Hysterosalpingography Findings Research Articles

Pattern of hysterosalpingographic findings among women with infertility in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a radiological procedure that is routinely done for female fertility workup in most clinical settings. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is primarily done to assess tubal patency, but it can detect cervical, uterine, and peritoneal diseases. As such, it remains a valuable tool in the evaluation of female infertility in our environment, where the high prevalence of infertility has been largely attributed to tubo-peritoneal factors. It was a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 215 HSG reports of women with infertility at the Department of Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, were reviewed retrospectively. Data on sociodemographic profile, reproductive profile, infertility profile, and HSG reports were obtained from the case records and archives of the Department of Radiology on a proforma. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Most of the clients were within the age range of 35 to 44 years. Secondary infertility accounted for 58.6% of cases of infertility. Abnormal HSG was reported in 70.2% of cases. Tuboperitoneal pathology was the most common abnormality, detected in 46% of cases. Uterine and cervical pathologies were seen in 38.1 and 15.3% of cases, respectively. A total of 116 (53.9%) of the cases had a combination of abnormalities. Abnormal HSG was significantly associated with secondary infertility and a history of induced abortion (p=0.006 and ˂0.001, respectively). Tuboperitoneal pathologies are still a common cause of infertility in our environment. HSG remains a valid tool for female infertility workup.

Hysterosalpingography Investigation Versus Patients’ Radiation Dose Risk

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a useful radiographic investigation involving the use of contrast medium for the management of infertility in females. It is however, not only a costly procedure but it is also a semi-invasive procedure and carries some radiation risks. One principle of radiation protection is justification of practice which means that the overall benefit of the procedure should outweigh the radiation risks. The aim of this study was to determine justification of HSG procedure by assessing the rate and pattern of pregnancy success among infertile women who underwent HSG procedures at a tertiary hospital in South Eastern Nigeria between 2016 and 2020. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study of a sample of 222 women, aged 20-46years (mean 32,55 ±8,16years) who underwent HSG examination at the hospital between 2016 and 2020 was made. The data of eligible subjects were collected from the archives of radiology department of the hospital. Results: The result showed that 121 (54,5 %) out of 222 of the patients achieved pregnancy with proper follow up infertility management. Of the 121, 48(39,67 %) were in the 25-29 years age group and 35(28,93 %) in the 30-34years age group. The commonest pathology found was uterine fibroid 71(32,0 %), followed by tubal blockage, 42(18,92 %) while the least occurring pathology was salpingitis isthmica nodosa 1(0,45 %). Conclusion: there was a strong positive correlation between the age of patient, the HSG findings and the rate of pregnancy success. The procedure is justified in all the age groups except for the >45years group

An overview of the clinical profile of infertile patients who underwent hysterosalpingography

Background: Infertility is a prevalent medical issue that can arise from challenges in male or female or both partners. Pivotal contributing factors to female infertility include dysfunction, tubal issues, and peritoneal factors. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) holds significant importance in assessing abnormalities associated with the uterus and fallopian tubes. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the clinical profile and hysterosalpingographic findings of women with infertility who visited the department of radiodiagnosis for HSG. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, where consecutive convenience-based sampling was used, with ethical clearance in place. Sixty-three infertile women of reproductive age were recruited for the study and were referred for HSG by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Results: The majority of the participants had primary infertility (71.88%) and was in the 31–35-year age group with the majority having 3–6 years of infertility and endometriosis. On HSG uterine pathology was found in 9.37% of participants and unilateral and bilateral tubal blocks were seen in 18.75% and 14.06% of cases approximately. Conclusion: HSG is a minimally invasive procedure, secure, and plays a crucial role in diagnosing uterine and tubal factors contributing to infertility.

Hysterosalpingographic Findings Among Ghanaian Women with Infertility: A Five-year Trend Analysis.

