Human Ideas Research Articles

Абай тіліндегі бинарлық қатынастар

The conceptual reflections and humanistic ideas of Abai Kunanbaiuly, the great son of the Kazakh people, dedicated to his native people and universal human values, lie at the core of the spiritual development of the modern Kazakh world. This article focuses on analyzing linguistic units that characterize binary relationships in the language of Abai’s works. A sequence of ideological symbols, consolidated around a multi-layered concept, encompasses synonymous, intermediate, and antinomic notions based on shared features. The polar boundaries of each sequence are closed by opposing meanings. Philosophers’ recognition of the concept as a unity of contradictions, in line with the dualistic theory of dialectics, also stems from this. In linguistic science, such oppositional connectors in the noospheric world manifest through binary pairs in the linguistic realm. The linguistic units describing binary relationships in language intertwine with the linguo-philosophical phenomenon linked to the dialectical law of the unity and struggle of opposites. Overall, while language is a systematic structure and a complex noospheric phenomenon, its inherent nature is full of contradictions. Since humanity is considered a part of nature, its language is both a natural microcomponent and a multifaceted category that reveals human existence, distinguishes humans from other living beings, defines human cognition and quality, and reflects the unique mental characteristics of a linguistic community or ethnicity. The binary relationships in Abai’s language include oppositions such as “life – death,” “soul – body,” “existence – non-existence,” “good – evil,” “wisdom – ignorance,” “faithfulness – faithlessness,” “father – child,” etc. The ethno-cultural content of lexemes describing these binary relationships in Abai’s language elucidates the great thinker’s intricate system of thought and worldview.

Integrative medicine

Modern medicine has come a long way and achieved impressive results. At the same time, one cannot help but notice a certain crisis of official medicine: the task of saving human life is increasingly successful, while the elimination of unpleasant symptoms is not so simple. In addition, there are unfavourable side effects of medicines. Many problems of modern medicine come primarily from a mechanistic understanding of the human body, based on the principles of Newtonian mechanics. Integrative approach is a direction in medicine, which is based on the idea of man in the unity of biological, psychological, and social manifestations. Integrative medicine is a project of a new type of medical knowledge and practice, which aims to unite the positive aspects of different medical systems and schools, not just mechanically connecting them with each other, but offering a new theoretical basis from which the positive aspects of different medical systems and practices could be derived as their own particular cases. Our body is a single system in which everything is interconnected and interdependent. Disturbances in one system or at one level affect all others, and any intervention must be done in an integrated manner. An essential part of integrative medicine is the interaction between patient and physician and ideally the physician should view the patient as a unity of body, mind and spirit and address all these aspects of human nature.

The Origin of the Idea to Including Arts in Education – Since the 16th And 17th Centuries

Those who are born at the end of the 16th century was aware that they were the builders of a radically different era, the era of the New Times, the era of Enlightenment. That is why the Renaissance is identified with the hope for the spiritual revival of man, through the rediscovery of the arts, science and culture. The article examines the opposition of the New times to Medieval values and the affirmation of the humanistic idea of man in a completely new light as a historical person who has free will and the right to choose. The idea of art education originated at the very dawn of Humanism and can be found, even if only in its infancy, in some of the texts of one of the most prominent authors of the era - Jan Amos Comenius.

The Shadows of Friedrich Nietzsche: Despair and Laughter

Abstract Advocates of secularization strive to uncover and delegitimize the metaphysical refuges of belief in God through science and enlightenment. The philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, identified such ‘shadows of God’ in language, but also in moral and scientific concepts. He aimed to demonstrate how humanity’s pride in its intellectual capacities is still nourished by the idea of man’s primacy over nature. This commentary examines Nietzsche’s use of a mocking style, whose sharpness corresponds to the existential significance of the subject. The efficiency of mockery may lie in its ability to create distance and to heal through laughter.

