Ideal Dimension Research Articles

How to interpret Jiangnan gardens: a study of the spatial layout of Jiangnan gardens from the perspective of fractal geometry

This study contributes to design studies by offering a novel approach to understanding the spatial layout of Jiangnan gardens through the lens of fractal geometry. Analyzing 106 gardens, we found that the ideal fractal dimension range for Jiangnan gardens is 1.148 ~ 1.276, with gardens in the 2500 ~ 7200 m2 range exhibiting the highest complexity (1.238 ~ 1.276). Additionally, for gardens ranging from 2500 ~ 20,000 m2, the maximum spacious space area stabilizes, no longer expanding indefinitely with overall area. This suggests a design principle of spatial proportion and balance. By quantifying spatial complexity and the contrast between spacious and profund spaces, the study provides a new method for evaluating garden design and can help students and designers better apply the principles of Jiangnan garden design.

What Is the Ideal Dimension of Law?

AbstractVarious authors have claimed that law has an ideal dimension owed to a claim to correctness. Against this thesis, this article argues that there are several ideal dimensions of law, namely, a moral, a legal, and an ontological one. All of them are independent of a claim to correctness. This claim can be understood in a strong and a weak way. Both versions are wanting because law claims neither that it is morally ideal nor that it is not grossly unjust. Consequently, the ideal dimension of law has to be found in features other than in a claim to correctness.

A study of new dimensions for ideal topological spaces

In this paper new notions of dimensions for ideal topological spaces are inserted, called *-quasi covering dimension and ideal quasicovering dimension. We study several of their properties and investigate their relations with types of covering dimensions like the *-covering dimension and the ideal covering dimension.

SELF TRANSCENDENCE: THE IDEALITY DIMENSIONS OF AL-ISLAM AND KEMUHAMMADIYAHAN LEARNING IMPACT IN MUHAMMADIYAH SCHOOL

The terms al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan used by Muhammadiyah schools for learning Islamic religious education are in line with the educational objectives contained in the national education law. Developing the potential of students to have religious spiritual strength is a concrete form of achievement to be realized through the implementation of education. This context has an equivalent to the hierarchy of self-transcendence which is the final level of Maslow's theory of needs. This qualitative-based research with a case study uses a content analysis model on student answers in the form of a description with 1 single question. Respondents used as many as 379 students in Muhammadiyah schools at the junior high school level. The results showed that 53 students' answers lead to a desire to achieve the hierarchical dimension of self-transcendence which is reflected in changes in behavior. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the perspective of students learning al-Islam to achieve the ideal dimension, namely self-transcendence.

What Is the Ideal Dimension of Law?

What Is the Ideal Dimension of Law?

Water flow simulation in a pelton turbine bucket with variable bucket dimensions using computational fluid dynamic

Today, especially among industrialized and developing nations, the usage of renewable energy sources is growing in popularity as a means of supplying energy needs. One of the renewable energy sources that is now being heavily exploited in Indonesia is the potential of water that may be used as a source of electrical energy by establishing a hydroelectric power plant (PLTA). One of the turbines that is frequently used in hydropower plants as a part that may transform water's kinetic energy into mechanical energy is the Pelton turbine. There is not a lot of literature on the design of Pelton turbine buckets. In order to determine the most ideal bucket dimensions that can be used with Pelton turbines, this study presents the conceptual and experimental components of the design and analysis of Pelton turbines based on bucket variations. AutoCAD was used to model the bucket and Pelton turbine, and ANSYS Fluent was used to perform the simulation so that results could be analyzed later. By comparing the simulated data of the blade variants 1 and 2, the ideal blade dimension variation is identified by the blade simulation of variant 1. The blade variation 2 with average torque of 5.859 Nm, average angular velocity of 40.822 rad/s, and average power of 242,970 watts is the most ideal blade. With an average torque of 4,735 Nm, an average corner speed of 40,404 rad/s, and an average power of 196,794 W, the blade 3 model has lower values

Analysis of the Facial Measurements and Dental Arch Dimensions for the Construction of Dental Prostheses among Adult Yemenis.

