Pediatric vaccine information on YouTube: A nursing-led content analysis of quality and vaccine hesitancy.

Fossil insects have been a key tool for understanding the phylogeny and evolutionary history of life. However, many regions of the world still exhibit significant gaps in the knowledge of insect fossils, with South America being particularly underrepresented. The limited understanding of the fossil record—encompassing diversity pools, types of fossil evidence, geological ages, and taxonomic identity—can lead to the undervaluation of this heritage and, in severe cases, to the material loss of specimens. This study aims to provide a systematic compilation of studies on Chilean fossil insects and a fossil checklist. A broad literature review was conducted, including scientific articles, books, theses, and conference papers, using keywords related to Chilean fossil insects. We included data of species identity, fossil type, stratigraphic context, age calibrations, and locality information. The resulting dataset comprised 93 works, including 65 primary and 28 secondary sources. We registered records from Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Carboniferous periods. The Quaternary period had the most extensive coverage in terms of fossil records. A total of 726 nominal records (taxon and ichnotaxon names) of arthropod fossils were recorded, with Coleoptera the most diverse group. Additionally, 17 records of Araneae and one putative record for Myriapoda classes were registered. Finally, we critically evaluated the sources of information to confirm or dismiss some doubtful records, provide an overview of the current state of knowledge, and suggest considerations for the future development of this discipline in Chile. Future studies should consider new methodological approaches, validate the records through thorough phylogenetic and nomenclatural analyses, properly characterize the type of material and its compliance with current nomenclatural rules, and finally, provide an accessible repository to ensure the replicability of the studies.

Incumbent firms in sustainability transitions – Different conceptions, heterogeneous roles and ideal types

ABSTRACT While various studies have incorporated the use of ideal types as part of educational policy analysis in the past, there exists a lack of distinct guidance and support on how to appropriately implement this approach. This article attempts to address this gap by presenting a worked example and providing a systematic step-by-step guide on the use of ideal types in educational policy analysis. For illustrative purposes, the worked example of a newly developed subject syllabus, due to be first implemented within Irish second-level schools in September 2025, was analysed using three identified ideal types. The article details six phases of using ideal types to support educational policy analysis and employing the worked example provides guidance on how to complete each of these phases. During each phase of the analysis, the article provides clear examples guiding the practical steps that can be taken by researchers. While the data employed in the article relates to environmental sustainability and a newly developed subject syllabus, the worked example offers guidance on the utilization of ideal types that is easily transferable to other areas of educational policy analysis.

Background Senior nurses are pivotal to healthcare quality but face heightened burnout and career stagnation, especially in high-stakes environments like the operating room (OR). Job crafting, a proactive behavior where employees reshape their work, is a potential strategy to enhance their resilience and engagement. However, evidence on job crafting and its drivers among OR senior nurses remains limited. Aims To investigate the job crafting ability of OR senior nurses and its influencing factors within a specific regional context, providing a basis for targeted interventions. Design A cross-sectional study. Methods In February–May 2025, 210 OR senior nurses from four hospitals in Zhongshan, China (including 2 tertiary hospitals, 1 secondary hospital, and 1 primary care institution) were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using general information, job crafting, organizational support, and professional identity scales. Analyses included descriptive statistics, t -test, ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results The job crafting score (21 items) averaged 68.04 ± 22.876, indicating a lower-middle level. Multiple linear regression revealed that organizational support (β = 0.679, P < 0.001), professional identity (β = 0.273, P < 0.001), hospital grade, and employment type were significant predictors, collectively explaining 75.7% of the variance in job crafting scores. Conclusion Among OR senior nurses in the surveyed hospitals of Zhongshan, job crafting was at a lower-middle level and significantly influenced by organizational support, professional identity, hospital grade, and employment type. The findings, primarily reflective of a female-dominated sample within this specific context, suggest that nurse managers should develop strategies targeting these factors to enhance job crafting. However, the generalizability of these conclusions to other regions or different gender compositions requires further investigation.

