activity of older generations concerning the age minority limits the ability to understand qualitative changes in contemporary communications. The blurring of boundaries between the “world of childhood” and “adults” in the contemporary society leads to the fact that relations between generations become more complicated and acquire a high degree of variability and arbitrariness. The diversification of symbolic production, the multiplication of actors in contemporary political communications, the growing variability of political ideologies and ways of representing politics, actualizes the study of the political socialization of children as a specific political communication depending on the features of the spatio-temporal design of political events in certain national communities. According to the author, this allows us to take into account the differences in the perception of the significance of certain political events by generations and the peculiarities of the children’s and youth’s positioning concerning the older generation. In this case, the meaning and content of political socialization is not reduced to the process of adaptation of children to the institutions and ideological regimes of “adult society”, but appears as a process of choosing and challenging the collectively significant symbols of the older generation by the younger generation. A decisive role in the study of the political socialization of children is played by the research of the influence of the dynamics of the profiles of the legitimation of national memory, including various competing symbolic representations of images of the past and the future, the typology of the heroic, ideas of guilt and responsibility. The author emphasizes the importance of description and applied analysis of the effectiveness of the symbolic structures of national memory and the role of iconic power in the implementation of politics of children on the example of the US and contemporary Russian cinema. Using the theoretical and practical explications of contemporary cultural sociology as a methodological basis, the author proposes a new approach to the study of the political socialization of children and the politics of children in contemporary society.

Existence Of Man’s Being And Thinking In Conditions Of Extraordinary Loneliness

Introduction. For an individual who finds himself in a situation of isolation, a period of self-reflection of consciousness begins with attempts to comprehend the deepest foundations of being, to understand the causes of suffering and find ways to overcome loneliness. A wide research field of the problem of loneliness and its overcoming is given to us by the literary tradition of Robinsonade, where we deal with the existential problems of being that a person faces in these circumstances and how to overcome them. The aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to disclose the features of the manifestation of being, the personality’s thinking and subjective perception in extreme situations of isolation of the perceiving subject, presented in the literary tradition of Robinsonade using two works by famous authors as examples: The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by D. Defoe and The Mysterious Island by J. Verne. Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the basic tenets of the philosophy of existentialism, in particular, ideas about the cognitive capabilities of a person in extreme situations, as well as the ideas of philosophical anthropology and social philosophy, which reflect modern views on the communicative processes of the individual, the dialectics of the social and individual at the level of an individual individual. Research results. In the philosophical analysis of the existential foundations of human being and thinking in the extreme conditions of a Robinsonade, we took into account the circumstances and motivation of a person falling into conditions of prolonged isolation, the nature of his socio-communicative connections to forced loneliness, as well as ways of the individual's relationship and communication with the Absolute. The analysis of the plot canvas of the works of “Robinson's” themes testifies a peculiar anthropological experiment to test the physical and moral forces of a person, as well as to a certain existential model of person’s being and thinking. The existential thinking model of Robinson Defoe is characterized by the depth of experiencing his position, guilt and its consequences for the individual, dualistic thinking with a combination of fear of the unknown and a deep desire for survival. In the Robinsonade version of the heroes of the novel by J. Verne, we observe a rationalized and scientientized model of thinking and being with the absence of complex existential self-reflection. Discussion. In the behavior model of Robinson D. Defoe, the idea of guilt is clearly carried out, a painful awareness of its consequences for the person, which leads to the activation of religious consciousness, the need for repentance and the development of active communication in the plan of "I-Supernatural." Staying on the island by the characters of the novel by J. Vern was regarded as a continuation of social activity, service to progressive social ideals, for the victory of which they risked their own lives. Conclusion. The experience of a Robinsonade is a peculiar variant of a person’s deep self-reflection in relation to his position and reasons, as a result of which we can talk about a certain existential model of individual being and thinking, since such a model ultimately determines the features and orientation of person’s subject-practical activity.

An Outsider’s View from Inside

Abstract Acquittal in international criminal law has long been disregarded by the governing bodies of international criminal courts. However, the acquittal exposes constitutive (and constituent) components of this very body of law. The authors draw conclusions from semi-directive interviews with (acquitted and condemned) people tried by the ad hoc tribunals. Their approach creates an opportunity to highlight and comprehend — from the perspective of the acquitted individual — the failures of the functioning of international criminal justice, which is focused on the idea of guilt. Moreover, this research shows how the position of tried individuals affects their perception and acceptance of international criminal law.