Nathan der Weise and the Enlightenment: East, Tolerance, and Universal Ethics

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s Nathan the Wise (“Nathan der Wei­se,” 1779) is considered one of the major works of the Enlighte­nment. Lessing reflects on religious tolerance, humanism, and reason as the highest virtues. Despite Nathan the Wise has long stood as a symbol of Enlightenment ideals: reason, religious tolerance, and universal mor­ality, controversies followed after Edward Said’s “Orientalism” (1978). Criticism of approaches that present the East only as a passive figure has become particularly acute. Positioned during the Crusades, yet deeply embedded in the 18th-century German intellectual milieu, the drama offers a vision of interfaith harmony via its famed “Ring Par­able” and the moral wisdom of its Jewish protagonist, Nathan. Lit­erary discourse constructs the East as a symbolic space in which the West defines its identity. While postcolonial and critical critics critic­ized the limitations of Lessing’s Enlightenment universalism, e.g., Edw­ard Said’s critique of Eurocentric discourses (1978). The critique of secular tolerance of recent scholarship remains in support of the play as an ongoing appeal for tolerance. Scholars, e.g. Shmuel Feiner (2012), Von Schwerin-High (2013), Albrecht Classen (2021, 2023) and more posit that Nathan der Weise is a foundational text of intercultural ethics, as well as of moral cosmopolitanism. Engaging with ongoing debates on Enlightenment humanism and pluralism, they support the standpoint that Lessing’s vision retains pedagogical and philosophical relevance in contemporary discussions on religious coexistence, civic virtue, and universal dignity. The article analyzes the significance of the play in historical, cultural and literary contexts. It explores and synthesizes the contemporary approaches, positioning them within the broader contestation over the Enlightenment’s legacy in a global, postcolonial world. Paying particular attention to the cultural and religious dimensions that make the drama an early literary bridge between the East and the West, we focus on the East as a cultural topoi in Lessing’s drama to reinforce universal humanist ideas and to affirm the phil­osophy of the Enlightenment.

An Initial Exploration of Auspicious Patterns in Traditional Chinese Sculpture

Nowadays, the forms of auspicious patterns in traditional sculpture vary widely, rich in connotation and profound in significance, embodying the thought-provoking traditional cultural connotations. The emergence of auspicious patterns is an important outcome of the millennia-long accumulation of historical and folk culture of the Chinese nation. As a unique cultural and artistic phenomenon, it not only encapsulates the wisdom of the ancient Chinese but also contains deep philosophical thoughts of humanity, further enriching humanistic ideas and carrying profound cultural significance. Based on this, the article first overviews the development history of traditional Chinese auspicious patterns, then summarizes their meanings, characteristics, and types, and finally analyzes the appearance design of traditional Chinese auspicious patterns, providing a reference for relevant scholars to explore and discuss.

Категории добра и красоты в пространстве постсекулярной культуры

The aim of the study is to identify a number of meaningful characteristics of goodness and beauty in the space of post-secular culture, in which secular and religious approaches occupy an important place. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that despite the predominance of secular attitudes in modern culture, the religious approach plays an important role in the process of formation of modern man's ideas about goodness and beauty. The applied secular and religious approaches in defining the essential characteristics of goodness and beauty help to reveal the peculiarities of the process of formation of postsecular culture. As a result, postsecular culture is analysed as a philosophical phenomenon in the aspect of the categories of goodness and beauty. The description of possible prospects for the development of postsecular culture, goodness and beauty is presented in the literary works of the modern author V. Pelevin.

ТЕАТР ЯК ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ФОРМА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗАВДАНЬ ЦІЛІСНОЇ ОСВІТИ ОСОБИСТОСТІ У РАННІЙ НОВИЙ ЧАС

The article is devoted to the historical-pedagogical and historical-cultural analysis of the views of European humanists and the study of early modern educational practices for the integration of theater and theatrical performances in solving the problems of comprehensive education of the individual. The Renaissance-humanistic vision of the pedagogical potential of the theater is revealed, and the features of this form of education in the practice of early modern European educational institutions - Protestant gymnasiums and Catholic colleges are traced. It is found that in the early modern cultural and ideological systems (Renaissance humanism, Protestant humanism, Catholic humanism) there was a common recognition of the significant role of theater and theatrical art in the implementation of the obstacles to the holistic education of the individual. It is established that determining education by the humanistic priority of “sapientem et eloquentem pietatem” (“learned and eloquent piety”), the thinkers of that time proclaimed education, eloquence and virtue as the key criteria of holistic education. The integration of theater into the educational process made it possible to successfully form these criteria: the study of plots and texts of Latin authors formed humanistic education; Speeches and role-playing allowed to effectively develop eloquence, and the content of the performances was aimed at developing virtue and spiritual and moral formation. It is proven that humanists unanimously emphasize the exceptional pedagogical value of school theater, and educational reformers (Protestants and Jesuits) successfully scale up humanistic ideas of intellectual, aesthetic and spiritual and moral education in a wide cultural and educational network of gymnasiums and colleges. The significance and role of theatrical art in the implementation of the humanistic philosophy of holistic education of the individual are determined. It is noted that early modern pedagogical ideas about theater had a broader effect than just educational. The theaters of that time marked the beginning of a new era in the development of theatrical art. Unlike the medieval theater, the humanistic approach made it possible to significantly “democratize” the choice of topics, add creative fantasy to the plots of performances, which ensured the widespread flourishing of school drama in the European socio-cultural space of the early modern period.

