Ideal Feed Research Articles

Reducing Instrumental Errors in Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Data

This paper demonstrates the impact of state-of-the-art instrumental calibration techniques on the precision of arrival times obtained from 9.6 yr of observations of millisecond pulsars using the Murriyang 64 m CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope. Our study focuses on 21 cm observations of 25 high-priority pulsars that are regularly observed as part of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array project, including those predicted to be the most susceptible to calibration errors. We employ measurement equation template matching (METM) for instrumental calibration and matrix template matching (MTM) for arrival time estimation, resulting in significantly improved timing residuals with up to a sixfold reduction in white noise compared to arrival times estimated using scalar template matching and conventional calibration based on the ideal feed assumption. The median relative reduction in white noise is 33%, and the maximum absolute reduction is 4.5 μs. For PSR J0437−4715, METM and MTM reduce the best-fit power-law amplitude (2.7σ) and spectral index (1.7σ) of the red noise in the arrival time residuals, which can be tentatively interpreted as mitigation of 1/f noise due to otherwise unmodeled steps in polarimetric response. These findings demonstrate the potential to directly enhance the sensitivity of pulsar timing array experiments through more accurate methods of instrumental calibration and arrival time estimation.

Exploring Arthropods as Sustainable Protein Source and the Effect of Cockroach Meal Supplemented Diet on the Growth of Fish

This comprehensive study centres on exploring the arthropods as sustainable protein sources, addressing both human dietary needs and livestock feed requirements. A diverse set of twenty arthropod species were collected from different locations of Kanyakumari District and the species were identified based on the identification keys pertaining to morphological characters. The surveyed animals comprises of Insects: Dragon Fly (Pantala sp.), Western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes sp.), Longhorn beetle (Callipogon sp.), Asiatic rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), Brown grasshopper (Melanoplus sp.), Bush cricket (Tettigonia sp.), Grasshopper (Diabolocatantops sp.), Housefly (Musca domestica), Cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Termite (Macrotermes sp.), Black carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.), Red carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.); Crabs: Mottled light footed crab (Grapsus albolineatus), Sartoriana sp., Asian paddle crab (Charybdis sp.,),Box crab (Calappa sp.,), Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sp.); Millipedes: Yellow spotted millipede (Harpaphe haydeniana), Pill millipede (Arthrosphaera disticta) and African giant millipede (Thyropygus descriptus) were analyzed for the protein content. The samples were tested for protein using Biuret’s method. Among the different arthropods tested insects- Callipogon sp. and Periplaneta americana, crabs - Calappa sp. and Charybdis sp. and Myriapod - Harpaphe haydeniana, exhibited the highest protein content. Crustaceans demonstrated the highest protein content when compared to insects and millipedes. However, since cockroaches are generally considered as a pest and repugnant in human dwelling, it would be ideal to convert cockroach as a sustainable protein source in aquaculture. Moreover. since cockroach showed a higher protein content of 6.146 2.024 mg/ml it was tried as a supplement feed for fish. Cockroach meal was prepared in two different proportions (2% and 3%) to evaluate its impact on the growth of Koi carp fish in comparison with cockroach free meal as control. The inclusion of 3% cockroach powder in the fish meal augmented the growth of Koi carp when compared to the control during a fifteen-day study period. Thus, this study has tapped a potential protein source from insects. Cockroach can be used as an ideal fish feed as it contributes to the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly animal feed source.

Analisis Deskriptif Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus rubellus) dengan Variasi Pakan Ampas Tahu dan Kotoran Sapi

Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) are beneficial invertebrates that reduce waste, animal feed, and cosmetic raw material. The research was conducted at Ruyani Life Sciences Learning Resources (SBIH), Bengkulu (Ruyani et al., 2018), from September to November 2023. The design of this study adopted a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of five experimental groups with different feed comparisons (in %).Earthworm growth and development are optimized in their natural habitat, which includes temperatures ranging from 15℃ to 25℃, soil moisture and air availability between 15% and 30%, soil pH levels between 6.0 and 7.2, and the presence of organic matter for food. The study fed earthworms a diet consisting of tofu residues and cow dung in different proportions: (a) 100% tofu residues and 0% cow dung; (b) 75% tofu residues and 25% cow dung; (c) 50% tofu residues and 50% cow dung; and (d) 25% tofu residues and 75% cow dung. The research findings indicated that the ideal feed composition for maximizing earthworm biomass production is 25% tofu residues and 75% cow dung. Additionally, the most effective ratio of individual earthworms throughout a four-week maintenance period is 75% tofu residues and 25% cow dung.