Miłosz’s Job

Miłosz’s poetry asks numerous questions concerning an idea ofguilt, forgiveness and suffering nevertheless it never provides easy answers, rather multiplies them creating an atmosphere of overwhelming inescapable responsibility. This essay examines the problem of suffering and its implications in relation to figure of biblical Job that appears in Miłosz oeuvre repeatedly and undergoes a kind of thepoet’s interpretation in Miłosz’s translation of the Book of Job. The main thesis of my considerations is that various strategies of approaching the problem of suffering applied by Miłosz culminate in the conviction that the Joban deepest pain is his uniqueness, his being incomparable to anyone else. The only faith that can sustain in the context of WWII is “a faith through thankfulness” despite evil that ruled the world at that time.

Como os pintores “traduziram” Hamlet

Literary texts have always offered rich terrains for “translations” into other semiotic systems. Shakespeare’s plays are not exceptions and artists are semiotically translating his works into the visual arts, predominantly to painting. Using Benton & Butchers’s terminology to classify paintings based on Shakespeare’s plays, this paper analyses three pictures based on Hamlet. In addition Daniel Maclise’s “The play scene” and Edward Austin Abbey’s “Hamlet” will be compared in order to show that each work “translates” in its own way the idea of guilt in Gertrude.

« Les Juifs n’ont rien contre les policiers »

After the Holocaust, German literature was tainted in two ways. First, just as the Endlosung challenged the idea of culture in general, the fact that German was the “language of the perpetrators” contaminated the German language itself. In 1951, Theodor W. Adorno articulated, in a very influential way, the idea that culture was impossible after the Holocaust. This concept significantly impacted German literature and its portrayal of the genocide of the Jewish people. Analysis of post-war German literature shows the field to be highly heterogeneous. Writers’ “subject-positions” (D. LaCapra) and ideological attitudes determined their approaches to writing about the annihilation of Jews, a topic that incidentally was rarely covered by German literature. This article focuses on two canonical authors from the post-1945 period and briefly discusses Susanne Kerckhoff’s outstanding small body of work. Although both Marie Luise Kaschnitz and Wolfgang Weyrauch had already published work throughout the Nazi period, they were regarded as post-war writers. It can be argued that their writing in the years immediately following World War II was decisively shaped by the idea of guilt. Whereas Kaschnitz was concerned with a conservative Christian rejection of guilt, Weyrauch’s Jewish characters served to exonerate the Germans.

Hiob Miłosza

Miłosz’s poetry asks numerous questions concerning an idea ofguilt, forgiveness and suffering nevertheless it never provides easy answers, rather multiplies them creating an atmosphere of overwhelming inescapable responsibility. This essay examines the problem of suffering and its implications in relation to figure of biblical Job that appears in Miłosz oeuvre repeatedly and undergoes a kind of thepoet’s interpretation in Miłosz’s translation of the Book of Job. The main thesis of my considerations is that various strategies of approaching the problem of suffering applied by Miłosz culminate in the conviction that the Joban deepest pain is his uniqueness, his being incomparable to anyone else. The only faith that can sustain in the context of WWII is “a faith through thankfulness” despite evil that ruled the world at that time.

LITANIA INEXTRICÁVEL: transgressão e culpa como horizonte!

This article aims to present some questions in relation to the possibility of to establish some approaches between the tragic conception and the conception of moral religions, in order to demonstrate that the idea of guilt, sugested in some interpretations of moral religions do not match with the greek tragic message: the tragic and guilt are incompatibles.

Distorções do pensamento em pacientes deprimidos: frequência e tipos

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais distorções do pensamento (DP) em pacientes deprimidos, sua frequência, bem como se há relação delas com dados clínicos e sociodemográficos. Método: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com 75 voluntários entre 18 e 65 anos, residentes na cidade de João Pessoa/PB. Aplicaram-se a escala SCID - I, apenas a parte dedicada ao diagnóstico de depressão, o Inventário de Beck para Depressão (IBD) e questionários para avaliação de dados clínicos e sociodemográficos. Foram pesquisadas as principais distorções do pensamento descritas na literatura. RESULTADOS: As distorções do pensamento mais prevalentes foram desesperança (69,3%), hipocondria (62,7%), ideias de fracasso (61,3%) e desejo de morte (60,0%). As DP ideias de culpa, desejo de morte e ideias suicidas foram as únicas a ocorrerem exclusivamente em pacientes com IBD > 10. Apenas 13,3% dos pacientes não apresentaram no momento da entrevista nenhuma distorção do pensamento. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre várias DP e variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que as distorções do pensamento são altamente prevalentes em indivíduos deprimidos, merecendo maior investigação por parte dos profissionais de saúde mental envolvidos no atendimento a pacientes deprimidos.