ABSTRACT Violent non-state actors (VNSAs) aligned with state interests have become prominent yet conceptually fragmented actors within contemporary security dynamics. Despite their growing importance in conflicts worldwide, scholarly and policy literature lack a coherent typology that systematically distinguishes among diverse forms of state-aligned VNSAs. This article addresses this gap by developing a new typology based on an inductive analysis of 100 empirically documented cases active between 2015 and 2025 across multiple world regions. Drawing on seven analytical dimensions including: origin, organisational structure, degree of state control, funding, functional role, motivation, and legal status, seven ideal types are identified: paramilitary units, pro-government militias, loosely state-sponsored VNSAs, auxiliary forces, state-backed self-defence groups, proxy forces, and quasi-state military companies. The typology clarifies conceptual ambiguities by integrating structural and functional variation and provides a valuable tool for comparative analysis, policy formulation, and normative assessment of state-aligned violence.

This study employed ideas from narrative sociology to investigate how 31 Norwegian Muslims make meaning of ascriptions by mainstream society. Previous research has addressed the causes and consequences of Muslims' racialisation. However, little attention has been paid to how Muslims derive understanding from ascriptions made by others and how this process influences their self-formation. The participants made meaning by drawing on personal and cultural stories relating to their racialisation and recognition. Interestingly, they merged stories that contextualised their experiences in relation to other Muslims, defined and strengthened a collective identity and blurred essentialised images of Norwegian Muslims and mainstream society. These meaning-making processes illustrate that the self-formation of racialised minorities is shaped by storytelling across different levels of social life and is both constrained by and emerges from social contexts. The findings emphasise the benefits of moving beyond singular voices and ideal types, particularly when studying categories of difference.

Cell type identity is controlled by gene regulatory networks (GRNs), where transcription factors (TFs) regulate target genes (TGs) via open chromatin regions (OCRs), often specific to one or multiple cell types. Classic GRN discovery using perturbations is laborious and not easily scalable across the tree of life. Single-cell transcriptomics enables cell type-resolved gene expression analysis, but integrating perturbation data remains difficult. Here, we investigate planarian stem cell differentiation by integrating single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility data. The integrated analysis identifies gene networks matching known TF interactions and highlights TFs that may drive differentiation across multiple cell types. Our data reveals at least two major cell type supergroups linked by their regulatory logic, including alx3-1+ cells, comprising muscle, neurons and secretory cells, and hnf4+ cells, comprising gut phagocytes, goblet cells and parenchymal cells. We validated our data demonstrating high overlap between predicted targets and experimentally validated differentially regulated genes. Overall, our study integrates TFs, TGs and OCRs to reveal the regulatory logic of planarian stem cell differentiation, showcasing a comprehensive catalogue of GRN computational inferences that will be key to study this process.

Church services during school hours are a controversial practice in Norway. In Norwegian public debate various actors regularly call for a ban of the practice. Nonetheless, there is a broad political consensus in the Norwegian Parliament to facilitate them. Unlike previous research on Norwegian church services for school children, this article discusses the practice as an expression of a particular politics of religion within the framework of various models for politics of religion. Within a Norwegian context church services during school hours should be understood as a consequence of the establishment model, which can be considered as an ideal type for how the Norwegian state facilitates religion by granting certain privileges to one single church that, according to the constitution, must be established and economically sustained. Within this model, there is clearly room to implement more thoroughly a fundamental distinction between religious practice and secular education. A political dismantling of school religious services could be inspired by a separation model. Nevertheless, there may be good reasons to expand rather than prohibit the practice. If the Norwegian state moved away from the establishment model towards the pluralism model, Norwegian schools could more actively have facilitated the celebration of religious holidays by children from different faith communities during school hours and not just one of them. In either case, the facilitation should be based on a fundamental separation between state and religion. Key words: Politics of religion, church services during school hours, religious education, inclusion, human rights

Recent advances in single-cell epigenomic techniques have created a growing demand for scATAC-seq analysis. One key analysis task is to determine cell type identity based on the epigenetic data. We introduce scATAnno, a python package designed to automatically annotate scATAC-seq data using large-scale scATAC-seq reference atlases. This workflow generates the reference atlases from publicly available datasets enabling accurate cell type annotation by integrating query data with reference atlases, without the use of scRNA-seq data. To enhance annotation accuracy, we have incorporated KNN-based and weighted distance-based uncertainty scores to effectively detect cell populations within the query data that are distinct from all cell types in the reference data. We compare and benchmark scATAnno against 5 other published approaches for cell annotation, demonstrating superior performance in multiple data sets and metrics. We showcase the utility of scATAnno across multiple datasets, including peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and demonstrate that scATAnno accurately annotates cell types across conditions. Overall, scATAnno is a useful tool for scATAC-seq reference building and cell type annotation in scATAC-seq data and can aid in the interpretation of new scATAC-seq datasets in complex biological systems. scATAnno is available online at https://scatanno-main.readthedocs.io/.

