Ideal Size Research Articles

Development of AI Based Larvae Transfer Machine for Royal Jelly Production

Honeybees produce many different products beneficial to humans. One of these of is royal jelly which is the bee product with highest nutritional value but is most difficult to produce. The most time-consuming procedure in royal jelly production involves removing larvae with ideal size from the honeycomb cells and transferring them to queen cups. In order to increase the speed of the larva transfer process and perform it without labor power, a machine autonomically performing larva transfer was developed in three stages. Firstly, a CNC platform that can move on three axes above the honeycomb was created. In the second stage, a camera device was developed to image the larvae and mounted on the platform. Later larvae were photographed with this device and labelled. Tagged photos have been quadrupled by data augmentation methods. A Mobiledet+SSDLite deep learning model was trained with these photographs and this model identified larvae with ideal size with 96% success. Additionally, the central points of the honeycomb cells were identified with the Hough circles method. In the third and final stage, a device which can transfer the identified larvae from the honeycomb cells to the queen cups was developed and mounted on the platform. Later general software controlling the platform and devices was developed. At the end of this study, for the first time in the literature, an artificial intelligence-supported machine was developed for automatic transfer of ideal larvae from natural honeycombs for royal jelly production.

Collector factor in a solar chimney power plant: CFD analysis for the pilot plant in Manzanares

Solar chimneys are popular systems for their simple structures and clean energy generation. Thanks to its semi-permeable structure, the collector, one of the system’s basic elements, transfers solar radiation to the system. As a result of the heating of the system air under the collector by the solar radiation passing through the collector, it is directed to the high chimney in the collector centre. During the upward movement of the system air, it converts its energy into electricity via a turbine. Due to its large structure, estimating the amount of energy entering the collector system creates a great cost. The ideal size for the collector is therefore important. This study offers a recommendation for the ideal collector size for the pilot plant in Manzanares in terms of collector size and power output. While 59 kW power output is obtained with the system with a collector radius of 122 m in the reference case, it is observed that the power output increases by 78% when the collector radius is increased to 170 m and the collector area is doubled. The ratio of the ideal collector radius to the reference size for the pilot plant should be in the range of 1–1.5.

A brief report on the COVID‐19 pandemic and ideal family size in the United States

AbstractObjectiveThis brief report explores whether the COVID‐19 Pandemic impacted ideal family size in the United States.BackgroundAlthough COVID‐19 negatively impacted short‐term fertility expectations, preferences, and behaviors in the United States, it remains unknown whether the pandemic contributed to changes in family size ideals more broadly.MethodThe sample consists of 1823 respondents from the General Social Survey (GSS) who were originally interviewed before the COVID‐19 pandemic (in 2016 and 2018) and were re‐interviewed in the first 6 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic (in August/September 2020), a period when pandemic‐related stress and uncertainty was particularly pronounced. A within‐person fixed effects approach is utilized.ResultsFindings from within‐person fixed effects analyses suggested that the pandemic had no impact on the quantum of ideal family size responses. These findings were robust to alternative specifications and were similar to what was observed in a parallel analysis of how the Great Recession impacted ideal family size.ConclusionFindings pointed to stability in ideal family size in the first 6 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the US.ImplicationsFuture work should explore the disjuncture between short‐term fertility intentions and behaviors and longer‐term family size ideals.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) Units in Electrical Power Distribution Networks