To understand the pattern of hysterosalpingographic (HSG) findings and annual trends among Ghanaian women with infertility over a five-year period. We retrospectively evaluated the hospital medical records of women with infertility who underwent HSG at a major tertiary center in Ghana between January 2018 and December 2022. The data was statistically analyzed. The subjects comprised of 2324 Ghanaian women diagnosed with clinical infertility. HSG identified 1685 (72.5%) with primary infertility and they were also younger women with a mean age of 32.2±4.5 years. The remaining 639 (27.5%) women had secondary infertility and were older (34.2±5.3 years; p < 0.001). Primary infertility rate decreased with increasing age (p < 0.001). Bilateral tubal blockage was seen in 701 (41.6%) women with primary infertility and 365 (57.1%) women with secondary infertility. Hydrosalpinx was present in 236 (10.2%) women, fimbrial adhesions in 444 (19.1%), Asherman's syndrome in four (0.2%), and bilateral beaded tubes/tubercular salpingitis in five (0.2%). HSG was unable to detect infertility-related abnormalities in 513 (22.1%) women despite their clinical infertility. The majority of patients (1502; 64.6%) had tubal blockage: bilateral in 1066 (45.9%) and unilateral in 436 (18.8%). Infertility rates among Ghanaian women increased at an accelerating rate over the years. Primary infertility was significantly more prevalent among younger women. Tubal and cervical abnormalities were the most prevalent HSG findings.

Ayurvedic Management of Vandhyatva (Primary Infertility) w.s.r. to Tubal Blockage – A Case Report

Introduction: Motherhood is a dream of all women’s and is complete after conception and child birth.Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus1.Infertility affects approximately 5-15% of reproductive-aged couples in any community.Tubal blockage is one of the most common causative factors in female infertility.The prevalence is 19.1% in the fertility age group2.All types of female infertility in Ayurveda are described under the heading of Vandhya.It is among 80 types of Vata vikaras.During the period of Acharya Charaka, Infertile couples were considered as shade less, branchless, fruitless waste tree or like a lamp in picture or portrait which will not emit any light or brightness3.In Ayurveda, Infertility is termed as “Vandhyatva” and Vitiation of Vata is the prime factor for creation of disease. According to Acharya Sushruta, there are four factors responsible for creation of GARBHA i.e. Ritu (Ovulatory period/period of copulation), Kshetra (Reproductive tract including Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovary), Ambu( Nutritive fluid for fertilized ovum &amp; fetus), Beej i.e. Shukra and Shonita (Sperm &amp; Ovum)4. Among these four factors tubal blockage canbe considered as the deformity of Kshetra means Kshetradushti.Correlating fallopian tubes with the Artavavaha (Artava-beeja-vaha) Strotasa, its block can be compared as Sanga type of Strotodushti. Abnormality of tubes is generally of two types :- 1. Structural :- Anatomical blockage :- Due to Vitiation of VATA-KAPHA/ PITTA-KAPHA 2. Functional :- Defect in ciliary function of tube – Due to Vitiation of VATA. This condition is not described in Ayurvedic Classics as itself tubal blocks but blockages of fallopian tubes can be better correlated with Vandhyatva due to Artava bijavaha strotavrodha (Blockages in fallopian tubes) All three Doshas may be responsible for causing blockages but mainly Vata-Kapha pradhanata is more. Normalizing the Vitiated Vata-Kaphapradhana doshas leads to restoration of tubal function and easy conception. Several Ayurvedic interventions are advised such as Panchakarma (purification therapy) for vitiated Doshas in female reproductive organs, Snehapana (oral intake of medicated oil) followed by Virechana (medicated purgation) to produce quality ovum. Correlating fallopian tubes with the Artavavaha Srotas, its block is compared with the Sanga Srotodushti (obstructive pathology occurring in channels) of this Srotas. By virtue of the purification therapy and internal medication working synergistically might remove the Srotodusthti. Aim and Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment in the management of infertility. Case description: A Female patient of 27 years old, having complaint of scanty menses 1 year and failure to conceive since last 2 years came to OPD PTSR, ITRA, on May 2022 diagnosed as Anapatya (primary infertility) associated with bilateral tubal blockage. Diagnosis: Hysterosalpingography findings showed bilateral distal partial fallopian tubal block. Intervention: Virechana karma in first cycle followed by two cycles of Erandamuladi Niruha Basti for 8 days and uttarbasti for 6 days Saman Chikitsha with satpuspa choorana for two month. A six month protocol. Outcome: Within 6 months of treatment, patient got tubal spillage, conceive and then delivered a full term female baby weight 3.5 kg by LSCS . Conclusion: Ayurveda has a better treatment option for infertility special reference with tubal blockage in the form of Sodhana and Samana therapy. Keyword – Infertility, Shodhana therapy, Tubal blockage, Uttarabasti, Vandhyatva.