In this article, we provide a comprehensive genealogy of Keith Hollinshead’s thesis of “worldmaking” in tourism, as this appeared and developed in his individual and collaboratively published work (S1). We then proceed to present some research that was influenced by this thesis in critical tourism analysis and in cognate areas (S2). Our discussion in these two sections (S1 & S2) allows us to identify the presence of “worldmakers” in tourism analysis, both as “ideal types” (tourism experts working with state institutions and tourism business) but also as critical tourism scholars developing methodological, epistemological, and ethnographic/netnographic agendas in the academic field. The article concludes with an organized presentation of individual full-length article contributions to this special issue.

In recent decades, millions of Chinese women workers have migrated from their remote villages to the industrial factories in the modern cities, but little is known about their career development. The present study aimed to examine the diverse work experiences of young Chinese migrant women workers from the perspective of the Trajectory Equifinality Approach and the Chaos Theory of Careers. The semi-structured interviews were conducted individually with thirty-two Chinese women workers. We used thematic and ideal type analysis to analyze the interview data, and identified four distinct typologies based on the personal projects women workers were pursuing: Mothers, Family-Centered, Active Learners, and Money-Only. The findings deepen our understanding of the nuanced career experiences and dynamic interplay of the developmental tasks during emerging adulthood. By acknowledging the multiple career trajectories and integration between career and other life domains, the Trajectory Equifinality Approach and the Chaos Theory of Careers could inform policy makers to tailor the interventions that address the specific challenges faced by Chinese migrant women workers within broader socio-cultural contexts.

Menstruation is very significant process in women's life and maintenance of proper hygiene during this time is quintessential to her health. However in low- and middle-income countries like India, this does not get due importance to the point that many misconceptions and taboos are attached to it, which in turn leads to worsening of overall health and wellbeing of women. This study aimed at assessing the awareness and practice toward different aspects of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and to find out the determinants of its practice among school-going girls in Kolkata, West Bengal. An observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design was conducted among 155 adolescent girls of classes IX to XII from two girls' schools in Kolkata, West Bengal over a period of 2 months. A predesigned, pretested self-administered questionnaire and 36-item Menstrual Practice Needs scale (MPNS) were self-administered anonymously. Out of 155, 69.7% admitted to have no idea on menstruation before their menarche. Although 78.1% were found to have an idea on ideal type of material but score in MPNS-36 among 108 (67.5%) of participants indicates "improper" MHM. Regression analysis showed significant association with parental education, frequency of changing soaking materials, disposal of them and maintenance of genital hygiene. Menstrual health education as part of life skill education in school may bring about menstrual well-being of adolescent girls.