To investigate the dental arch dimension (width, length, and height) and facial measurements including inner-canthal width (ICW), bizygomatic width (BZW), inter-alar width (IAW), and mouth width (MW), and to assess the correlation between these facial measurements and dental arch width (canine width [CW], inter-first premolar width [I1PW], and inter-first molar width [I1MW]), to establish a preliminary reference for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni adult. The study included 80 individuals (40 males and 40 females) with symmetrical faces and normal class I occlusion ranging in age from 20 to 35. Maxillary and mandibular stone casts were made for each individual. The dimensions of dental casts and facial measurements, including ICW, BZW, IAW, and MW, were assessed using a digital caliper. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS software program. The descriptive statistics for each measurement were made. Differences between males and females were tested using an independent-sample t-test with p-values below 0.05 considered significant. Pearson correlation coefficient between facial measurements and dental arch width was also done. Most dental arch dimensions and facial measurements exhibited larger mean values in the male than in the female group, with the greatest significant difference in the maxillary dental arch width and the lowest in mandibular dental arch length. A highly significant correlation is observed between ICW and maxillary canine width (CW) (r = 0.318, p = 0.004). In contrast, no significant correlation between dental arch width and BZW, IAW, and MW is shown. Within this study's limitations, the ICW can determine the ideal dimension of the artificial teeth in the anterior maxillary arch. While the other facial parameters, including BZW, IAW, and MW, cannot be used for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni populations. The findings of this study established a reference database of facial measurements and their correlation to dental arch and teeth width in Yemeni populations. So, it can be implemented in artificial teeth and dental prostheses design and construction.

Dimensi Pragmatisme Politik dalam Bingkai Negara Demokrasi

Democracy is a political system and ideologue that has been widely applied in various countries in the post-cold war world. Democracy tries to become an international political regime that is so gallant and ideal in terms of the system and the dimensions of its use. Democracy does not only discuss matters of state and government, but also issues of basic human values ​​in the form of human rights, humanity, egalitarianism, gender, femininity and even capitalist economic issues which are also closely related to democracy. But another fact occurred, the ideal dimension of democracy shifted to pragmatism and transactional politics with the emergence of the reality of the rampant practice of money politics in Indonesia. The emergence of these things is certainly not in a vacuum and without effort. The issue of money politics has become a big and terrible scourge amid the consolidation and development of democracy in Indonesia today. Political pragmatism occurs not only at the central level in the form of presidential elections but has reached the grass roots, namely elections to villages. So that this is suspected by many parties as part of the emergence of a culture of corruption in Indonesia. In other words, the rampant cases of corruption that occur in Indonesia are more likely to occur because of the extraordinarily large cost politics in the implementation of democracy. Both in terms of subject and political object in Indonesia. So this will become a political pathology that must be addressed immediately. The political pragmatism that occurs in Indonesia has an extraordinary transactional political economy dimension. So this should be a red note for democracy in Indonesia. So the ideals of reform that have been echoed since 1998 can be realized gradually. However, if the problem of money politics is still rife, then the ideals of reform in the form of realizing Indonesia as a democratic country will experience extraordinary distortions.

A review on clinical use of CAD/CAM and 3D printed dentures.

Aim The aim of this article was to review the current clinical application of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and three-dimensional (3D) printed dentures in dental clinics.Methods A systematic approach for searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search was performed using a variety of keywords including clinical use AND 3D printed removable dentures OR clinical use AND CAD/CAM removable dentures OR clinical use AND digital removable dentures. Selection criteria included articles written in English and reporting information on clinical applications of digital dentures between 2010 to January 2022.Results The findings outlined the main clinical advantages of digital dentures such as saving working time, satisfying clinical results and securing patients' records, and also requirement of additional visits to secure aesthetic patient satisfaction, good retention and ideal vertical dimension. Many studies recommended performing clinical try-in with regards to providing better results. It was also established that 3D printers are less expensive than milling centres and therefore can be afforded by individual dental professionals.Conclusion Digital dentures are a promising option in treating edentulous patients, especially in remote areas where skilful technicians are rare. However, there are some limitations in their applications.

What is the ideal dimension of law?

What is the ideal dimension of law?