Researchers' attention has recently been on the best ways to integrate Distributed Generation (DG) into the conventional centralized electrical power distribution systems, particularly in the context of the smart grid idea due to its reputation as a viable remedy for the lack of electric power supply. To optimize the environmental, financial, and technological advantages of DG units’ integration for distribution network operators, it is crucial to determine their ideal position and size. The main objective of this study was to develop and simulate an optimization system for the placement and sizing of distributed generation units in electrical power distribution networks for power losses reduction and voltage profile improvement. The specific objectives were to model and develop the load flow algorithm and codes; develop a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm and codes that selects the best location and size of the DG unit; simulate the nested load flow and optimization algorithms and codes on MATLAB and analyze the effectiveness of the developed algorithm via testing on the standard IEEE 33-bus radial electrical power distribution benchmark network. The Backward-Forward Sweep (BFS) technique was employed in the load flow modelling owing to its maximization of the radial structure of distribution systems. The optimization algorithm was developed based on the Multi-objective Particle swamp optimization (PSO) meta-heuristic technique due to its effective global searching characteristic. The line and load data for the IEEE 33-bus test network being a cutting-edge benchmark for contemporary power distribution networks; were obtained from the Power Systems Test Case Archive- a secondary data source. For this network fed by a synchronous generator, the chosen base MVA (Mega Volt Amp) was 10MVA and the base voltage was 12.66kV. The total active and reactive power demand were 3.715MW and 2.3Mvar respectively. The simulation was done on R2021a version of MATLAB/Simulink. The total real and reactive power losses obtained from base case simulation without the placement of any DG unit in the network were obtained as 201.8925kW and 134.6413kvar respectively while the per unit (p.u) average bus voltage was 0.948594 p.u. After the optimal allocation of one, two, three and four DG units, the total real power loss (in kW) in the network reduced by 140.89, 173.89, 189.89 and 195.89 respectively while the total reactive power loss (in kvar) reduced by 86.64, 114.64, 124,64 and 128.64 respectively. Likewise, the per unit average bus voltage improved by 0.0376p. u, 0.0458p.u, 0.0480p.u and 0.0498p.u respectively. Also, the decrease in the total real and reactive power losses and the improvement in bus voltage profiles varies proportionally with the number of DG units optimally placed. In conclusion, the results shows that the total real power loss and the total reactive power loss of the network, were significantly decreased; and the voltage profile of the system was drastically enhanced by incorporating DG units at predetermined buses. The developed algorithm is recommended for application in a real electrical power distribution network for more efficient integration of new distributed generation units in the current electrical power distribution networks.

Perception of smile attractiveness among laypeople and orthodontists regarding the buccal corridor space, as it is defined by the eyes. An innovated technique.

To investigate whether there is a relationship between the distance between the iris and pupil with the ideal size of buccal corridors. A full-portrait image of a male Caucasian was used to create a set of 11 digitally modified images with different buccal corridor space. A web-based cross-sectional study was designed and distributed via an online survey to 200 laypeople and 200 orthodontists to assess image attractiveness, using a Visual analogue scale. For the statistical analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The response rate for laypeople was 70% (n=139), while the rate for orthodontists was 73% (n=146). For the layperson group, the maximum smile attractiveness score was 10% of buccal width reduction, compared to the iris-pupillary distance, while for the orthodontists, it was 20%. The attractiveness of the smile was significantly reduced in both groups when the buccal corridor width was increased in comparison to the iris-pupillary distance. The length between the mesial part of the iris and the distal of the pupil, may constitutes a landmark for the estimation of the desired width of the buccal corridor. Inter iris-pupillary distance can be the starting point in the smile designing process, in order to perform a facial driven selection of buccal corridor size.

Compression and interpenetration of adsorption-active brushes.

Compression and interpenetration of two opposing polymer brushes formed by end-grafted adsorption-active chains are studied by the numerical self-consistent field approach and by analytical theory. For sufficiently strong polymer-surface attraction, a fraction of chains in the adsorption-active brush condenses into a near-surface layer, while the remaining ones form the outer brush with reduced effective grafting density. Analysis shows that the normal pressure in adsorption-active brushes can be understood in terms of the effective grafting density concept although the pressure at small separations is affected by the presence of the dense adsorbed phase. We propose a simple theory modification that accounts for this effect. We also formulate a procedure for extracting the value of the effective grafting density directly from the pressure vs separation curves by inverting the equation of state. In contrast to the normal pressure, the interpenetration of the two opposing adsorption-active brushes demonstrates a much more intricate behavior. At weak to moderate compressions, the effective grafting density concept works well but fails spectacularly at small interbrush separations. We identify two interpenetration regimes for adsorption-active brushes: (i) at separations larger than the ideal Gaussian coil size N1/2, the overlap of the two brushes is concentrated in the mid-plane region, in the same way as in brushes grafted onto non-attractive surfaces; (ii) at separations less than N1/2, the brush overlap is strongly enhanced in the wall regions where the attractive interaction plays an important role both in generating the dense layer for the "proper" brush and in attracting the "foreign" chains.

