Hypothetical Principle Research Articles

Testing lepton flavor universality at future Z factories

As one of the hypothetical principles in the Standard Model (SM), lepton flavor universality (LFU) should be tested with a precision as high as possible such that the physics violating this principle can be fully examined. The run of a Z factory at a future e+e− collider, such as the Circular Electron-Positron Collider or Future Circular Collider (electron/positron), provides a great opportunity to perform this task because of the large statistics and high reconstruction efficiencies for b hadrons at the Z pole. In this paper, we present a systematic study on the LFU test in future Z factories. The goal is threefold. First, we study the sensitivities of measuring the LFU-violating observables of b→cτν, i.e., RJ/ψ, RDs, RDs*, and RΛc, where τ decays muonically. For this purpose, we develop the strategies for event reconstruction, based on the track information significantly. Second, we explore the sensitivity robustness against detector performance and its potential improvement with the message of event shape or beyond the b-hadron decays. A picture is drawn on the variation of analysis sensitivities with the detector tracking resolution and soft photon detectability, and the impact of Fox-Wolfram moments is studied on the measurement of relevant flavor events. Finally, we interpret the projected sensitivities in the SM effective field theory, by combining the LFU tests of b→cτν and the measurements of b→sτ+τ− and b→sν¯ν. We show that the limits on the LFU-violating energy scale can be pushed up to ∼O(10) TeV for ≲O(1) Wilson coefficients at Tera-Z. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Using Digital Platforms to Alleviate the Gap in Access to Healthcare Services for the Elderly in China

The issue of healthcare access has transcended individual concerns to become a major societal challenge, especially in the context of an aging population. The problem of access to health care has led to a growing healthcare divide. The approach presented in this paper aims to delve into the intricate interplay of social, economic, political, and cultural determinants, the reasons why these factors contribute to the widening disparities in healthcare access experienced by older adults, and the proposed feasible solutions. The implementation of this solution requires a multi-faceted strategy, including an important part - hypothesis-driven experimental research driven by university student volunteers. By proposing hypothetical principles and analyzing data to make a comprehensive economic assessment, this paper aims to propose a pragmatic solution to this pressing problem. Ultimately, we aim to significantly mitigate disparities in healthcare access for older adults, aiming to minimize the impact of the problems of older adults themselves due to the uneven distribution of physician resources, and insufficiently comprehensive government policies.

A Novel Ensemble Based Reduced Overfitting Model with Convolutional Neural Network for Traffic Sign Recognition System

The ELVD (Ensemble-based Lenet VGGNet and DropoutNet) model is used in this paper to examine hypothetical principles and theoretical identification of a real-time image classification and object, tracking, and recognition device running on board a vehicle. Initially, we obtained the dataset from Kaggle. After loading the images, they were converted into 4D tensors and then into a grid. The model has to set the training to 70% training and 30% testing. The ELVD model uses 39,209 32 × 32-pixel color images for preparation, and 12,630 images specifically for research, in the GTSD (German Traffic Sign Detection) dataset. Each picture is a photograph of a traffic sign that corresponds to one of the 43 classes. The picture is a 32 × 32 × 3 sequence of pixel quality values in the RGB color region, defined as pixel values. The image’s class is hidden as a numerical value from 0 to 42. The image collection is somewhat unbalanced, and a few classes are represented significantly better than in the alternative model. The contrast and brightness of the images also differ significantly. The proposed model was created with CNN with Keras and applied with ensemble-based combined LeNet, VGGNet, and DropoutNet pooling layer for tuning the information. The proposed model compares the predicted class with the correct class for all input images and time calculation for predicting different road sign detection images. Underfitting is shown by a standard of low accuracy on the training and testing sets. For a small dataset, the trained model achieved a 98% accuracy level which implied that overfitting the model with the best results on classification accuracy, tested with 15 epochs, resulted in a loss of information of 0.059% and test accuracy of 98%, respectively. Next, the ELVD proposed models trained and validated with different class presents, dataset 2 achieved 93% training accuracy and testing accuracy predicted with 91%. Finally, the ELVD proposed model predicted the test results of unseen class information measured with the 60/km ph, which predicted 99% accuracy. The proposed model predicted noisy as well as unseen multiclass information with fast-moving vehicles. The usage of convolutional layer filter with ensemble-based VGGNet, DropouNet, and LeNet trained and predicted with a high classification accuracy of more than 99% combined ELVD model with fastest time calculation also the high accuracy prediction of selected image dataset labels that enables these models to be used in real-time applications. The ELVD model was also compared with other traditional models of VGGNet, LeNet, and DropoutNet; its detection time outperformed the other models, and it achieved a 98% detection label set of information. In the ELVD model, closure to various human abilities on a related responsibility differs from 97.3% to 99.5%; consequently, the ELVD model performs better than an average human.