An Initial Exploration of Auspicious Patterns in Traditional Chinese Sculpture

Nowadays, the forms of auspicious patterns in traditional sculpture vary widely, rich in connotation and profound in significance, embodying the thought-provoking traditional cultural connotations. The emergence of auspicious patterns is an important outcome of the millennia-long accumulation of historical and folk culture of the Chinese nation. As a unique cultural and artistic phenomenon, it not only encapsulates the wisdom of the ancient Chinese but also contains deep philosophical thoughts of humanity, further enriching humanistic ideas and carrying profound cultural significance. Based on this, the article first overviews the development history of traditional Chinese auspicious patterns, then summarizes their meanings, characteristics, and types, and finally analyzes the appearance design of traditional Chinese auspicious patterns, providing a reference for relevant scholars to explore and discuss.

Sex robot brothels: backlash, by-laws, and sex work within the queer inhuman fold

ABSTRACT This article examines the rhetorical strategies and legal frameworks used to shutter sex robot brothels. Drawing on media coverage of sex robot brothel controversies across Asia, Europe, and North America between 2004 and 2024, the article reveals how sex dolls, sex robots, sex workers, and the sexually trafficked are conflated and interpellated as subhuman threats in need of regulation. In conversation with critical race and queer inhumanist analyses of sexuality, technology, and humanity, the article examines the role of Asian sex workers and of municipal legal regulation in these debates, with particular attention to Eurocentric humanist ideas of Asian sex workers as inhuman/subhuman and to techno-Orientalist conflations of Asian labourers as robots. The article considers what may emerge when Asian sexual subjects turn towards the robot and away from the norm of the Eurocentric human. Drawing on the example of Cybrothel’s ‘Analogue AI’ offerings, it is suggested that sex doll/robot brothels may help spawn alternative and expansive affections and ways of living.

ФУНДАМЕНТАЛІЗАЦІЯ ВИЩОЇ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ОСВІТИ МАЙБУТНІХ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ: АНТРОПОЛОГІЧНИЙ ТА ГУМАНІСТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД

Статтю присвячено вивченню світоглядних основ фундаменталізації вищої професійної освіти майбутніх соціальних працівників з позиції освіти «вшир». Проаналізовані антропологічний та гуманістичний підходи, що сприяють більш ґрунтовному поясненню фундаменталізації освіти у вищому навчальному закладі. У межах цих підходів акцентовано увагу на важливості відтворення у змісті освіти цілісного образу людини як біопсихосоціальної системи та активно-творчих можливостей студента з його прагненням реалізувати себе на засадах любові до людини та в інтересах суспільства.

Methods of Teaching Adil Yakubov's Work in The Process of Literary Education

This article analyzes effective methods and means of teaching the artistic heritage of one of the great figures of Uzbek literature - Odil Yakubov - in the process of literary education. By analyzing the national spirit, humanistic ideas and socio-moral issues in his works, ways of forming artistic thinking in students and providing spiritual education are revealed. The advantages of using modern technologies such as interactive methods, cluster, insert, role-playing games in the lesson process are also highlighted.

Interogating Humanism Theory Principles into Effective Education in Ugandan Higher Education Institutions

The tenets of humanism theory are examined in this systematic review as a foundation for successful learning in Ugandan higher education institutions. In the context of Ugandan universities, humanism is examined for its potential to improve educational outcomes through its emphasis on student-centered learning, intrinsic motivation, and holistic development. Within a humanistic perspective, the study highlights important markers of successful learning, such as learner autonomy, emotional intelligence, creativity, and teamwork. According to the review, humanism plays a crucial part in creating inclusive, flexible, and encouraging learning settings where students are not only given academic knowledge but are also given emotional and social support. However, despite its theoretical advantages, there are some obstacles to the actual application of humanism in Ugandan higher education, including the requirement for teacher preparation, outdated teaching methods, and poor infrastructure. The study also addresses the applicability of the Humanizing Pedagogy, which fills in the gaps in humanism's application and expands it by embracing sociocultural settings. Humanistic education has the potential to revolutionize education in Uganda, according to the findings, but its success depends on removing implementation hurdles including pedagogical and resource limits. Incorporating humanistic ideas into curricula, encouraging diversity, improving teacher preparation, and modifying humanistic methods for online learning are some suggestions for advancing humanism in Uganda's educational system. By tackling these issues, the review comes to the conclusion that humanistic education can be extremely important in creating well-rounded people who are equipped to handle the difficulties of the twenty-first century.