Growth and Survival of Hatchery-Reared White Teatfish Holothuria fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980 Juveniles in Different Feed Types Under Laboratory Conditions

The hatchery production and mariculture of the sea cucumber species Holothuria fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980, commonly known as white teatfish, represent a potential remedy for the decreasing population of this extensively exploited species, owing to its considerable nutritional and medicinal value. The Sea Cucumber Research and Development Center at Mindanao State University in Naawan is actively formulating a comprehensive protocol for the large-scale production of H. fuscogilva through hatchery methods. Within hatchery rearing for mass production, selecting an optimal feed type influences the growth and survival rates of H. fuscogilva juveniles. To address this, an experiment employing a complete block randomized design was executed, utilizing four distinct feed types—Navicula sp., tilapia waste + commercial probiotics (CP), Spirulina powder, and commercial feed (mixed feed for Penaeus monodon #1)—each replicated three times. This 90-day laboratory experiment involved 960 individuals of 90-day-old hatchery- reared H. fuscogilva juveniles with an initial weight of 0.11±0.004g. The results revealed that Navicula sp. and Spirulina powder significantly contributed to higher average body weight, average weight gain, growth rate, and specific growth rates compared to commercial feed and tilapia waste + CP. Notably, Navicula sp. demonstrated the highest % survival rate (87.92±3.88%) over the 90 days, surpassing the rates observed for tilapia waste + CP (63.75±7.11%), Spirulina powder (26.67±6.40%), and commercial feed (20.00±4.30%). These findings suggest that the Navicula sp. was the ideal feed for H. fuscogilva juveniles at this stage supporting better survival and growth.

Potential Targets and Signaling Mechanisms of Cinnamaldehyde Enhancing Intestinal Function and Nutritional Regulation in Fat Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii).

Cinnamaldehyde is an ideal feed additive with good immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory regulation effects. However, the anti-inflammatory regulation mechanism in fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii, H. otakii) remains unclear. The nine targets of cinnamaldehyde were gathered in identified by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and Uniprot database, and 1,320 intestinal inflammation disease (IIF)-related proteins were screened from DrugBank, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Genecards, and Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PHARMGKB) Databases. According to the Gene Ontology enrichment results and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway results, cinnamaldehyde may regulated the responses to bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, an inflammatory cytokine, and external stimuli via the nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) signaling pathway within on inflammatory network. In addition, the protein-protein interaction analysis assisted in obtaining the closely related inflammatory regulatory proteins, including the C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (C5aR1), transcription factor p65 (RELA), prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which were confirmed as the bottleneck nodes of the network to be more deeply verified via the molecular docking. Moreover, a cinnamaldehyde feeding model was established for evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of cinnamaldehyde in vivo. According to the current findings implied that cinnamaldehyde may play a protective role against IIF H. otakii by reducing inflammation through the C5 complement (C5)/C5aR1/interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TLR4/NFκB/PTGS2 pathway. The study focused on investigating the action mechanism of cinnamaldehyde on IIF through combining pharmacology and experimental verification in vivo, which provided a fresh perspective on the promoting effect of cinnamaldehyde on IIF in fish.

Evaluating the Usability, Perceived Performance, and Perceived Effects of KBGAN iHealth© and KBGAN iFeed© Mobile Apps for Buffalo Management in Selected Municipalities in the Philippines

This study evaluates the KBGAN iHealth© and KBGAN iFeed© mobile apps designed for buffalo health and feeding management, particularly for agricultural extension professionals (AEPs) in selected Philippine municipalities. These apps aim to address challenges in buffalo management, such as limited access to veterinary expertise, personalized recommendations, organized data, communication channels, and difficulties in calculating ideal feed compositions and meeting the distinct needs of smallholder farmers and AEPs. Despite System Usability Scale (SUS) scores indicating marginal acceptability for both apps, weighted mean scores by AEPs for statements assessed on a 5-point Likert scale (1 as strongly disagree and 5 as strongly agree), demonstrate that AEPs reported high confidence in the accuracy of buffalo health diagnostics (Mean of 4.20) and health management recommendations (Mean of 4.17) provided by KBGAN iHealth©. Similarly, KBGAN iFeed© received favorable ratings, with AEPs expressing agreement on the accuracy of feeding recommendations (Mean of 3.89) and the facilitation of feeding ration computations (Mean of 4.00). These positive perceived performance outcomes, coupled with increased confidence (Mean of 4.03) and motivation (Mean of 4.00) among AEPs, suggest the potential for frequent and consistent app usage despite usability concerns. Chi-square tests examining the relationship between AEP characteristics and SUS scores for the apps reveal significant associations between AEPs' education and experience levels and SUS scores for KBGAN iFeed©. The choice of IT device also influences KBGAN iHealth© SUS scores. Proposed enhancements by AEPs include refining algorithms, improving the user interface for navigation, speed, and efficiency, and incorporating features such as photo uploads and geotagging.