Hysterosalpingography findings in infertile Sudanese women: a cross-sectional study on tube blockage.

infertility is a significant public health concern in Africa and Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an affordable option for initial treatment. This study aimed to provide information about the incidence of abnormal pathology and tubal findings in HSG of Sudanese women who experienced infertility. this prospective cross-sectional study included 100 infertile patients who were requested for HSG, including age, duration of infertility, body mass index (BMI), medical history, and HSG findings collected after performing the radiographic test, which was diagnosed by an experienced radiologist. one hundred infertile women (46% and 54%) experienced primary and secondary infertility, respectively. Mean age was (31.1 ± 5.2, 27.5 ± 6.0) years, and BMI was (25.1 ± 3.3, 25.7 ± 2.9) Kg/cm2 for primary and secondary infertility respectively. Abnormal findings prevalence was (29/46, 63%) and (30/54, 56%). The incidence of fallopian tube abnormality was (52/100, 52% (25/46, 54.3%), and (27/56, 50%) for primary and secondary infertility, respectively. Forty-one percent of participants had normal hysterosalpingograms. Pelvic surgery was the highest risk factor in 24% of the participants. Age and medical history were significantly associated with the infertility type (P < 0.05). infertile patients who underwent hysterosalpingography (HSG) were predominantly older, with secondary infertility being slightly more common, underscoring the importance of early diagnostic evaluation and care. Fallopian tube abnormalities were the most common cause of infertility, with tube blockage affecting nearly half of the participants. Additionally, this study revealed that prior pelvic surgery significantly increased the risk of infertility.

P-748 Fertility and anatomical outcome following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis of intrauterine adhesions classified according to symptoms, imaging findings and hysteroscopic appearance of the uterine cavity

Abstract Study question To classify patients with dense intrauterine adhesions based on clinical characteristics as well as, ultrasound, hysterosalpingography (HSG) and hysteroscopy findings into different prognostic groups. Summary answer We have defined a prognostic model to classify patients with dense intrauterine adhesions which could easily be implemented in patient counseling and management. What is known already Intrauterine adhesions are a major cause of hypo-amenorrhea and failure to conceive. A universally agreed classification to categorize intrauterine adhesions is paramount to provide individualized counseling and care. Previous efforts for categorization suffer from limitations such as variable assessment of anatomical outcomes, application of different techniques, pooling of results of different operators and lack of long-term follow-up. Many experts have voiced a call for a prognosis-oriented classification system. An ideal classification model should consider clinical characteristics, findings from imaging techniques (including ultrasound and HSG) together with hysteroscopic appearance of the uterine cavity and demonstrate a high predictive value. Study design, size, duration This is a retrospective analysis of 281 patients treated for intrauterine adhesions by a single operator (B.U.) between 2010 and 2021. Lysis of adhesions was affected in 479 office hysteroscopy procedures using the Versapoint bipolar cutting electrode under transabdominal ultrasound guidance. 227 patients were followed for at least 15 months after the last surgical procedure. Patients were classified into five categories (Class I to V) according to their symptoms, ultrasound, HSG and hysteroscopy findings. Participants/materials, setting, methods Clinical data and operative findings were reviewed from patient files and video recordings. The number of hysteroscopic interventions needed to restore the cavity and the reproductive outcome in women who were desirous for pregnancy were recorded. Predictive power of the model was assessed using the live birth rate as the primary and rate of cavity restoration and number of interventions as the second outcome parameters. Groups were compared using ANOVA, ROC and regression analyses. Main results and the role of chance Adhesions were classified as class I in 43 (15.3%), class II in 72 (25.6%), class III in 57 (20.3%), class IV in 82 (29.2%) and class V in 27 (9.6%) patients. They were due to previous curettages of pregnancies (79,7%) or retained products of gestation (3.9%), prior uterine surgery (6.8%), prior hysteroscopy of inappropriate technique (6.8%) and tuberculosis (2.8%). The cavity was septate in 12 and unicornuate in 2 patients. The mean age of the study group was 29.8 ± 3.7 (20-40). Age was not related with the severity of adhesions (p = 0.335). While the majority of patients with curettage-related adhesions were classified as Class II, uterine surgery, iatrogenic and tuberculosis related adhesions were higher in severity. The number of hysteroscopic adhesiolysis procedures (from 1.0 ± 02. to 2.3 ± 0.5) needed for optimal restoration of the cavity was directly related and the rate of full restoration (from 100% - 18.5%) was indirectly related with the severity of adhesions according to the proposed classification (p = 0.0001 for both). The live birth rates were 54.3%, 45%, 31.7%, 21% and 12.5% for patients in Class I to V, respectively (p = 0.0001). The proposed classification was fairly predictive (AUC: 0.654, 95%CI: 0.582-0.727) for live birth. Limitations, reasons for caution This is a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with intrauterine adhesions in routine practice. The follow-up for reproductive outcome is limited. The study is hospital-based and single-center. Thus, the predictive value of the proposed classification needs to be validated in an external data set preferably in a prospective series. Wider implications of the findings In patients with intrauterine adhesions, a classification system based on patient symptoms, imaging findings and hysteroscopic appearance of the uterine cavity reliably predicts the postoperative outcome in terms of the extent of anatomical restoration of the uterine cavity and pregnancy and live birth rates. Trial registration number Not applicable