According to German sociologist Max Weber, bureaucracy represents an ideal type of organization, the efficiency of which is based on hierarchy, a clear division of work and tasks, and written rules and procedures that enable easier decision-making. However, within the bureaucratic machinery, there were also individuals who did not necessarily follow the rules and procedures and therefore had to face the consequences of violating work ethics. This research paper aims to show how the Austro-Hungarian bureaucratic structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the period after the occupation of the country in 1878 until the end of World War I, developed strategies to deal with various transgressions of civil servants, that is, those who themselves were part of the bureaucratic structures, in order to maintain the efficiency of the administration and build a special public image of the impeccability of the Habsburg administration. Furthermore, the research reveals the nature of the offenses for which the civil servants and attendants were disciplined, the motives for such offences, the attitude of the highest administrative bodies (the Provincial Government in Sarajevo and the Joint Ministry of Finance in Vienna) towards the “stumbled” clerks and the form of their punishment. This research is based on archival material created by the Provincial Disciplinary Commission and the Provincial Disciplinary Council, which is kept in the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the funds of the Provincial Government of Sarajevo, and which has not been previously used in Bosnian and foreign historiography that deals with questions from the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Austro-Hungarian period. After the idea of forming a single disciplinary commission for all officials at the State Government in Sarajevo failed in 1882, and after only internal disciplinary rules and regulations were used in practice from 1897, and almost thirty years after the occupation, the Law on Disciplinary Treatment of Officials and Servers was finally passed in 1907. This Law established disciplinary bodies in Bosnia and Herzegovina that primarily dealt with offenses by administrative staff. The first level includes commissions at the districts, then the Provincial Disciplinary Commission at the Provincial Government in Sarajevo and, finally, the Provincial Disciplinary Council. The Joint Ministry of Finance was the disciplinary body for its officials. Owing to the work of these bodies, which were active in the period from 1908 to 1918, it is possible to present another side of the Habsburg bureaucracy in Bosnia, one previously almost unknown to the public. The author uses the so-called Weber's ideal type of the bureaucratic apparatus as an analytical framework and starting point for the analysis of the Austro-Hungarian administrative body in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the prism of clerical violations of official duty and official offenses in order to determine to what extent the Bosnian bureaucracy deviated from Weber's ideal type and to point out the problems that the clerical apparatus dealt with in practice and everyday life.

This paper represents an existing critique of Alexander Wendt’s theory of a ‘world state’ and invites responses to a new international theory. The argument is that Wendt’s account of the global identity formation of a ‘world state’ is paradoxical. It depicts the most authoritative agents in international politics as cyphers of a structural change that is one-sided and ultimately unifying rather than, as he implies, mutually constituted and defined by relentless struggle. This ‘agent–structure problem’ is addressed in this paper through a dialogue with Michael Oakeshott’s political philosophy. A more complex ideal type of a ‘world state’ is constructed and contrasted with Wendt’s. This frames an inquiry into the political rhetoric that drives a project of global reform between 2012 and 2022. A new theory of a ‘world state’ is elaborated with reference to: (i) the ‘foundations’ of agent-centred otherness in an international practice of the United Nations Security Council; and (ii) the structure to the moral judgements of a ‘We’. The theoretical conclusion is the logic of these events reveals the origins of a divisive conflict in an international practice which is irreconcilable with Wendt’s ‘progressive’ speculation about the uncontested future of global identity.

ABSTRACT Organizational networks represent a type of collective action with the potential to expand capacity and improve efficiency, including in responses to biological invasions. A growing body of research suggests that a network's governance form is a determinant of network performance, though the link between form and performance remains underexamined in the context of invasive species control. We engaged with a popular theoretical framework—contingency theory of network governance (CNG theory)—to explore the relationship between network form and performance through an examination of an organizational network pursuing elimination of invasive wild pigs in a US state. We found that the network's decentralized shared governance form performed effectively and mostly comported with CNG theory predictions when it was focused on policy goals. However, once its goals transitioned to improving on‐the‐ground removal operations, the network evolved towards a more centralized and brokered form of network governance due to the need for enhanced cross‐organization coordination. The resulting network form, which performed effectively and used the incident command system, represented a hybrid of the network form ideal types recognized by CNG theory and partially comported with theory predictions for lead organization‐governed networks. Our findings, together with other reported cases, suggest that when organizational networks are primarily focused on invasive species removal operations, decentralized shared governance networks may often fail to perform as effectively as centralized networks on account of coordination challenges. Ecological dynamics and species‐related factors, along with network goals (e.g., elimination vs. mitigation), all likely bear upon the suitability of network form.

The literature on organizational paradoxes emphasizes the importance of both/and thinking and action. Yet, while often treated as a unitary concept, both/and has been interpreted and operationalized in diverse ways—such as ambidexterity, transcendence, Yin-Yang balancing, and Zhong-Yong middle way. To enhance conceptual clarity and coherence, this paper decomposes the notion of both/and and identifies generic strategies for simultaneously engaging paradoxical opposites. I begin by reviewing individual responses and prior classifications of responses to paradoxical tensions, which reveals five distinct responses beyond either/or logics. Building on these, I develop a typology that specifies and relates five variants of both/and thinking. These are organized into five ideal types—superficial Either-And, multiversal Both-Or, ambivalent Both-And, reconciliatory Both-Nor, and transcendent Neither-And—collectively forming the acronym SMART. I illustrate the application of the SMART framework by analyzing how organizations navigate the profitability versus responsibility tension, a paradox central to modern business practice. I conclude the paper by identifying the limitations of the present study and avenues for future research.