The Growth of Organized Violence Structures and the Types of Control Over Them

Macro-historical changes in the practices and structures of organized violence have their own regularities that require theoretical analysis. It is shown that the steady growth and development of these structures are determined by the main trends of social evolution such as demographic growth, the expansion and complication of polities, and the development of technologies and weapons. The internal mechanisms of both the cyclicality and the direction and irreversibility of these changes are considered. The practices of organized violence have changed considerably, and many of those unacceptable today were once common, socially approved, and even obligatory. Hypothetical principles have been formulated for the emergence, spread, and termination of such practices, which are always connected with the nature and outcome of political struggle, as well as with the change of worldviews consisting of primarily moral, social and political values and corresponding normative principles. The inevitable costs of the growth of violence structures are associated primarily with the possibility of their leaders gaining political subjectivity and claims to power, which is fraught with conspiracies, revolts, and similar phenomena that undermine social and political stability. These costs generate concerns of the rulers and elites to control the violence structures. Three basic forms of such control have been described as “ideal types”, those of patrimonial-charismatic control based on emotional commitment to the ruler, conflict-repressive control with divide-and-conquer strategies, and bureaucratic control involving subordination to formal rules. The last type includes two versions, with a reliance on the principle of power and on the principle of law. The social and mental foundations that support the rule of law in institutions and organizations of state violence are examined.

Portugal dos Pequenitos as an urban laboratory for rehearsing national identity

AbstractPortugal dos Pequenitos (literally, ‘Portugal for the Little Ones’), a theme park built in Portugal as part of the Centenarian Commemorations of the Portuguese Nation of 1940, has been considered one of the most controversial pieces of Portuguese architecture in the 20th century. Designed between 1937 and 1962 by Architect Cassiano Branco, at the initiative of Bissaya Barreto, it features reproductions of uniquely typical Portuguese architecture built to a child's scale. It includes buildings from mainland Portugal, from the Azores and Madeira islands and from the colonial territories in Africa and Asia. The main aims of this paper are twofold: firstly, to frame Cassiano Branco's architecture in its specific context, in terms of historical contingencies and architectural controversies during the Estado Novo (New State) Portuguese dictatorship (1933–1974), and secondly, to assess the importance of Portugal dos Pequenitos as a laboratory for rehearsing an idyllic urban environment, applying hypothetical principles of national identity.

United front offers means to capture knowledge

Purpose – This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach – This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings – This briefing examines factors that make collective work motivation (CWM) a realistic and attainable goal in the workplace at knowledge-based organizations. It uses three hypothetical principles to help mobilize and sustain CWM and suggests that the knock-on effects can be as positive for the individual as for the organization. Practical implications – The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value – The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Collective work motivation in knowledge based organizations

Purpose– Collective work motivation (CWM) has been construed as humans’ innate predispositions to effectively undertake team-oriented work activities under ideal conditions (Lindenberg and Foss, 2011). However, management research aimed at explicating its etiology in knowledge-based organizations (KBOs) has been largely ignored. Given that these organizations strive to gain market competitiveness by motivating employees to cooperatively share knowledge, as well as protect organizational specific knowledge from being externally expropriated, it becomes expedient to understand how they can mobilize and sustain CWM that is geared towards the normative goal of knowledge sharing and knowledge protection.Design/methodology/approach– Conceptual insights from the social identity theory were deployed by the study.Findings– Three hypothetical principles derived from the processes of social categorization, social comparison and social identification tentatively mobilize and sustain CWM in KBOs.Originality/value– This paper adopts the social identity perspective to CWM. In so doing, it sees CWM as a team-based intrinsically derived process rather than an extrinsic means of eliciting the motivation of people in KBOs to engage in the normative goal of knowledge sharing and protection.

Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages

Explaining the variation between human languages and the constraints on that variation is a core goal of linguistics. In the last 20 y, it has been claimed that many striking universals of cross-linguistic variation follow from a hypothetical principle that dependency length--the distance between syntactically related words in a sentence--is minimized. Various models of human sentence production and comprehension predict that long dependencies are difficult or inefficient to process; minimizing dependency length thus enables effective communication without incurring processing difficulty. However, despite widespread application of this idea in theoretical, empirical, and practical work, there is not yet large-scale evidence that dependency length is actually minimized in real utterances across many languages; previous work has focused either on a small number of languages or on limited kinds of data about each language. Here, using parsed corpora of 37 diverse languages, we show that overall dependency lengths for all languages are shorter than conservative random baselines. The results strongly suggest that dependency length minimization is a universal quantitative property of human languages and support explanations of linguistic variation in terms of general properties of human information processing.