Hysterosalpingographic Findings from Uterus to Peritoneal Cavity: A Pictorial Essay

Hysterosalpingographic Findings from Uterus to Peritoneal Cavity: A Pictorial Essay

Exploring hysterosalpingography findings and pregnancy results among women applying to a tertiary referral hospital

Aims: To find out the correlation between hysterosalpingography (HSG) pathologies and pregnancy results of infertility patients. Infertility is a complicated complaint prevalent among women of reproductive age with severe financial and social consequences. HSG, adopted for evaluating infertility, can be considered a secondary imaging technique in practice following ultrasound examination. The present study attempted to explore the HSG results of patients applying to our hospital with the complaint of infertility in the last two years and to compare these results with their pregnancy. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the HSG results of the patients applying to or referred to our hospital from an external center between 10.01.2018 and 30.08.2020 with the complaint of infertility.260 patients were included in the study. The patients were grouped by their primary and secondary infertility. We analyzed anomalies detected by HSG in two groups: uterine and tubal anomalies. Moreover, those becoming pregnant following HSG until June 2022 were grouped by reproductive techniques (spontaneous or assisted). Patients not having optimal imaging, with HSG reports obtained at an external center, and with insignificant results were excluded from the study. Results: The patients’ mean age was calculated to be 36 years (21-52 years). While 144 patients (55%) were diagnosed with primary infertility, 116 (45%) had a diagnosis with secondary infertility. There was no uterine or tubal anomaly in 157 patients undergoing HSG, but we discovered only a uterine defect in 28 of 103 patients and a tubal defect including at least one uterine and comorbid tuba in 44 patients. In 45 patients with a uterine anomaly, the most prevalent HSG findings were uterine filling defect (28 patients, 62.2%) and arcuate uterus (10 patients, 22.2%). We also discovered that 81 patients became pregnant at least once after HSG. While 50 of them got pregnant spontaneously, the remaining benefitted from assisted reproductive techniques. Our findings showed spontaneous pregnancy not to be associated with primary or secondary infertility (p=0.394; OR=0.765; 95% CI: 0.412-1.42). There was also no relationship between primary and secondary infertility and abnormal HSG findings (p=0.437; OR=0.820; 95% CI: 0.498-1.35). Finally, we concluded that abnormal HSG findings did not significantly contribute to the rate of spontaneous pregnancy (p=0.701; OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.604-2.11). Conclusion: We concluded that abnormal HSG findings did not contribute to the rates of spontaneous pregnancy.