Religious Affiliation and Childbearing Preferences of Iranian Women.

Religious differences in fertility are one of the essential issues in health and demographic research in Western societies. However, they have received less attention in Muslim countries. This study aims to investigate Shiite and Sunni religious groups' childbirth preferences in Iranian society. It also seeks to analyze their differences based on socioeconomic and demographic factors. We used data from 1020 married women aged 18-44 surveyedas part of Iran's National Family Survey in 2018. The study was designed quantitatively with a cross-sectional approach, and samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS26 was used to run logisticsandPoisson regression models. The results revealed that the means (± SD) of ideal family sizes for Shiite and Sunni women were 2.6 (± 1.0) and 3.4 (± 1.3) children, respectively. Sunni women (49%) had a higher intention to have a (or another) child than Shiite women (35%). According to the multivariate analysis findings, religion alone significantly affected the ideal family size, even when other socioeconomic and demographic variables were controlled. However, it had no significant effect on the intention to have a (or another) child within the next three years. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that within the specific social structure and cultural context of Iran, religion has explanatory power regarding childbearing beliefs and values. Furthermore, regarding fertility intentions and behaviors, demographic and socioeconomic factors become more important than religion.

Is the mortality–fertility nexus gendered? A research note on sex differences in the impact of sibling mortality on fertility preferences

Research guided by demographic transition theory has shown that exposure to mortality influences women’s fertility preferences and behaviours. Despite the myriad contexts, methodological approaches, and linkages featured in past studies, they have shared a focus on women, leaving questions on the gendered salience of mortality exposures for adults’ fertility-related outcomes unanswered. In this research note, we analyse data from three African countries with distinct fertility profiles (Nigeria, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) to examine associations between sibling mortality exposure and ideal family size among women, men, and couples. We also investigate the stability of these associations over time. The associations between adults’ sibling mortality exposure and their own and their spouses’ ideal family sizes vary across countries. However, the gendered nature of the results in every country and evidence of cross-spousal effects uniformly demonstrate the need to incorporate sex differences into the study of the mortality–fertility link.

Optimal DG unit placement in distribution networks by multi-objective whale optimization algorithm &amp; its techno-economic analysis

• The majority of academics focused more on Distributed Generations (DG) ideal siting and size with less research being done on economic studies. • The economic analysis of the ideal sizing and placement of distributed generation is also viewed as a contribution to this work. In addition to technical analysis of the placement and sizing of DGs, economic analysis is performed as an added advantage. • Additionally, the majority of the research was concentrated on placing a single DG; however, in this work simultaneous installation of DGs at various sites was carried out and its techno-economic analysis was examined. • Furthermore, simultaneous multi-objective formulation tasks have included assessing annual economic losses by positioning DGs optimally and minimizing real power loss. In radial distribution networks, the appropriate placement of properly sized Distributed Generation (DG) units can significantly improve the performance of the system. The biggest techno-economic benefits can be obtained by reducing annual economic losses that include the expenses of deployment, operation and maintenance along with voltage variations and power loss across the buses. The current problem is examined in light of various multi-objective frameworks as well as the optimum compromise solution also termed the Pareto-optimal solution is presented. When dealing with a multi-objective optimization problem, certain constraints on equality and inequality are also examined. The focus of this paper is on a one-of-a-kind multi-objective whale optimization (MOWOA) algorithm for multi-objective problem-solving. To test its effectiveness, the method that was suggested is implemented on radial bus distribution systems IEEE-33 and IEEE-69. This paper also includes a comparison with other recent multi-objective algorithms such as opposition-based chaotic differential evolution (OCDE), Krill herd algorithm (KHA) and Power Loss Sensitivity Factor and Simulated Annealing (LSFSA). It has been discovered that the method proposed may improve power loss, annual economic loss mitigation and voltage profile improvement.