A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on the Milk Chemical Composition of the Maltese Goat Breed During the Early Stage of Lactation

The Maltese goat is a breed of goats which is sparsely found in a few countries and also progressively being eradicated due to the Maltese goat being bred with other goat breeds, thus reducing the breed population. This research sets to understand how the effect of different feeding regimes affects the physiochemical characteristics of the Maltese goats’ milk. The researcher collected 112 milk samples from 112 Maltese goats, kept on 17 farms. The milk samples were categorised into four different feeding regimes. After collection, milk was stored and tested in the lab utilising an ultrasonic milkanalyser and a pH meter. Values for the content of fat, protein, salts, lactose, solid-not-fats, freezing point, density, and pH were recorded and tabulated. The results show that feeding regime three, consisting of high levels of protein (11% to 13%) and low levels of rich-quality fibre (12% to 20%), yield milk rich in protein (4.23%), fat (3.86%), lactose (4.09%), and salts (0.66%). The results also conclude that feeding regime one, consisting of low protein (7% to 10%) and low content of rich-quality fibre (12% to 20%), yields the highest milk fat content (4.23%), but the lowest levels of protein (3.82%), salts (0.59%), and lactose (3.62%). Consequently, feeding regime three results as being the ideal feed to obtain a high content of the indicated physio-chemical characteristics.

Study of Hole Cylindricity and Surface Roughness in Drilling Application on Aircraft Wings

This study aimed to determine the effect of drilling parameters on hole cylindricity and surface roughness in drilling applications on aircraft wings. It was determined that increasing feed rate resulted in poor hole cylindricity and surface roughness. The ideal feed rate for better hole cylindricity is 0.230 mm/rev, while the ideal feed rate for better surface roughness is 0.200 mm/rev. Both hole cylindricity and surface roughness have a minimum correlation with each other in producing a good quality of drilled holes.

Forecasting the favorable growth conditions and suitable regions for chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) on the Qinghai plateau under current climatic conditions

The Qinghai plateau has long grappled with a host of issues, such as grassland overloading and a severe shortage of forage supply, significantly jeopardizing the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been regarded as an ideal and sustainable supplemental or alternative feed for livestock. To introduce this high-quality forage grass and enhance pasture resources on the Qinghai Plateau. We explored the adaptability of chicory on the Qinghai Plateau through 2384 chicory distribution records, 8 major environmental variables, and 5 cultivation validation pilots using the Maxent model and actual cultivation planting. The results emphasized that the primary environmental factors affecting the suitable areas for chicory included the precipitation of the driest month, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and temperature of the coldest month. The regions with high and medium suitability for chicory cultivation are predominantly situated in the eastern, central, and southern areas of Qinghai. The high suitable area covers 29,479 km2, while the medium suitable area extends over 85,090 km2, and the arable land appropriate for chicory cultivation encompasses approximately 40.45 × 104 hm2, constituting 71.7% of the province's arable land. Moreover, practical chicory cultivation across different arable zones revealed that growth and yield in high arable regions significantly outperformed those in medium arable zones. We developed a multivariate linear regression (MLR) model, which identified annual precipitation (AP), evaporation (E), and sunshine duration (SD) as the key climatic factors influencing chicory yield on the Qinghai plateau. These findings furnish a theoretical foundation for the establishment of high-yield, high-efficiency cultivation systems, digital production management, and the future promotion of chicory cultivation on the Qinghai plateau.