食品汚染事故発生時に食品製造業者が実施する危機管理の作業原則の構築

In the event of food contamination, how food companies promptly reduce damage to protect the health of consumers is an important issue. However, researchers have rarely focused on the theme, and so far, no theory on crisis management for food contamination has been presented. This paper presents a principle of the crisis management conducted by food manufacturers. First, this study constructs a hypothetical principle which includes requisite operations categorized into five elements (detection of crisis outbreak, emergency response, investigation of contamination status, remedial action, and preparedness), and methods of conducting the operations. Second, it validates the principle by using data from the case studies of good practices of two Japanese brew makers. The result shows that the hypothetical principle essentially conforms to the practices in the cases. Additionally, this paper provides an insight into the methods through which information on non-conforming products is shared by staff in a food manufacturer, through which food manufacturers determine products to be recalled, and through which they issue a press release.

Chemistry and Biodiversity: Darwinism, Evolution, and Speciation

AbstractComplex structures produced by noncatalyzed multi‐step chemical processes must have highly probable origins and assembly routes. Within any frame of reference, life is easily the most‐complex self‐assembled structure known to man. It is not possible to calculate a finite time for biogenesis by statistical mechanics, but the abundance of life makes it reasonable to propose an accelerating principle of nature that naturally shortened the time for cell formation to a billion years or less. This hypothetical principle, which I have called valence‐orbital bias, is thought to be responsible for the discrepancy between statistics and observation, and carries with it, as a conditio sine qua non, multiple origins of life.The new concept resolves the differences between the predictions based on statistical mechanics and the relatively rapid appearance of life during the post‐accretion period. It suggests as well that species and variants, the units of propagation, may also have been the units of evolution. Produced in profusion by chemistry, the origins are culled by natural selection, whereby failure means extinction, not adaptation. Biodiversity, thus, becomes a direct consequence of chemistry without positive feedback from the environment and without a constructive role for mutation.

Chemistry and Biodiversity

Complex structures produced by noncatalyzed multi-step chemical processes must have highly probable origins and assembly routes. Within any frame of reference, life is easily the most-complex self-assembled structure known to man. It is not possible to calculate a finite time for biogenesis by statistical mechanics, but the abundance of life makes it reasonable to propose an accelerating principle of nature that naturally shortened the time for cell formation to a billion years or less. This hypothetical principle, which I have called valence-orbital bias, is thought to be responsible for the discrepancy between statistics and observation, and carries with it, as a conditio sine qua non, multiple origins of life.The new concept resolves the differences between the predictions based on statistical mechanics and the relatively rapid appearance of life during the post-accretion period. It suggests as well that species and variants, the units of propagation, may also have been the units of evolution. Produced in profusion by chemistry, the origins are culled by natural selection, whereby failure means extinction, not adaptation. Biodiversity, thus, becomes a direct consequence of chemistry without positive feedback from the environment and without a constructive role for mutation.

Primary Consideration Related to Chromatic Adaptation from a New Viewpoint

From a new viewpoint, primary consideration related to chromatic adaptation is performed. In the long history of study on chromatic adaptation, almost all models have been constructed based on psychometric testing. In this paper, the hypothetical principle of chromatic adaptation is defined as the minimization of the state of the metameric black component of an image, which enhances the efficiency of visual perception. There have been no discussions related to chromatic adaptation from the viewpoint of metameric black control.

Evolution of machine intelligence for mobile robots

Active research and development is carried out for various mobile robots or robotic vehicles. This paper tries to find a new principle of the evolution of machine intelligence for robotic vehicles. The machine intelligence of robotic vehicles is the integrated ability composed of sensors, actuators, and computers, which produces the travel versatility of robots. Therefore, the relation between the performances of sensors, actuators, and computers, and the produced travel versatility was examined on 18 previously reported wheeled robotic vehicles with reference to the study on the evolution of vertebrate brains. The obtained hypothetical principles are as follows. Computer power varies in proportion to the summation of both rates of information input from sensors and information output to actuators for robots with the same grade of travel versatility. Robotic vehicles with a high grade of travel versatility have greater computer power than those with a low grade.

Heuristics: A Gambler's Roll

The insights gained in nearly 20 years of investigation of heuristics in integer programming may have wider applicability for developing heuristic procedures in management science. Four hypothetical principles for designing good heuristic methods revolve around the notion that because luck is involved in applying heuristic procedures one should try to weight the odds in one's favor as much as possible.