Comparación de hallazgos histeroscópicos vs. histerosalpingográficos en pacientes sometidas a tratamiento de fertilidad

Objective: To compare hysteroscopic vs. hysterosalpingographic findings in female patients subject fertility treatment. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study to determine the causes of infertility, and analytical to evaluate the correspondence of the findings between hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy of women who attended the fertility clinic of the Leopoldo Aguerrevere Clinic between January 2018 and May of 2022. Results: The most frequent causes of infertility were age (52.6%), tubal factor (12.4%) and early ovarian failure (11.7%); 47.4% had two causes of infertility, 44.5% only one and 8.1% three causes. In vitro fertilization (50.4%) was the most commonly used treatment to achieve pregnancy. In hysterosalpingography, 67.9 % normal patients were reported, of the total polyps reported, 5.1 % had one polyp and 4.4 % two polyps. In hysteroscopy, 46 % normal patients were reported, of the total polyps, 30.7 % presented one polyp, 4.4 % two and 0.7 % three polyps. Among the most common findings there was discordance between hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy, with coincidences being less than 50%. The Kappa index indicated that the correspondence between the two studies was low. Conclusions: hysteroscopy is a necessary technique for the study of endouterine disorders in infertile women, providing information on uterine endocavitary lesions, which may not be appreciated with hysterosalpingography, the latter can be used for presumptive diagnosis of endometrial pathology and evaluation of permeability of the fallopian tubes

Histerosalpingografide Patent Fakat Anormal Tubal Yapı Saptanan Hastaların Değerlendirilmesinde Laparokopinin Tanısal Değeri

Objective: The diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography (HSG) findings suggestive of subtle tubal pathologies is controversial. The gold standard method to evaluate the fallopian tubes is laparoscopy. The aim of this study is to explore the laparoscopic findings of patients with abnormal findings but patent tubes detected on HSG. Methods: The study population included infertile women undergoing laparoscopy for further evaluation of abnormal tuba-related findings on HSG. The HSG views were evaluated for the presence of tubal patency and the convoluted tubes, loculation of the dye in the peritubal area, tubal ectasia, and fimbrial phimosis. The type and frequency of pelvic pathologies detected on laparoscopic examination and the predictive value of patent but abnormal fallopian tube finding on HSG were analyzed. Results: A total of 73 laparoscopy cases were eligible. Of these, 18 (25%) had normal laparoscopic findings. In 75% of the cases, there was at least one pelvic pathology detected during laparoscopy. The most common pelvic pathology detected was tubal adhesions. Tubal adhesions were detected in 21 cases (29%). Fimbrial phimosis was detected in 11 cases (13%). Paratubal cysts were detected in 7 cases (10%). Conclusion: While evaluating a HSG, focusing only on tubal patency may result in the failure of detecting subtle tubal pathologies. Clinicians should be familiar with abnormal HSG findings suggestive of tubal abnormalities. Careful examination of the HSG views regarding other tubal pathologies is warranted as these subtle conditions may impair fertility and laparoscopic correction of these pathologies has a positive impact on fertility.

Comparison of Hysterosalpingography Diagnostic Value with Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy Findings in Infertility Research

Objective: To compare hysterosalpingography (HSG) findings with laparoscopy (LS) and hysteroscopy (HS) findings in infertile patients and evaluate their adequacy in diagnosis Materials and Methods: The presented retrospective study was conducted on 106 patients diagnosed with primary and secondary infertility. LS-HS procedure was applied to the cases who could not get pregnant at the end of six months after HSG. Sociodemographic data and tubal, uterine, endometrial, and pelvic findings were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Results: Primary infertility was observed at a higher rate. (n=68, 64.2%). Most of the patients were in the 24-29 age group. The maximum duration of infertility has been observed in the range of 1-4 years. Compared with LS in tubal patency, the sensitivity of HSG was 85%, specificity 65%, positive predictivity 88.3%, and negative predictivity 58.6%. Compared with HS in detecting uterine pathologies, the sensitivity of HSG was 94.9%, specificity 53.3%, positive predictivity 72.7%, and negative predictivity 89.7%. Conclusion: In evaluating infertile patients, HSG is reliable in detecting tubal blockade. Due to its low specificity, invasive methods can be applied, especially in unexplained infertility whose pathology is not seen in HSG. These methods are complementary rather than the alternative.