Bioapatite derived from animal bones as support for environmentally concerned catalysts: WGS with suppressed methanation activity

The potential of natural apatite derived from pork bones to be used as a support of Ni catalysts for the Water-Gas Shift (WGS) reaction was investigated. Samples of bone char were chemically treated with either K2CO3 or H2SO4 and subsequently heated in inert or oxidizing atmosphere at various temperatures. Catalysts were characterized by ICP-AES, N2 physisorption, XRD, FTIR, TG-DTG, H2-TPR, XPS, H2 chemisorption and NH3-TPD, and tested in the WGS reaction, using both ideal and realistic (mixture of H2O, CO2 and H2) feed streams. Nickel was partly exchanged with Ca2+ ions in the support. Regarding the effect of the atmosphere, an inert atmosphere had a negative effect due to the collapse of the porous structure. On the contrary, the combination of an oxidizing atmosphere and treatment with K2CO3 allowed a superior WGS performance under real reformer conditions, with a substantial decrease in the methane formation (six-fold decrease, compared to the non-activated reference catalyst). The catalytic activity could be related to the apatitic phase growing geometry, which can be tailored by the activation method.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Broiler Feed Conversion Efficiency and Immune Response against Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine

The ban on antibiotic growth promoters in livestock feeding has encouraged the utilization of phytogenic feed additives. These phytogenics recently attracted much attention and are generally recognized as residue-free ideal feed additives in animal Production. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of the phytogenic herbs on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and immune responses associated with the infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine in broiler chickens. For this study, 360 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six feeding trials, each with three replicates containing 20 chicks. The control group (T1) was only fed a basal diet alone, while the treatment groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 1% of basil (T2), lemongrass (T3), peppermint (T4), rosemary (T5), and thyme (T6) leaves powder, respectively. Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. All chicks were vaccinated against IBD on days 7 and 19. A serology test was conducted to check the antibody titer against the IBD vaccine. The findings of this study showed that chickens in group T2 had significantly consumed more feed, followed by T1 and T6. During the overall study period, chickens in group T4 had significantly better feed conversion efficiency, followed by T3 and T6. Chickens in groups T5 and T6 showed a more pronounced antibody titer against the IBD vaccine at days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Therefore, these findings indicated that supplementation of basil leaf powder improved feed intake. Moreover, peppermint and lemongrass leaf powder improved the feed conversion ratio. In addition, supplementation of rosemary and thyme enhances the immune status of broiler chickens and could be considered a natural growth promoter feed additive. Therefore, further studies should be done to discover their beneficial effects to use as alternative feed additives in broiler chickens. Keywords: Body weight, Broiler chicken, Feed conversion, Feed intake, Immune response, Infectious bursa disease

Biogas Production from Co-digestion of Cattle Manure, Oryza sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris in Plug Flow Digester

The possibility for producing biogas from the simultaneous co-digestion of phaseolus vulgaris, oryza sativa, and cattle dung in a plug flow digester was examined. Oryza sativa and phaseolus vulgaris are very common food waste found in Nigeria. The market-purchased food waste was ground in a kitchen processor to a thickness of less than 2 mm. Three digesters with effective capacities of 0.0083 m3 were created. The digesters were fed with food waste and cattle dung which served as the inoculum at different feeding rates of 0.05 kg every three days, 0.1 kg every three days, and 0.3 kg every three days. During the trial period, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), and volatile solids (VS) were measured to ascertain the system's effectiveness. The parameter utilized to gauge the process stability was pH. When feeding at a rate of 0.1 kg every three days, digester 2 produced the most gas. The least amount of biogas was generated by digester 3 at a feed rate of 0.3 kg every three days. After 19 days, the effluent for digesters 1, 2, and 3 had COD values of 810.49 mg/l, 940.17 mg/l, and 987.68 mg/l, respectively. After 20 days, the effluent from digesters 1, 2, and 3 had amounts of TS and VS that were, respectively, 1.82%, 6.24%, 10.76%, and 10.70%, 6.24%, 42.81%. The measured pH range was 7.98 to 8.86, and there was no discernible difference across the three digesters (p>0.05). The ideal feed rate for the digestion of waste and biogas production was determined to be 0.1 kg every three days.

Theoretical Verification of Single-Reflector Compact Antenna Test Range With High Aperture Usage

In the reflector-based compact antenna test range (CATR), the aperture usage is one of our most concerned problems. Higher aperture usage means that in a CATR with the same aperture reflector, a larger quiet zone (QZ) can be generated to measure a larger aperture antenna. In this work, we theoretically derive a method to design a single-reflector CATR with high aperture usage. Specifically, the radiation function of the ideal feed for the offset-fed CATR is deduced. An offset-fed parabolic reflector CATR with this ideal feed can generate a QZ with 100% aperture usage analyzed by geometrical optics (GO). An offset-fed CATR with a 3 m side-length rectangular aperture parabolic reflector is designed and simulated by physical optics (PO) and physical theory of diffraction (PTD) in GRASP10. With the proposed feed, the aperture efficiency can reach about 74% at 100 GHz and over 86% from 200 to 500 GHz. The simulation results of the QZ field distribution in the system with an ideal feed and a manufactured coaxial cavity horn feed are presented and analyzed. Besides, we also summarize amplitude ripple, phase ripple, and cross-polarization isolation in the QZ to illustrate the performance of the single-reflector CATR.