Facial typicality and attractiveness reflect an ideal dimension of face structure

Face perception and recognition are important processes for social interaction and communication among humans, so understanding how faces are mentally represented and processed has major implications. At the same time, faces are just some of the many stimuli that we encounter in our everyday lives. Therefore, more general theories of how we represent objects might also apply to faces. Contemporary research on the mental representation of faces has centered on two competing theoretical frameworks that arose from more general categorization research: prototype-based face representation and exemplar-based face representation. Empirically distinguishing between these frameworks is difficult and neither one has been ruled out. In this paper, we advance this area of research in three ways. First, we introduce two additional frameworks for mental representation of categories, varying abstraction and ideal representation, which have not been applied to face perception and recognition before. Second, we fit formal computational models of all four of these theories to human perceptual judgments of the typicality and attractiveness (a strong correlate of typicality) of 100 young adult Caucasian female faces, with the models expressed within a face space derived from facial similarity judgments via multidimensional scaling. Third, we predict the perceived typicality and attractiveness of the faces using these models and compare the predictive performance of each to the empirical data. We found that of all four models, the ideal representation model provided the best account of perceived typicality and attractiveness for the present set of faces, although all models showed discrepancies from the empirical data. These findings demonstrate the relevance of mental categorization processes for representing faces.

Estimation Method of Ideal Fractal Parameters for Multi-Scale Measurement of Polished Surface Topography

A surface topography characterization parameter system based on fractal parameters has been established, and several estimation methods for these fractal parameters have been suggested accordingly. Since scale dependence exists in these conventional methods, it is necessary to find an estimation method for characterization parameters with uniqueness. An estimation method for ideal fractal parameters for multi-scale measurement of polished surface topography is proposed in this study. Polished surfaces of two materials, WC-Ni and 9Cr18Mo, are measured under multi-scale for frequency component analysis. This study proposes an estimation method for ideal fractal parameters based on a modified determination method for the scale-free region and the decomposition of frequency components into three classifications. The reasonable results verify the existence of ideal fractal parameters: for the WC-Ni surface, ideal fractal dimension D = 1.3 and scale coefficient G = 2.23×1020 μm; for the 9Cr18Mo surface, ideal fractal dimension D = 1.2 and scale coefficient G = 3.33×1033 μm. Additionally, it is revealed that the scale-dependent components conform to the same regulation on the same instrument by comparing the results of two materials. The conclusions of this study are expected to support tribology research and mechanical engineering related to surface topography.

Societal transformation through the prism of the concept of territoire: A French contribution

Driven by the need for radical change in our practices and values to escape crises, studies on sustainability transitions have multiplied in recent years. Such radical transformations are situated in space. A spatial approach towards transformative processes can thus inform about the conditions and contexts of such dynamics. Recent publications on the geography of transition tackle this issue but still give little importance to the constructed and relational nature of place that frames interactions between niche, regime and landscape. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the spatial analysis of transformation dynamics by adopting the French-speaking literature on territoire. We attempt to show that the conceptualisation of space through the French territorial lens appears highly relevant in the study of sustainability transitions, notably because the concept of territoire allows to grasp three fundamental dimensions of transformation (the material, institutional and ideal dimension) and their interactions. It thus enables studying transformation dynamics in a systemic manner. Furthermore, this concept allows researchers to grasp multiple and intertwined power relationships involved in transformation processes by tackling governance issues through the spatial lens.

Stability assessment of long gateroad pillar in ultra-thick coal seam: an extensive field and numerical study

Sustainability of an underground longwall operation is highly dependent on stability of the pillars during the panels extractions to ensure the continuous serviceability of gateroads. In Chinese underground longwall mining, the gateroads are typically driven as a single roadway with a “long gateroad pillar” which is different to a common practice where a gateroad consists of a number of pillars known as chain pillars. Such a unique practice has been proven to be more economical with maximum recovery while the safety remains at its highest level. In this study, based on the data obtained from Tongxin coal mine in China, the mechanical stability of the driven long gateroad pillar was investigated. The focus was on two nearby longwall top coal caving panels and their impacts on the mechanical behaviour of long gateroad pillar during the longwall retreat. To do so, initially an area of the gateroad was selected for the field instrumentation and data collection. These included vertical stress measurement and depth of damage assessment within the gateroad pillar and the longwall panel. Hence, the convergence level of gateroad was quantified to be used for the numerical modelling and assessing the performance of the designed long gateroad pillar based on the finite difference modelling technique using FLAC3D. Double-yield and strain-softening ubiquitous-joint constitutive models were used to simulate goaf material and strata, respectively. Finally, an extensive sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the mechanical behaviour of a range of wide and narrow long gateroad pillars. It was concluded that the 50 m wide pillar is an ideal dimension for the future panels of Tongxin coal mine to achieve the maximum productivity and safety.Article highlightsThe validated numerical model was used to study on stability of “long gateroad pillar”.Premature yielding of the 38 m pillar would lead to severe geotechnical issues.Deep roof blasting of goaf edge or 50 m pillar can improve pillar conditions