Role of laparoscopy in hysterosalpingography diagnosed fallopian tube blockage in infertile females

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is routinely used as cost-effective method for the diagnosis of blockage in fallopian tube in infertile females. Laparoscopy involves a surgical procedure use to confirm the findings of HSG as well as has the therapeutic potential to remove the fallopian tube blockage. Aims and Objectives: The present study was aim towards analyzing the role of laparoscopy in HSG diagnosed fallopian tube blockage in infertile females. Materials and Methods: Total 48 infertile female who were diagnosed with the unilateral or bilateral fallopian tube blockage on HSG and planned for the laparoscopy was recruited in the study. Outcomes of the laparoscopy were analyzed. Results: Among total 48 patients, 26 patients (54%) presented with the bilateral blockage and remaining 22 patients (46%) presented with the unilateral blockage. Laparoscopy had a positive response in 20 (40%) patients with bilateral tubal block and 12 (26.7%) patients with unilateral block whereas the blockage remained in 16 (33.3%) cases. HSG was found to be false positive in two of cases. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the laparoscopy has great therapeutic potential in removal of fallopian tube blockage and is therefore affording patients should be advised to undergo laparoscopy. HSG due to low cost and short duration is more justifiable as a first line procedure. Therefore, is it recommended that the patients diagnosed with blockage in fallopian tube on HSG should be counseled for the laparoscopy. However, additional advantages of laparoscopy in diagnosing pelvic pathology should not be overlooked, thus benefits of laparoscopy cannot be replaced as of now.

Hysterosalpingographic Indications and Findings among Women Presenting to Radiology Department of Rivers State University Teaching Hospital

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is one of the imaging modality used in evaluating females presenting with complaints of infertility. Infertility is not just the issue of the couples alone both the extended family is involved in the typical African environment, therefore it is essential to identify possible causes and proffer solutions where possible.&#x0D; Aim: This study is aimed at documenting the indications and findings among women presenting for hysterosalpingographic studies in the Radiology Department of Rivers State University teaching Hospital (RSUTH).&#x0D; Setting and Design: A retrospective study, was conducted at the Radiology and the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Departments of a tertiary hospital.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Assessment of patients who had Hysterosalpingography (HSG) done from 1st January, 2020 to 31st May, 2022 in the Radiology Department of RSUTH. Biodata and indications for the study were obtained from the request forms and the HSG findings were also obtained from results pool.&#x0D; Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 version. The level of statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: A total of 305 women data were analyzed. The age of the study group was between 21 to 48years with a mean age of 35.21±5.48years. Majority of the age group was 31-35years (n=96, 31.5%). Secondary infertility (n=216, 70.8%) was the most common indication for HSG. Normal HSG was seen in 84(27.5%) of the patients and others had one pathology or the other. Commonest uterine pathology is uterine fibroids (n=100, 32.8%) and bilateral tubal occlusion (n=47, 20.8%) is the most frequent tubal pathology. There was a significant association between age and tubal occlusion (P=0.007).&#x0D; Conclusion: HSG is still a valuable tool for investigating women in gynaecological clinics. Tubal occlusion is the prevailing pathology from this study and secondary infertility is the most common indication for HSG.