Cooperative effect of Pt and Cu on CeO2 for the CO-PROX reaction under CO2–H2O feed stream

Catalyst improvement for the preferential oxidation of CO (CO-PROX) is essential in developing efficient fuel cell technologies. Here, we investigate the promotion of the Cu/CeO2 system with Pt, prepared by impregnation and alcohol-reduction methods, in the CO-PROX reaction under ideal and realistic feed compositions. The high Pt dispersion in PtCu/CeO2 prepared by impregnation led to a CO conversion of 62% and CO2 selectivity of 83% at 50 °C under a feed stream composed of H2/CO/O2, while monometallic Cu/CeO2 and Pt/CeO2 showed negligible activity at these conditions. By adding CO2–H2O to the feed stream, PtCu/CeO2 catalysts prepared by both methods presented similar activity. The maximum CO conversion temperature was shifted to 100 °C. Under these conditions, Cu/CeO2 was inactive, and Pt/CeO2 showed identical conversion but lower CO2 selectivity. In-situ XANES revealed that fast oxidation of Cu species at low temperatures is responsible for Cu/CeO2 deactivation, while preferential adsorption of CO on Pt0 sites in PtCu/CeO2 avoided deactivation. The use of deactivation-resistant Pt sites as complimentary sites for CO activation associated with improved oxygen mobility over Cu–CeO2 surface proved to be an effective strategy for CO-PROX under H2O/CO2 feed stream at low temperatures.

Performance of the ρ- Al2O3 based Ag promoted Pd/ Al2O3 catalyst during Acetylene hydrogenation with an ideal feed

Catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene was studied with an ideal feed with a catalyst prepared from different alumina support and with varying quantities of promoter addition. Silver promoted palladium alumina catalysts were prepared on the transition alumina, ρ-alumina and the catalyst performance was compared with the traditional palladium alumina catalyst based on α-alumina. The catalyst supports were prepared using the granulation technique and sequential impregnation method was used for the catalyst preparation. The silver metal loading was varied in the catalysts and the impact of varied promoter quantity was also studied. The supports were characterized for the acidity, alumina phase, and catalyst characterization was done using TEM, TPR, and BET method to understand the difference between catalysts prepared on different types of alumina support. A fixed bed catalyst reaction was used for the performance evaluation and an ideal gas with acetylene and nitrogen was used as the feed. The catalyst evaluation gives the comparative performance of the catalysts at different temperature conditions. Acetylene conversion and ethylene selectivity in the product were evaluated. The spent catalyst analysis was done using TGA and CHN analysis was performed to understand the carbon deposition and by-product formation during the reaction with different types of catalysts.

Assessment of Turning Polytetrafluoroethylene External Cylindrical Groove with Curvilinear Profile Tool

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is extensively used in equipment used for manufacturing semiconductor components and wet etching equipment. However, achieving ideal dimensional accuracy when cutting PTFE is challenging. In this study, we performed cutting experiments using a curvilinear tool and analyzed cutting force, cutting temperature, groove width, and surface roughness in PTFE grooving. The results indicated that the cutting force was most notably affected by the feed rate in Stage I of grooving. The rate of change in cutting force was the largest in Stage II because of the increase in the tool contact area. In Stage III, the shear area of the rake face was the largest, and the cutting force tended to be stable. The groove width was measured with a minimum error rate of 0.95% at a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. Moreover, the groove exhibited a time-independent springback. The minimum groove surface roughness was 0.586 at a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. The ideal feed rate was 0.05 mm/rev with groove width, surface quality, and chip curl as the key parameters. The processing parameters obtained in this study can be applied to actual production for the optimization of manufacturing accuracy.