Analysis of Width, Height and Width/Height Ratio of Crowns of Maxillary Anterior Teeth

Background: The vital role of the prosthetic dentistry is not only the restoration of function, comfort and health of oral tissues but also esthetics in general. Upper jaw anteriors commonly seen in smile and contribute to the beauty of a smile. This study may help us to determine standard ideal tooth dimension of maxillary anterior six teeth to restore pleasing esthetics. Aim: To determine the mean width, height and width/height ratio of clinical crowns of natural maxillary anterior six teeth. Setting: Department of Prosthodontics, dental OPD LUMHS Jamshoro. Duration: Six months from 2018 to 2019 Design: Cross-sectional descriptive. Methods: A total of 101 Volunteer subjects with maxillary anterior six teeth present in mouth were included in the study. Impression of maxillary arch was made. The maximum mesiodistal width perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tooth and maximum cervicoincisal (CI) length parallel to the longitudinal axis of the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were recorded and width/height ratio was calculated. The final measurements were recorded into proforma. Results: The average age of the subjects was 24.74±3.89 years. The average crown width / length ratio was 0.78±0.12mm for right central incisor and 0.78±0.12mm left central incisor. The average crown W/H ratio was 0.63±0.16mm for right lateral incisor and 0.63±0.14mm left central incisor. Similar the mean crown W/H ratio was 0.64±0.16mm right canines and 0.65±0.18mm left canine. Conclusion: The tooth dimension showed high precision in length/width ratio. Since it showed the least variance in both genders, the crown width-to-length ratio was recognized as the most reliable standard. Keywords: Crown length, Crown width, Ideal tooth dimensions, Maxillary anterior teeth.

Bone harvesting with 3D printed, computer-planned osteotomy guide for the reconstruction of a challenging Seibert Class III defect

Reconstruction of Seibert class III alveolar ridge deficiencies requires bone augmentation before implant placement. Autogenous bone graft is still considered the gold standard for hard tissue regeneration. Ramus buccal shelf offer advantages over external donor sites such as convenient surgical access and decreased morbidity. The risk of damage to anatomical structures is related to the absence of three-dimensional control of the cutting planes. There is further concern regarding the reconstruction of wide defects in the presence of scarce donor sites. A protocolled digital workflow has been introduced to help the surgeon during this phase (Safecut®). This case report describes the procedure in a partially edentulous, brachycephalic patient with a challenging 3D defect in the upper right maxilla, a short donor site, and muscular encumbrance. The risk for suboptimal freehand harvest was identified by the surgeon, thus opting for a guided approach. The ideal dimension of the bone block was planned through a computer-aided design (CAD) process in close interaction with the laboratory. DICOM data from pre-operative CBCT were matched with cast scan STL file in order to fabricate a 3D printed stent with a tooth reference in order to facilitate the proper installation of the guide. The surgical intervention was conducted in a low-stress environment allowing the surgeon to concentrate on the reconstruction of the defect. This case showed the potential of digital planning and computer-guided bone harvesting to minimize the invasiveness of the procedure.