A Cross-sectional Study on Body Image Dissatisfaction, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Medical Students and Interns

Abstract Background: Body image dissatisfaction is hypothesized to be associated with depression, anxiety, psychological distress and low self-esteem. This study was conducted to assess body image concerns and weight control behaviors and the associations of body image concerns with depression, anxiety and stress among medical students in Central Karnataka. Methodology: A cross-sectional study among medical students was conducted at Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga. Each participant was asked to self-select the silhouette that best indicated his or her current body size and the silhouette that reflects his or her preferred ideal body size, from Stunkard Figure Rating Scale. Body Shape Questionnaire (to assess body shape concern) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 instrument (to assess depression, anxiety and stress) were utilized. Results: 66.9% students had normal body mass index. 74.6% students desired to change current weight, which was mainly influenced by family members, media icons and friends (47.9%, 40.8% and 31.7%). 42.3% reported that they did physical activity/exercises, 35.2% followed diet to control their weight. Higher proportions for depression, anxiety and stress were noted among those students who had body image misconception. Conclusions and recommendations: Counseling and if required treatment by psychologists and psychiatrists would be recommended to address wrong thoughts towards the ideal body image among college students and associated depression, anxiety, stress. Nutritional health education can be given about the importance of a healthy diet and provide free nutritional consultations and counseling.

Effects of Indoor Air Curtain and Fan on Cross-Infection Risk for a Space with Displacement Ventilation

Air curtain is an effective control for separating air spaces and reducing the cross-transfer of air, heat, and contaminant between different zones. Studies show that displacement ventilation is better for indoor air quality than mixed ventilation. However, displacement ventilation may be susceptible to a phenomenon called lock-up, whereby contaminants are held in a lower stratified portion of the space and increase infection potential. This study investigates whether indoor air curtain and circulation fan can reduce the lock-up phenomenon for spaces with displacement ventilation and thus reduce infection risk across the breathing zone. Specially, numerical test is conducted to explore if a side-wall diffuser-integrated vertical slot air curtain would be sufficient for reducing infection risk. Additionally, circulation fans above the occupants are applied to explore if they would reduce the lock-up phenomenon. The conclusions are that neither a side air curtain slot nor circulation fans is/are adequate to reduce infection risk. In fact, all methods tested increased infection risk. This increase in infection risk is contrary to previous research and is due to changing air flow patterns throughout the space that disrupted thermal plumes and created contaminant leakage from one side of the room to the other. Circulation fans provided the promising results while further optimization should be conducted in terms of the ideal quantity, location, flow rate, orientation, and size of fans throughout a given space.

Estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimento em campo com maracujá-roxo

Abstract The species P. edulis Sims f. edulis, native to Brazil, known as purple passion fruit, has purple fruits and lower acidity. With the growing demand for passion fruits, there is greater need for research on their cultivation to reduce production costs and improve fruit quality. The adequate determination of the size and number of plots has been a fundamental limitation in studies with several crops, as it is difficult to obtain constant data on plants per plot in most experiments, making it impossible to use usual methodologies for data analysis. As a result, testing can be performed with less labor and implementation costs, making plot size optimization a step of interest. Thus, this work aims to determine the ideal size of experimental plots with purple passion fruit in the field using three methods. The variables analyzed were fruit length, fruit diameter, peel thickness, juice yield, soluble solids content, citric acid, number of fruits, and average fruit weight. The use of optimal plot size of six basic units for fruit-related variables, five for pulp-related variables, and seven basic units for production variables, is recommended.

Corporate Governance Procedures and Nigerian listed Companies' Productivity

The study examined the relationships between labour productivity and corporate governance procedures publicly traded firms in Nigerian using a sample of 1376 firm-year observations during1989-2020. The research employed a panel data technique to find the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The Hausman test findings show that the Fixed Effect is the best estimator due to the differences between firms. Three predictor factors: board size, block holding, and company size have a positive and substantial relationship with the labour productivity of listed firms in Nigeria, according to the results of the panel regression analysis. However, directors' shareholding, board independence, and an independent audit committee are not significantly correlated with labour productivity of Nigerian publicly traded companies. Only leverage has a negative association with the dependent variable. The study showed that an ideal board size is one where increasing board size benefits Nigerian enterprises' production while doing so at a decreasing rate; as a result, the relationship between the two variables is quadratic. Growth in firm size and institutional investors also enhance dependent variable. On the other hand, more borrowing lowers productivity. However, the directors' shareholding, the presence of independent directors, or the independence of the audit committee is indifferent to labour productivity. This work contributes to the corpus of knowledge by expanding the study's time period from the normal ten years covered by other studies to thirty-four years. Additionally the use of labour productivity as a performance metric is unusual among experts of developing nations, including Nigeria.

