Hypochlorous Acid Research Articles (Page 1)

A triarylboron-based fluorescence probe for distinguishing inflammatory and tumor cells by imaging mitochondrial DNA and hypochlorite with different signal emission characteristics.

Background: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury exacerbates cardiomyocyte death following acute myocardial infarction. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a redox-sensitive cytokine and atypical chemokine known to exert context-dependent cardioprotective effects. The mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that recombinant MIF (moMIF), when administered at reperfusion, may mitigate myocardial injury by scavenging neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) / hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a major oxidative effector of reperfusion injury, despite MIF’s effect on neutrophil attraction and its promoting effect on neutrophil priming. Methods: Human neutrophil chemotaxis was quantified using a 3D μ-Slide chamber following stimulation with MIF (40 nM), oxidized MIF (noxMIF, 40 nM) or HOCl (100 nM). Migration was quantified by forward migration index (FMI). In parallel, male C57BL/6N mice (n=18) underwent 60 min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary occlusion followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Mice received intravenous phosphate buffer (control), mouse MIF (moMIF), or noxMIF (10 μg) 5 min before reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were determined by Evans blue/TTC staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. Results: MIF significantly enhanced neutrophil migration (FMI 0.16±0.05 vs. control 0.02±0.02, P =0.0257), while, similar to HOCl control, noxMIF lacked chemotactic activity (FMI 0.03±0.05, P >0.9999; FMI -0.06±0.09, P =0.2090). In vivo , moMIF markedly reduced IS/AAR (39.23% ± 9.5%) compared to control (65.44% ± 14.03%, P =0.041). noxMIF did not confer protection (55.48% ± 7.6%, P =0.620 vs. control; P =0.056 vs. moMIF). Conclusions: These findings identify moMIF as a dual-function cardioprotective agent when administered at reperfusion: it protects cardiomyocytes from IR damage, but also recruits neutrophils and enhances their HOCl production capacity. Our current data comparing the capacities of MIF vs noxMIF on neutrophil migration and cardiac IR damage in vivo , collectively identify noxMIF formation as a ROS/HOCl scavenging mechanism that also serves to limit the inflammatory recruitment response. Targeting MIF-ROS/HOCl interactions may represent a novel translational strategy to attenuate myocardial reperfusion injury.

Prospective Randomised Control Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Hypochlorous Acid as a Peritoneal Lavage Agent to Prevent Surgical Site Infection After Exploratory Laparotomy for Perforation Peritonitis

Development of synthetic biomaterials for skeletal reconstruction has progressed rapidly, driven partly by demand to reduce dependency on allografts. One class of materials, biopolymer nanocomposites, has shown promise when combined with additive manufacturing for these applications. The driving goal for the development of 3D-printable biopolymer nanocomposites composed of methacrylated monomers (triglycerides and triethylene glycol) and hydroxyapatite (HA) is to produce structurally robust and degradable customizable grafts. These materials must be able to withstand the loading conditions found invivo while allowing for degradation and remodeling processes. This study focused on the degradation potential of previously developed HA-containing biopolymer nanocomposites and the resulting consequences of degradation on their mechanical performance. One of the means to study a material's invivo degradation performance is to assess its susceptibility to oxidative degradation, as oxidation is naturally occurring in cell metabolism, inflammatory responses, and osteoclast resorption. Two invitro models of oxidative degradation were trialed: aqueous solutions of either hydrogen peroxide or neutral hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid was shown to be a useful invitro assessment for the degradation potential of biomaterials to different reactive oxygen species. The biopolymer nanocomposites were clearly susceptible to oxidative degradation, demonstrating significant changes in mass and surface morphology. Mechanical performance was reduced under these testing conditions. This was attributed to three main factors: swelling and water absorption effects, chemical modifications, and loss of structure. Overall, this study provides insights into the effects of oxidative degradation on biomaterial functionality and highlights the importance of exploring relevant physiological effects on mechanical properties when developing biomaterials.

A phenothiazine-based fluorescent probe for ultrafast and selective hypochlorous acid detection with hydrogel-integrated smartphone readout.

A novel near-infrared two-photon fluorescence probe for accurate imaging of hypochlorous acid in ferroptosis-mediated acute lung injury

A ratiometric and rapid-response fluorescent nanoprobe based on modification of carbon quantum dots by naphthalimide for HClO bioimaging in living cells and mice.