Dual Nature of Law, Legal Certainty and Correctness (Justice) of Law

The article reveals the importance of combining the moral basis and the formal content in the nature of law. The practical significance of German legal philosopher Robert Alexy’s theory of the dual nature of law is investigated. Duality presupposes that law necessarily includes both real, or factual, and ideal, or critical, dimensions. The actual dimension is represented by elements of official origin and social efficiency, while the ideal dimension is expressed in the element of moral correctness. Accordingly, the thesis of the dual nature of law presupposes non-positivism. Importance is being increasingly attached to the question of the conformity of legal certainty and correctness of the content of norms, which is connected with the principle of justice, requiring that the decisions of the authorities are morally correct. The principles of legal certainty and justice can often conflict with each other. However, no principle can displace another one under any circumstances. On the contrary, the dual nature of law requires that both of these principles be applied in correct proportionality and be balanced. And this seems possible only in the political form of democratic or discursive constitutionalism. Constitutional rights and democracy are the main elements of constitutionalism. They are mandatory in the discursive theory and both are dual in nature. Positivism has the weaknesses of legal certainty (openness of language, the presence of conflicting norms, the dynamics of social life, etc.).But they become strong arguments for the protection of human dignity, rights and freedoms. It is the orientation of the right to its further humane development, to its “humanization”, based on the need to protect people based on justice, equality and freedom, that can be an argument filling the weaknesses of legal certainty. Then, and only then, the principle of formal legal certainty of the law is transformed into legal certainty as a component of the rule of law, which characterizes the stable and civilized development of the legal framework.

Effect of microfluidic rectangular microelectrode geometry on bioparticles manipulation in dielectrophoretic application

Background: Microfluidic cell manipulation techniques have been continually developed and integrated into miniature chips as a so-called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platform for high-throughput bioassays. Among the various mechanisms of bioparticles manipulation by electrically induced forces, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been regarded as the most promising technique utilized in microfluidic systems. Into the micro- to nano-scale level of DEP configuration, the common challenges of undesirable side effects such as electrohydrodynamic effects, joule heating, and electrolysis that may occur in the microfluidic system has always been a hurdle which would severely limit the DEP performance. Methods: A numerical simulation study was performed on a versatile capability of a rectangular type of dielectrophoresis microelectrode with different parametric design configuration variables (channel height: 20-50 µm; electrode width 20-100 µm; electrode spacing 5-50 µm). Results: Numerical study results have shown that the ideal dimension range of design configuration for optimum DEP performance have been identified to be 40µm in channel height, 20-40 µm in electrode width and 5-15µm in electrode spacing, further increasing of the dimensions have shown a decrease in DEP performance consequently abridged the bioparticle manipulation. Conclusion: This investigation of the parametric design of the rectangular geometry microelectrode has provided necessary insight to the microelectrode design information and parametric considerations for optimum DEP device fabrication and enhancement.

On the Concept and the Nature of Law

The central argument of this article turns on the dual-nature thesis. This thesis sets out the claim that law necessarily comprises both a real or factual dimension and an ideal or critical dimension. The dual-nature thesis is incompatible with both exclusive legal positivism and inclusive legal positivism. It is also incompatible with variants of non-positivism according to which legal validity is lost in all cases of moral defect or demerit (exclusive legal non-positivism) or, alternatively, is affected in no way at all by moral defects or demerits (superinclusive legal non-positivism). The dual nature of law is expressed, on the one hand, by the Radbruch formula, which says that extreme injustice is not law, and, on the other, by the correctness argument, which says that law’s claim to correctness necessarily includes a claim to moral correctness. Thus, what the law is depends not only on social facts, but also on what the law ought to be.

The Ideal Dimension of Law

The main theme of the article is ideal dimension of law. Author argue for a dual nature thesis – which contends that law necessarily comprises both a real or factual dimension and an ideal or critical dimension – and demonstrates how the ideal dimension (which refers primarily to moral correctness) implies the truth of non-positivism. The key provisions of the conception represented in article are substantiated in a polemic with other well-known representative of non-positivism – John Finnis.
 Particular attention is paid to determine relation between the real and ideal dimensions of law, which involves answering five questions. First, is there an outermost border of law? Second, is legal argumentation based exclusively on authoritative reasons or does it also include non-authoritative reasons? Third, what is the relation between human rights and legal systems? Forth, is democracy to be understood exclusively as a decision procedure or also as a form of discourse? Fifth, do legal system comprise only rules expressing a real “ought” or also principles expressing an “ideal ought”? These five questions are answered by the following five theses: the first with the Radbruch formula; he second with the special case thesis; the third with the thesis that constitutional rights are to be understood as attempts to positivize human rights; the fourth with the deliberative model of democracy; and the fifth with principles theory. All five theses turn on the same point: the claim to correctness.