Depressive illness and guilt in Indian culture

Despondent mood and a feeling of guilt are by tradition considered sibling symptoms of a common depressive parentage. To Beck (1967) guilt is a significant correlative factor in depression. ‘‘Patients express guilt, shame and feelings of unworthiness over past sins and failure’’ (Redlich and Freedman, 1966). Freud (1917) wrote on the association between guilt ideas and melancholia. The McGill group of workers (Murphy et al., 1967) related the guilt feelings in the European depressives to the Judeo-Christian emphasis on sin and guilt and to the internalized ideals of behaviour. The frequent guilt feelings among the depressed Netherlanders are attributed to their ‘inward directedness’ and the Calvinism (Saenger, 1968). The strong bond between guilt feelings and depressive illness tends to turn tenuous when one looks at the non-Western patients. Murphy et al. (1967) reported on the rarity of guilt among the nonChristian depressives. Kraepelin (1921) journeyed fromGermany to Java to study whether culture influenced the incidence and clinical features of mental illnesses and came to the conclusion that depression in Java seldom presented guilt and sinfulness. The paucity of the latter features in African depressives has been repeatedly pointedout (Carothers, 1953; Lambo, 1960; Asuni, 1962; Amara, 1967). Amongst the depressives in Japan and Philippines, guilt feelings are infrequently noticed (Murphy et al., 1967). Bazzoui (1970) in Iraqelicited ideas of guilt andunworthiness inonly8out of 58 depressives. Of the depressives from Chinese culture, Yap (1965) remarked: ‘‘Ofunusual interest is the rarityandmildnessof the ideas of guilt and unworthiness expressed’’. Commenting on the occasional occurrenceofguilt feelingsandself-punitive tendencies in the non-European depressives, especially Indonesians, Pfeiffer (1970) stressed ‘‘the deviations from classical text-book picture of depression must be expected in extra-European depressives’’. In a preliminary review of 31 patients in a East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) mental hospital, Rahman (1970) observed symptoms of self-reproach and feelings of guilt in only four of them. On other hand, Fakir (1969) in a study from an Arab Psychiatric Centre found that there was no greater incidence of these features among the Christians than in the Moslems. Fakir argues that the possibility of guilt feelings may get concealed under the projected blame. Unless this is probed, the presence of guilt ideas is likely to be missed. The phenomenon of projection appears as an accompaniment rather than as an alternative to guilt process. That intra-punitiveness and guilt feelings are uncommon in the depressed Jews has been reported by Fernando (1966). Failure to

P02-252 Cotard’s syndrome - a case study

Cotard"s Syndrome (CS) is a relatively rare but highly impressive psychopathological condition. It is characterized by the presence of nihilistic delusions concerning the body and the non-existence of the self, with general feelings of unreality and the belief that one is dead or the world no longer exists, hypochondrial delusions, ideas of guilt and immortality.First reported in 1880 by Jules Cotard, a French psychiatrist who described a "delire de negation", this clinical state was then believed to be a new type of agitated melancholia. Since then, similar cases have been reported worldwide and many authors have written about its possible etiology, some seeing CS as a syndrome, others as an independent entity, many including it in the psychotic disorders, but with the majority still defending it belongs to the affective spectrum.It has been found that advanced age increases the likelihood of developing CS, being mostly found in middle-aged or old people. Although infrequently occurring in young people, some cases have been reported, 90% of these being females.We present the case of a 31 year-old male who developed CS after one week at a traumatology ward, with a vertebral fracture and no neurologic commitment. He improved dramatically after a few days on antipsychotics and one antidepressant. We find this case relevant, not only because of the rarity of this syndrome in young males, but mainly to highlight the effectiveness of a prompt referral to the liaison psychiatry and its extreme importance at a general hospital.