Diagnostic Value of Hysterosalpingography

Objective: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a contrast-enhanced, radiographic examination method of the internal female reproductive organs, which is used in the context of infertility diagnostics for the clarification of uterine malformations. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of HSG as a diagnostic method in reproductive medicine. Methods: The results of HSG examinations from the Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology of the University Hospital Halle (Saale) between 2006 and 2020 were retrospectively examined. Results: Normal uterine findings were diagnosed by HSG in 151(51.01%) patients. The most common uterine malformation was uterus arcuatus, which was found in 46 patients (15.54%); 30(10.14%) patients had uterus bicornis unicollis. Uterus bicornis, unicornis, and subseptus were present in 5(1.69%) patients each. A duplex uterus was detected in 3(1.01%) patients, and malformations of a uterus arcuatum unicollis, uterus septus, bicornis subseptus, and uterus corpora in case of sectio bicornis were detected in 1(0.34%) patient each. A comparison of HSG findings with those from initial baseline diagnostics (gynecologic manual examination, sonography, etc.) revealed a correlation of findings in 105 cases (35.84%) and divergence of findings in 79 cases (26.96%). With the assistance of the HSG findings, further specification of the previously collected findings was achieved in 27 cases (9.22%). The diagnostic significance of HSG in reproductive medicine was demonstrated by the fact that findings were obtained and could not be detected in the preliminary examinations. In addition, basic diagnostic findings were confirmed by HSG, and conversely, previously collected findings could be further specified. HSG is a less invasive diagnostic imaging procedure with a short examination time. The fluoroscopy time is usually only a few seconds. Therefore, the radiation exposure is negligible. Conclusion: HSG is a method of radiologic examination that can be used to diagnose and specify uterine malformations. The diagnosis by HSG often opens up new therapeutic options to correct uterine malformations.

Frequency Of Hysterosalpingography Findings In Females Presenting With Infertility In Gujrat

Background: Infertility is a gynecological illness which has clinical, financial and psychological consequences that affects 1.3% to 25.7% of couples throughout the world. Hysterosalpingography is a typical imaging technique used in gynecological practice to diagnose infertility in women. &#x0D; Aim And Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the frequency of Hysterosalpingography findings in females presenting with infertility in Gujrat.&#x0D; Methodology: The prospective cross sectional study was carried out at X-Ray unit in Azeem Ultrasound &amp; Digital X-Rays center, Gujrat, Pakistan. A total of 90 females patients with infertility were enrolled in present study. The duration of this research work was from February 2022 to May 2022. The data was gathered using a predesigned questionnaire form.. Statistical Package of Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. Frequency of different findings was found out. These were then graphically portrayed in the form of tables and graphs. &#x0D; Results : We observed 90 female patients out of which 72 (80%) patients found to be normal. In 18 (20%) patients fallopian tube blockage was diagnosed. Out of 18 patients, 8 (8.9%) were having right sided fallopian tube blockage, 8(8.9%) were having bilateral tubal blockage while only 2 (2.2%) showed left sided tube block. Hydrosalpinx was found in 4(4.4%) patients and uterine anomaly in 2(2.2%) patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Fallopian tube blockage and hydrosalpinx were common factors of infertility in our study. Hysterosalpingography provides an easy and affordable source for evaluation of infertility factors.

Hysterosalpingography Findings among Women Presenting for Infertility Evaluation

Objective: To determine the pattern of hysterosalpingography (HSG) findings among women presenting with infertility. Methods: From June 2021 to March 2022, this study included 100 women who visited the Nishtar hospital's infertility clinic. All these patients underwent HSG evaluation. The HSG examination was planned to take place between the seventh and twelfth day of the patient's menstrual cycle, and before the patient had any sexual activity. Patients were instructed to take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such 400 milligrams of ibuprofen half an hour before their hysterosalpingograms as a preparation for the possibility that they may experience some level of discomfort during the procedure. HSG findings were noted for each patient. Results: The mean of participants was 32.5±1.2 years. Mean infertility duration was 5.5±4.3 years. On hysterosalpingography examination, right fallopian tube occlusion was found in 7% patients, left in 13% and bilateral in 25% patients. Hydrosalpinx was diagnosed in right fallopian tube in 7.0% patients, in left in 5% patients and in both fallopian tubes in 3% patients. Overhanging tubes were diagnosed in 8% patients and beaded tubes in 1.0% patients. Regarding uterine pathologies, fibroids were diagnosed in 21% patients, and synaechiae in 8% patients. Regarding cervical pathologies, irregular pattern was found in 2% patients, patulous in 2% and in stenosis in 1.0% patients. Conclusion: Hysterosalpingogram, an essential instrument in the evaluation of infertility, plays a significant part in identifying illnesses that affect the female reproductive system. According to the findings of this study, tubal diseases are the leading cause of female infertility. Keywords: Infertility, Tubal abnormalities, Hysterosalpingogram

Is hysteroscopy justified in infertile women?