What are the Obstacles in Achieving Ideal Family Size in Reproductive Age Couples?

The world situation with full of demands and limitations during the current pandemic can bring negative impacts on family. Family face burdens of daily needs for family life’s. Regarding to this condition, the ideal family size which is couple who has no more than two children, is an entity that needs to be considered to ensure the survivability of family. This study aimed to determine factors that related and predict the ideal family size for reproductive age couples in East Java. This study was quantitative study with cross-sectional approach. Data used in this study was secondary data from the Family Data Collection in 2021. Sampling technique was saturation sampling on reproductive age couples in 38 cities and regencies of East Java. Dependent variable was ideal family size. Independent variable was ideal age of marriage, participation in modern contraception, preferences for the ideal number of children, exposure to electronic media information, exposure to social media information, exposure to printed media information, and exposure to mass media information. Data analysis used multiple linear regression test. The study result stated variables that were related and had contribution in predicting ideal family size in reproductive age couples were ideal marriage age (p=0.001), participation in modern contraception (p=0.001), preference for ideal number of children (p=0.001), exposure to electronic media information (p=0.018), and exposure to mass media information (p=0.009). Based on these results, it is hoped that several intervention programs can be arranged by related institutions, targeted in the field that are in accordance with the study results.

Knowledge transfer from students and rural producers about the importance of particle size in corn silage for dairy cows

This study aimed to guide UFGD students and rural producers about the importance of the ideal particle size in corn silage for dairy cows and its influence on milk production. The work was developed in a rural property in the District of Panambi, in the Municipality of Douradina, Mato Grosso do Sul state. The property is specialized in dairy cattle farming, where the food base of the animals is corn silage. An equipment called Penn State Particle Separator was inserted in the corn silage production process, which allows estimating the quality of the corn chopping process and inferring how the particle size interferes in the quality of the silage. The action allowed those involved to see in practice the importance of the ideal particle size (1 to 2 cm) when evaluating different samples of corn silage with the Penn State Particle Separator and later the animals' consumption and the quality of the animals' leftovers. The exchange of knowledge between the academy and the field, allows the identification of complex issues about the impact of the physical characteristics of food on rumen kinetics, in order to impact the productivity of every rural enterprise. Students and farmers could see in practice the importance of the appropriate particle size for the ensiling process as it is related to forage compaction and how the appropriate particle size can positively influence consumption, produce rumination, salivation and proper peristaltic motion and consequently animal production.

Strategic Integration of DG and ESS by using Hybrid Multi Objective Optimization with Wind Dissemination in Distribution Network

The importance of distributed generation (DG) has increased recently as a result of the growth in commercial and industrial loads, which has put more pressure on conventional energy sources and utilities. Alternative power generation methods that can handle the massive load without endangering the environment are therefore urgently needed. The installation of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) may give a substantial opportunity to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the distribution system. DG is a practical substitute for conventional energy sources, which have drawbacks for both the economics and the environment. It goes without saying that there are situations in which a large amount of land and money are required. However, improper DG location or sizing increases safety issues because to the increasing power loss caused by larger reverse flow from the load to the supply. In order to reduce power losses and maintain voltage stability, the ideal location and dimensions for the DG and ESS in IEEE Radial Distribution systems are evaluated. To accomplish these objectives, a hybrid Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm (SFLA) and Improved Firefly Algorithm (SFLA-IFFA) is suggested. The SFLA-IFFA produced better results in terms of the ideal location and DG size when compared to other existing algorithms.

Shielding Adequacy of Conventional X-ray Facilities in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using RadShield Software