Agamben and Platonic Communism: An Interpretation of The Coming Community

One of Agamben’s significant works, which plays an essential role in his ‘coming politics’, is The Coming Community . In this short book, Agamben expresses his thoughts on a liberated community, which he believes would also be a truly human community. In this article, I argue that there is a form of Platonic communism in Agamben’s thought, particularly in The Coming Community . By examining Agamben’s unique interpretation of Plato’s theory of ideas, I suggest that the coming community can be seen as the idea ( eidos ) of any liberating community, just as whatever being is the idea of man, or man as an idea ( eidos ). Here, the idea is not a distinct or transcendent entity, but a sensible thing placed in a paradigmatic relationship with itself, representing its intelligibility and universality.

The Value of Chinese Medicine Humanistic Nursing in Healthcare Integration

With the rapid development of medical and nursing combinations, the application of humanistic care in medical and nursing combination institutions is getting more attention. Elderly institutions are the main carrier of elderly services in China, and the demand for humanistic care among the elderly in elderly institutions is also getting higher and higher, but at present, the humanistic care ability of the nursing staff in China’s medical and nursing combined institutions is low. In recent years, the state vigorously promoted the development of traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine nursing contains a wealth of humanistic ideas, which can provide another solution for the lack of humanistic care in healthcare institutions. This paper discusses the ideological value, practical value and talent cultivation value of TCM humanistic nursing in medical care combination, aiming to provide a reference basis for improving the quality of humanistic nursing in medical care combination organizations.

Cultural rights of citizens: features of provision and implementation

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of ensuring and realizing the cultural rights of citizens as real opportunities for a person to realize all his rights and freedoms in the state. These rights determine the direction of state policy and the level of democratization of society. It is emphasized that the cultural rights of citizens determine the vector of spiritual, moral-psychological, and socio-value development of a person and provide him with the possibility of full self-identification within the boundaries of a specific nation. An important aspect of the realization of cultural rights by citizens, which is guaranteed by the state, is free access to the assets of civilization and a specific social community for the purpose of developing the national idea. It was found that cultural rights are a complex of constitutional rights and freedoms that provide opportunities for free spiritual development of a person. Along with the opportunity to «use», citizens have the right and duty to «develop», «preserve», «multiply» the cultural achievements of their nation. Such a responsible approach will enable future generations to fully realize their cultural rights and will contribute to the establishment of the national identity of Ukrainians. It was emphasized that all human rights guaranteed by the Constitution have the same value and significance within the legal status of a person. Today, the cultural assets of the nation, its spiritual values, the opportunity of every citizen for cultural and spiritual development, as well as the opportunity of future generations to realize all their rights are what our state is fighting for. If the state encourages citizens to develop and preserve cultural heritage, at the same time, providing a full opportunity to enjoy cultural rights, then society will automatically generate humanistic ideas and form valuable worldview beliefs of the individual. It is noted that a person who has the opportunity to properly implement state-guaranteed cultural rights will be able to form his own legal awareness, legal culture, and ideological beliefs based on general civilizational and national values. Attention is focused on the fact that according to the Constitution of Ukraine citizens are guaranteed the right to education, to the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific and technical creativity.

READING THE LANDSCAPE: THE CONTEMPLATIONS ON H.D. THOREAU’S CAPE COD

The paper explores the relationship between man and nature in Thoreau’s posthumously published work, travelogue, Cape Cod (1865). In this work Thoreau further theorizes his philosophy of nature and his wakefulness doctrine. By contemplating on the death in the ocean and the shipwrecked St. John, Thoreau comprehends the nature’s power and indifference as well as the inevitability of overcoming obstacles that might stand in the way of man’s meaningful relationship with it. Towards the end of the book Thoreau draws a conclusion that nature consists of man’s own perceptions, and the author of the paper further dwells on the issues of how man sees nature, what antidote to the state of disjunction is proposed in the book, how Thoreau’s awakening is raised in the book, how man’s actions of destroying and creating are perceived in nature and where they lead to. Is there a step forward? Is there a future in the light of these dark comprehensions? And how can this piece of writing be put in the context of contemporary challenges man faces. These are some of the questions that the author of the paper poses for reflection and tries to answer. The views presented in the paper are supported by Scott Slovic’s ideas of man’s relationship with nature expressed in terms of conjunction and disjunction.

ПРОЕКТЫ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ГОРОДА ЛОНДОНА В РАБОТАХ ДАНИЭЛЯ ДЕФО 20-Х ГГ. XVIII В.