This retrospective study aimed to assess the value of Hysteroscopy (HS) in studying the rate and types of abnormalities found in uterine cavity during evaluation of infertile patients in comparison to hysterosalpingography (HSG). Subject and Methods: this study included 149 infertile women underwent HS for primary &amp; secondary infertility, recurrent abortions and failed IVF cycles at Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology at Zliten teaching Hospital, Misurata center for Diagnosis and treatment of Infertility . Preoperative assessment: history, pelvis evaluation with necessary investigations including ultrasound and HSG. Data were analysed in terms of type &amp; rate of abnormality found, their relation with age and type of infertility including correlation between HSG and HS findings. Results: Abnormalities of uterine cavity were detected in more than half of the patients studied (59%), significantly more at ages of 31-42 years (58.3%) when compared with ages of 20-30 years (34.6%),(P&lt;0.05). Endometrial polyps (20.4%), septate and subseptate uterus (17.2%). Submucous myomas, cornual polyps and intrauterine adhesions were seen at same rate (6%),. Most of the pathologies were seen in primary infertility patients except the intrauterine adhesions which exclusively found in those with secondary infertility.

Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy: An important tool in evaluation of female infertility, in beneficiaries of ESI scheme in Eastern India

Background: The WHO estimates that 60–80 million couples worldwide suffer from infertility and the overall prevalence of the primary infertility in India is 3.9–16.8%. As usual tests and examinations are unable to appreciate majority of pelvic pathology in infertile women, diagnostic laparoscopy has become an essential part of infertility evaluation. Diagnostic laparohysteroscopy (DHL) gives the opportunity to directly visualize and manipulate pelvic organs which allow accurate diagnosis and give an option to treat at the samesitting. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to detect pelvic organ abnormalities by diagnostic hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in the evaluation of female infertility in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study recruited 50 patients who attended the infertility clinic during 1 year period as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those with male factor and endocrine abnormality were excluded from the study. The patients having abnormal hystero-salpingography (HSG) findings and those who in spite of having normal HSG finding, did not conceive even after three cycles of ovulation induction, underwent DHL. Results: Out of the 50 patients, 35 (70%) suffering from the primary and 15 (30%) suffering from the secondary infertility. The mean age of the study population was 29.5±5.3 years. Most of the cases presented with 3–6 years of infertility. The most common reported laparoscopic abnormality was ovarian in 58% cases, followed by 56% of pelvic and peritoneal abnormalities, 44% tubal factor abnormality, 36% having endometriosis at different stages, and 30% having uterine abnormality. Conclusions: Hystero -laparoscopy has good diagnostic accuracy in evaluating pelvic pathologies. The combination of hysteroscopy with laparoscopy done in a single setting improves the detection rate of abnormalities of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum.

A Five-Year Review of Hysterosalpingographic Findings at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

BackgroundInfertility leads to stigmatization, marital instability, and enormous psychological stress. In recent times in Nigeria, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples investigated for infertility using hysterosalpingography (HSG). ObjectiveTo observe the trend of HSG findings at a foremost tertiary hospital in Nigeria. MethodsThe study was a retrospective assessment of HSG reports by radiologists. Using an inclusion criteria of patients who had an initial ultrasound scan prior to HSG as noted from radiologists reports, a sample size of 623 radiographs concluded between April 2014 to April 2019 was consecutively enlisted from a population of 2,624 cases. Patients’ demographic information was extracted from their request cards and radiologists’ reports. ResultsPatients were aged 22 – 54 (mean: 36.30 ± 6.00) years. Findings from hysterosalpingography showed that secondary infertility was more prevalent (n = 469, 75.3 %) and with fibroid (n = 176, 28.25%) as the most prevalent abnormality.ConclusionsThere were more cases of secondary infertility presenting for HSG at the facility, and the major finding was fibroid. Although the ages of patients presenting for HSG investigations at the centre had increased, secondary infertility remained the more prevalent type, but with minimal drop in percentage.&#x0D; Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(1):55-61