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent type of regulated cell death (RCD), has recently been associated with radiation efficacy. However, the impact of ferroptosis inducers (FINs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines varies tremendously. This study aims to elucidate the importance of ferroptosis in radiation-induced RCD, comparing it with apoptosis and necroptosis. Human CRC cell lines (DLD-1, HT29, HCT116), and a murine CRC cell line (CT26) were included in this study. radiation-induced RCD was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. To determine the precise percentage of cells undergoing RCD, a colony formation assay (CFA) was employed following treatment with the cell death inhibitors ferrostatin-1, Z-VAD-FMK or necrostatin-1. The impact of hypoxia (1% O2) and fractionation on RCD percentages was analysed using a CFA. In vitro results were confirmed in 3D spheroid models and validated in a CT26 tumor model. Radiation significantly elevated the levels of apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis, irrespective of oxygen concentration. Inhibition of ferroptosis reduced cell death similarly to the inhibition of apoptosis and necroptosis. These findings were confirmed in 3D models. Hypoxia and fractionation decreased overall RCD. In vivo experiments confirmed the pivotal role of ferroptosis, showing it to be similarly involved as necroptosis and greater than apoptosis. Ferroptosis is equally involved in radiation-induced RCD in CRC cells compared to apoptosis and necroptosis. However, its importance decreases under hypoxic conditions and after fractionation. Nonetheless, the reduction was less pronounced than for necroptosis, suggesting that ferroptosis is an ideal type of RCD to trigger in a clinical setting. Overall, this study highlights the potential of FINs as effective clinical radiosensitizers.

This paper investigates the relationship between harmonic functions and several classes of ideals in polynomial rings. Focusing on prime, primary, maximal, and weakly primary ideals (see [M. F. Atiyah and I. G. MacDonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra (Addison-Wesley, 1969); D. Eisenbud, Commutative Algebra: With a View Toward Algebraic Geometry (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995); O. Zariski and P. Samuel, Commutative Algebra, Vol. II (Van Nostrand, Princeton,1960)]), we analyze how these algebraic structures reflect and influence the behavior of harmonic functions. Through theoretical analysis and illustrative examples, we examine the algebraic foundations of harmonics within the context of commutative algebra. Furthermore, we discuss the role of D-modules as a powerful tool for studying differential operators, particularly the Laplacian, in relation to harmonic functions (see [J.-E. Bj[Formula: see text]rk, Rings of Differential Operators, North-Holland Mathematical Library, Vol. 21 (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1979); S. C. Coutinho, A Primer of Algebraic D-Modules (Cambridge University Press, 1995); H. Johannes, P. Elizabeth, S. Anna-Laura and Z. Simone, D-modules and analytic representation of differential equations, preprint (2023); V. A. Lunts and A. Rosenberg, Differential operators and D-module structures in noncommutative geometry, Adv. Math. 415 (2023) 108901; M. Saito, K. Takeuchi and H. Terao, D-modules and Microlocal Geometry, Springer Monographs in Mathematics (Springer, 2022)]).

Abstract Legislation shapes every aspect of public life and stands at the core of governance. Despite sustained attention on a variety of aspects of legislation, we still lack a comprehensive and integrated framework of legislative design. To address this gap, we introduce a novel conceptual framework that analyzes legislative design along two dimensions— versatility and precision —using six indicators: objects, subjects, instruments, dilution, derogation, and delegation. Taken together, these two dimensions offer four ideal types of legislative design which we conceptualize using the metaphor of blades. Some laws resemble Swiss army knives, highly versatile and precise; others are scalpels, precise but narrowly scoped; machetes are versatile but imprecise; and scythes are imprecise but focused. We demonstrate the validity of our framework by applying it to environmental and macroprudential legislation in the European Union, identifying laws that approximate each ideal type. By focusing on the internal architecture of legislation, our framework offers a tool to comparatively analyze legislative design across policy domains, institutional settings, and time.