Scientist, Sorcerer, or Servant of Humanity: The Many Faces of Faust in the Work of Achim von Arnim

Like many of the German writers and philosophers of the Romantic age, Achim von Arnim showed a keen interest in the supernatural, the occult, the magical, and in those forces and phenomena which exert a decisive influence on man's existence, while defying rational comprehension and explanation. Arnim's inquiries into the causal factors and manifestations of various physical and metaphysical powers covered a broad range of subjects. Early in his career, while he was still a student of law in Halle, he became interested in the study of natural phenomena, which preoccupied him for the first few years after his matriculation in 1798. 1 But even after his interests shifted to endeavours of a literary nature, he continued to incorporate into his writings views and conclusions which he had attained in the course of scientific research. Thus the hypothetical principle of the `formative power' (`gestaltende Kraft') , which he had first posited in his 'Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen Erscheinungen,' reappears in slightly varied form on the literary level as the major life-sustaining and progressive element in his characters. Similarly, his familiarity with the theories of Friedrich Hufeland, Anton Mesmer, and John Brown e is

Root-shoot Hormone Relations I. The Importance of an Aerated Root System in the Regulation of Growth Hormone Levels in the Shoot of Helianthus annuus

Using mature, vegetative, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants, a study was made of the interactions of flooding of the root system with several other simultaneous treatments. Leaf epinasty was induced in intact plants by flooding, but this effect of waterlogging of the root system was removed when the shoot was decapitated. The addition of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in lanolin to the cut surface of decapitated plants restored the epinasty-inducing effect of flooding. This is taken as evidence that flooding brings about an increased auxin content of the shoot. In unflooded plants decapitation of the shoot resulted in a hyponastic movement by the leaves, and applications of IAA to the stem tip antagonized this. Girdling of flooded plants resulted in a great reduction of the tendency to form adventitious roots in the region below the girdle. Thickening and various morphological changes were produced in the hypocotyl as a result of waterlogging the root system. The effects of flooding could be simulated in the upper region of the shoot of unflooded plants by girdling the more basal region of the stem. These various results are interpreted as indicating that the root system may normally serve as a centre for the oxidative inactivation of excess shoot-synthesized auxin, so regulating shoot auxin level. Certain of the results obtained, however, show that an adequately aerated root system supplies some growthpromoting, and hyponasty-inducing, principle to the shoot. The effects of this hypothetical principle were found to be similar to those of gibberellic acid. It is envisaged, therefore, that an early effect of flooding on plants is to raise shoot auxin levels (either by preventing entry of auxin from the stem, or by inhibiting the oxidative catabolism of shoot auxin in the roots), and also to stop the synthesis of a non-auxin shoot growth-hormone in the roots. The induction of wilting of the shoot by flooding was found to be correlated with low root-temperatures.

Sources and Symbols for Melville's Confidence-Man

Melville criticism seems fated to a slow and uncertain growth. We have come a long way, to be sure, beyond the author who dismissed Melville as one among “several minor writers resident in the city or state of New York.” But one chief fault we seem not to have corrected: it is perhaps not over-rash to say that this criticism learns only reluctantly from what it has already accomplished. We know, for instance, that Melville's literary borrowings in such a work as Moby-Dick are worth close scrutiny; we also know that the allegory and the symbol lurk everywhere in Melville's pages. But our knowledge is not regularly put to use as a hypothetical principle for the examination of other works. Now I suggest that there is still a good bit to be done with these tools alone, and in this present paper I mean to try to do a part of it. I propose to identify and follow out certain of the sources and symbols which went into one of Melville's least-known works, The Confidence-Man.

Some Geological Problems concerning the Central Zone of Kyusyu (the "Nagasaki Dreiecke")

Based on the geological material obtained mostly from the central zone of Kyusyu with which the writer is relatively well acquainted, he has formulated and endeavoured to examine some hypothetical principles of geology., (1) The first principle is that of qualitative change of earth's crust., The area which has become central Kyusyu in Holocene, may have been a part of a major geosyncline in Palaeozoic era, and it became a part of the Oga tectonic zone in a certain age of the Mesozoic era., Then, during the period from the middle Cretaceous to the early Tertiary, it was a labile Schelfe, and since the Neogene Tertiary, it has become the landmass which resembles a stabile Schelfe or a Block., (2) The second principle is that a major tectogenic unit may possibly differentiate, in the course of the geological evolution, into minor and new tectonic units., (3) Kind and forms of geological Phenomenon, as well as its three dimensional extent are changing from time to time., In some cases, a new geological event happens in a new area apparently (or essentially ?) independent of the old area where another event had occurred., (4) There can be no permanent concept of geotectonic division that can be applied to all the geological events which are related to a certain area under concideration., To search for the essence of geological phenomena, such method of geotectonic classification as that of looking at the combination of various rocks which are only the final remnant of products of geological evolution, a method which reflects a static standpoint of view, cannot be upheld., These hypothetical principles or ideas should be actually proved later on and need some revision in future.,