Quantitative Analysis and Stability Study on Iridoid Glycosides from Seed Meal of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides Oliv.) is an important medicinal plant, and its barks, male flowers, leaves, and fruits have high value of utilization. The seed meal of E. ulmoides Oliv. is the waste residue produced after oil extraction from seeds of E. ulmoides Oliv. Though the seed meal of E. ulmoides Oliv. is an ideal feed additive, its medicinal value is far from being developed and utilized. We identified six natural iridoid compounds from the seed meal of E. ulmoides Oliv., namely geniposidic acid (GPA), scyphiphin D (SD), ulmoidoside A (UA), ulmoidoside B (UB), ulmoidoside C (UC), and ulmoidoside D (UD). Six natural iridoid compounds were validated to have anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, six compounds were quantified at the optimum extracting conditions in the seed meal of E. ulmoides Oliv. by an established ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. Some interesting conversion phenomena of six tested compounds were uncovered by a systematic study of stability performed under different temperatures and pH levels. GPA was certified to be stable. SD, UA, and UC were only hydrolyzed under strong alkaline solution. UB and UD were affected by high temperature, alkaline, and strong acid conditions. Our findings reveal the active compounds and explore the quantitative analysis of the tested compounds, contributing to rational utilization for the seeds residues of E. ulmoides Oliv.

Assessment of cutting performance and surface quality on turning pure polytetrafluoroethylene

Considering the excellent properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the demand for this material in semiconductor manufacturing equipment has been rapidly growing in recent years. PTFE parts with special shapes can be efficiently produced by mechanical cutting methods. The main objective of the present study is to conduct turning experiments to evaluate the cutting performance and surface quality of pure PTFE. In this regard, the mechanism of the chips’ formation, cutting temperature, and cutting force were analyzed to study the cutting behavior and cutting performance. Moreover, the subsurface damage of the finished surface was investigated to evaluate the surface quality. The obtained results show that the continuous type of chips was formed in all cutting conditions. When the cutting temperature varied in the range of 40.8–57.9 °C, the cutting force varied in the range of 2.3–25.2 N. The deepest subsurface damage layer was 123.17 μm when the cutting depth and the feed rate were set to 1.0 mm and 0.1 mm/r, respectively. Considering the chip formation, cutting temperature, cutting force, surface quality, and machining efficiency as the main affecting parameters, it is found that the ideal feed rate and cutting depth at the spindle speed of 800 r/min were 0.5 mm/r and 0.8 mm, respectively.

Fermentation Characteristics and Microbiota during the Ensiling of Myriophyllum aquaticum Inoculated with Lactic Acid Bacteria

Myriophyllum aquaticum (M. aquaticum) is a commonly used aquatic macrophyte for water purification and could be utilized as animal food. However, the high water content of M. aquaticum makes it difficult for long-term preservation, which leads to challenges as an ideal animal feed ingredient. The storage of Silage for long periods may be a proper method to solve the problem. In the present paper, we assess the effects of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or their combination on fermentation and microbial communities during the ensiling of M. aquaticum silage. The results show that the LP-treated silage displays a higher lactic acid concentration than that in the control silage. Both LB and LP increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, but decreased the abundance of Serratia and Prevotella_9 in M. aquaticum silage after 60 days of ensiling. Both LB and LP increased the diversity and richness of fungi. Therefore, the inoculation of LP improved silage fermentation during ensiling. These results show that the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria improves the fermentation quality of M. aquaticum silage, which makes it possible for the application of M. aquaticum to animal forage in the future.

Experimental and Computational Investigation of Film Cooling Performance and External Flowfield Effects Due to Impingement Coolant Feed in the Leading Edge of a Turbine Blade

Abstract The effects that leading-edge impingement coolant feeds have on the external flowfield and on film cooling performance in the showerhead have not been studied thoroughly in the literature. To isolate the influence of the impingement feed, experimental adiabatic effectiveness and off-the-wall thermal field measurements were made using a shaped hole geometry fed by an ideal plenum coolant feed and by an engine-realistic impingement coolant feed. The impingement configuration exhibited around 10% higher adiabatic effectiveness levels than the plenum configuration did—a finding in agreement with the few studies isolating this effect. computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of the impingement and the pseudo-plenum configurations from a companion study were consulted to investigate the root cause of this difference in performance because the experimental data alone did not sufficiently explain it. In the impingement feed simulation, flow remained better attached throughout the hole (both at the inlet and at the diffuser) due to a rotation caused by the impingement flow, leading to better attachment on the exterior surface. This was most significant for the suction-side holes at higher blowing ratios, wherein the pseudo-plenum caused much more severe separation in the holes than the impingement configuration did.