This paper is devoted to the projects of Daniel Defoe (1660–1731) on the transformation of the urban space of London. In the first half of the 18th century, the capital of England experienced rapid economic development, rapid population growth and, as a consequence, a sharp aggravation of social problems. The author of the paper conducts a comparative analysis of the position of Daniel Defoe and other enlighteners on this issue, emphasizing the originality of the ideas of the English writer, their focus on practically implementable transformations of the urban space of the capital. For example, the opening of a university in London, the creation of a hospital for foundlings. Drawing attention to such works of D. Defoe as Parochial Tyranny: or, the House-keeper's complaint against the insupportable exactions, and partial assessments of select vestries of 1727, Augusta Triumphans: Or, the Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe of 1728, the author of the paper considers the social, economic and political context of the emergence of Defoe's project to transform the capital. The work provides an analysis of Daniel Defoe's proposals for reforming the parish system, creating a university and a music academy in London. The author comes to the conclusion that Daniel Defoe's project was a synthesis of a pragmatic approach, commercial interest and humanistic ideas and shows its influence on the development of the urban environment and the management system of London in the 18th century.

Legal irresponsibility

Committing a crime always creates an imbalance in society, requiring a reaction of "self-defense" from it. From the creation of the first forms of state organization, the task of punishing those who violated the norms of social coexistence was taken over by the state, no longer left exclusively to the injured parties. Initially, there was no clear distinction between forms of liability, with civil and criminal liability often conflated. Later, this distinction was made, with the state assuming the responsibility for criminal liability, while civil liability remained primarily the responsibility of the injured parties. It is indisputable that throughout history, madness has been a cause for excluding the culpability of the perpetrator. Thus, since antiquity, insane individuals were not subject to criminal punishment but could be held civilly liable. Roman law did not punish the insane. Likewise, irresponsibility was a cause for excluding criminal wrongdoing in both canon law and barbarian law. However, during the Middle Ages, some mentally ill individuals were regarded as "possessed by the devil," a classification that attracted harsher penalties than for sane individuals. The concept of not punishing irresponsible individuals due to a lack of discernment became widely accepted later, during the Renaissance, under the influence of humanist ideas. In doctrine, criminal liability is defined as the most severe form of legal liability, involving the obligation of an individual to answer before the criminal investigation bodies and then before the court for acts committed that are provided for in criminal law, the obligation to endure coercive measures prescribed by law for committing the crime, and the obligation to serve the imposed penalty. According to the Criminal Code, "a crime is the sole basis of criminal liability," with the crime being the cause of criminal liability, and the application of criminal sanctions as its consequence. Thus, Article 15 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code outlines the essential features of a crime: typicity (the act must be provided for by criminal law both in its subjective and objective aspects), unlawfulness (the act must be unjustified and illicit), and culpability. These three conditions must be cumulatively met; the absence of any of them eliminates criminal liability. This paper necessitates a profound analysis of irresponsibility from both a criminal and psychological perspective, as it holds significant importance in the institution of criminal liability. For an act stipulated by criminal law to constitute a crime, the perpetrator must be in full possession of their mental faculties, capable of understanding their conduct and its consequences. Consequently, human behavior can be restricted by legal norms only when it is exhibited by an individual capable of controlling their actions. Therefore, in the absence of the biopsychophysical aptitude necessary and indispensable to a mentally healthy individual, such a person cannot become the subject of a juridical-criminal constraint relationship, as they are considered irresponsible. Criminal law exclusively sanctions individuals with appropriate behavior within the limits of normality.

GENESIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANISTIC IDEAS IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL CONCEPTS

The article examines the evolution of the genesis of the concept of “humanism” and its ideas in the context of the development of philosophical and social concepts from antiquity to the present day. Based on the scientific works of foreign scholars, a deep analysis of the essence of the concept of “humanism” in the historical context of societal development is conducted. A personal interpretation of the definition of “humanism” is proposed as follows: a phenomenon that reflects the worldview position of society; a social concept with its inherent ideas and moral convictions, which changes and modifies according to the era and the needs of humanity; a transformation of philosophical thought that places the individual at the center of the universe; the value of human individuality and its worldview. It is argued that humanism develops under the influence of certain social factors, with dignity, social justice, and equality as its foundation. It has proved that humanistic virtues have formed an idea of the relationship between the individual and society and have caused transformations in educational and social processes, being actualized on the intellectual and cultural values of mankind.Based on the analysis of scholars’ works, the main currents of contemporary humanism are identified, including secular, ecological, feminist, cosmopolitan, and technical humanism. The influence of humanistic ideas on the implementation of the educational process is also discussed. It has proved that higher education, focused on the progressive humanistic views of humanity, should ensure the growth of a competent citizen, capable of systemic thinking, taking an active position in the resolution of social conflicts, which will be the basis of an evolutionary impetus for the development of conscious humanity.