Over time x-ray department gains more patient throughput compared to when it was established, this may lead to changes in room usage, workload and occupancy factor. Therefore, it becomes imperative to re-evaluate the shielding adequacy of the facilities to ensure the appropriate shielding design goal is accomplished. The study was aimed at assessing the shielding adequacy of conventional x-ray rooms in ten radio diagnostic centres in Kano Metropolis using RADSHIELD software. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. RadShield software version 1.1 was used in the study, parameters such as distances of each wall from a radiation source (D), the average number of patients per week (N), occupancy factor (T), and use factor (U) were inserted into the software together with the shielding design goal (P). Once the result was generated, the design and shielding variables were saved in .xml format. The data were analyzed using Excel 2016. Ten facilities were studied involving 14 x-ray rooms. Room III had the largest room size of 49.2 m2 while room X had the least room size of 12.8 m2. Room II had the longest source image distance (SOD) of 180cm while room IV had the shortest (120cm). The design barrier thickness was thickest (47 cm) in room II and thinnest (1.5 cm) in barrier 5 of room III. All the x-ray rooms had the ideal room size except facilities G and H. The design barrier thickness in the radiology department of all the conventional x-ray rooms involved in the study was adequate.

Windowed Eigen-Decomposition Algorithm for Motion Artifact Reduction in Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Angiography

Optical coherence tomography-based angiography (OCTA) has attracted attention in clinical applications as a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging modality. Motion artifacts are the most seen artifact in OCTA. Eigen-decomposition (ED) algorithms are popular choices for OCTA reconstruction, but have limitations in the reduction of motion artifacts. The OCTA data do not meet one of the requirements of ED, which is that the data should be normally distributed. To overcome this drawback, we propose an easy-to-deploy development of ED, windowed-ED (wED). wED applies a moving window to the input data, which can contrast the blood-flow signals with significantly reduced motion artifacts. To evaluate our wED algorithm, pre-acquired dorsal wound healing data in a murine model were used. The ideal window size was optimized by fitting the data distribution with the normal distribution. Lastly, the cross-sectional and en face results were compared among several OCTA reconstruction algorithms, Speckle Variance, A-scan ED (aED), B-scan ED, and wED. wED could reduce the background noise intensity by 18% and improve PSNR by 4.6%, compared to the second best-performed algorithm, aED. This study can serve as a guide for utilizing wED to reconstruct OCTA images with an optimized window size.

Laboratory Test of a Vehicle Active Noise-Control System Based on an Adaptive Step Size Algorithm

NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) is a key factor affecting vehicle comfort. Compared with traditional sound absorption and isolation methods, active noise control (ANC) offers a significant advantage in solving the problem of low- and medium-frequency noise from road surfaces. However, the classic filtered-x least mean squares (FxLMS) algorithm is ineffective in terms of adapting to different road noises to ensure a stable noise reduction effect when facing the complex and changeable noise environment of moving vehicles. Therefore, an adaptive step size algorithm (ASSFxLMS) is proposed in this paper, which can adjust the step size according to the size of the reference signal to ensure the stability of the adaptive process. In order to improve the performance of the algorithm, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is also used to automatically adjust the parameters, so that the step size of the adaptive algorithm always maintains a relatively ideal size. The simulated pulse noise of standard SαS distribution was used as the reference signal for the simulation. The simulation results show that compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm under different degrees of pulse noise conditions, noise reduction stability, and noise reduction amplitude are improved. In order to further verify the feasibility of the algorithm in vehicle road noise reduction, this paper also conducted a hardware-in-the-loop noise reduction experiment in the laboratory, employing the road noise data collected by the real vehicle. Under different interior noise conditions, the proposed active noise-control system has a maximum noise reduction effect of 12 dB for low-frequency noise below 100 Hz.

Optimal Placement of Multiple DG Units With Energy Storage in Radial Distribution System by Hybrid Techniques

In recent years, distributed generations (DGs) are extremely fast in detecting their location, which helps to satisfy the ever-increasing power demands. The placement of energy storage systems (ESSs) could be a substantial opportunity to enhance the presentation of radial distribution system (RDS). The major part of DG units in RDS deals with the detection of ideal placement and size of the DGs, which efficiently balance the power loss and voltage stability. The ideal location and size of ESSs are examined in standard IEEE-33 and 69 bus systems, which is important to reduce power losses. Nowadays, several algorithms or techniques are modified for the development of hybrid algorithms to improve the quality of DG allocation. In this research, a hybrid shuffled frog leap algorithm (SFLA) with ant lion optimizer (SFLA-ALO) is proposed for the optimal placement and size of the DG and ESS in the RDS to reduce power losses and maintain the stability of voltage. The performance of the proposed SFLA-ALO technique is compared with the implemented BPSO-SFLA technique.