An in vitro study of the effects of pathophysiologically relevant levels of oxidative damage on cortical bone tissue quality.

A highly sensitive and fast responsive NBD-based fluorescent probe for determination hypochlorous acid in biological system

A novel and stable formulation of powdered high-assay calcium hypochlorite as a solid precursor of the antimicrobial compound hypochlorous acid: a preformulation study

The immune system's protection against invasive microorganisms and other biological functions in living things depend heavily on hypochlorous acid (HOCl). For the sensitive detection of HOCl, a turn-on fluorescent probe (W-HOCl) has been developed. The probe is well characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR and HRMS. Through the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide caused by HOCl, the probe quickly identifies HOCl. The fluorescence was enhanced 42 times as a result of the reaction between W-HOCl and HOCl. The probe has excellent photophysical properties along with a detection limit as low as 6 nM. The imaging of HOCl in living cells showed the probe's potential as an HOCl biosensor. Therefore, the probe is predicted to be useful for the accurate detection of HOCl in complex biosystems.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. The pathological hallmarks of AD are characterized by the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and elevated production of hypochlorous acid (HClO/ClO-) in the brain. However, there is a lack of effective tools to image the biological functions of Aβ aggregates and HClO/ClO- in the AD brain. In this study, we presented the first single-molecule fluorescent probe, CTAD-MB, capable of detecting both Aβ aggregates and HClO/ClO-. The design strategy for this probe combines an N,N-dimethyl-phenylcoumarin moiety, which has high affinity for Aβ aggregates, with a methylene blue derivative that specifically responds to hypochlorite. This bifunctional fluorescent probe provided distinct fluorescent signals for Aβ aggregates and HClO/ClO-. CTAD-MB demonstrated completely independent spectral responses to Aβ and HClO/ClO-, offering high selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid response. The probe was successfully employed in imaging the HClO/ClO- stimulated by Aβ aggregates in PC12 cells. Also, it was effectively applied for dual-channel detection of Aβ and HClO/ClO- in the live AD mouse, which could be used to distinguish from the brain inflammation mouse. This insight not only advances our understanding of AD but also provides new avenues for its diagnosis and treatment.

HOCl is an antiseptic solution for wounds produced from pure salt, with a concentrated free chlorine of 0.05%, pH 6-7 and ORP of 800-950 mV. Traditional Thai medicine uses salt to heal wounds and prevent rotting, giving rise to the idea of developing HOCl from Thai salt, sea salt, rock salt, and pink Himalayan salt to replace high-cost imported HOCl such as Envirolyte™, the purpose of which is to test the composition and physical properties of sea salt, Thai rock salt from 3 sources, and pink Himalayan rock salt from Pakistan compared to pure salt. Salt that has been tested for physical properties and contaminants is produced into Thai HOCl and tested for components. Physical Properties and Performance Compared to the standards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Methods A review of the benefits of salt in Thai traditional medicine recipes. Sea salt, rock salt, pink Himalayan rock salt, refined salt, Faraday's Law of Electrolysis, HOCl, EnvirolyteTM. Results HOCl produced from Thai salt had an initial pH of 8.25 and an ORP of 1,100 mV. Efficacy tests showed that 100% concentration reduced germ content (Colony-forming unit (CFU) reduced pathogens up to 0 CFU log 6 in 3 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes, concentration of 10% reduced pathogens up to 0 CFU log 6 in 3 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes, 10% concentration reduced pathogens up to 50 CFU log 5 in 3 minutes, 4 CFU log 5 in 15 minutes, 0 CFU log 5 in 30 minutes, and 0 CFU log 6 in 60 minutes. Thai HOCl was able to reduce the number of bacteria to an undetectable basis throughout the study period. In summary, each salt source has a different amount of sodium chloride and impurities. Rock salt from the South Salt Pond, Bo Klea District, Nan Province is of the best quality, suitable for the production of Thai HOCl, which has properties and efficacy similar to Envirolyte™ and meets CDC/EPA standards. Thai HOCl can be effectively used in general sanitation, food sanitation, and food contact surfaces. Thai HOCl is highly effective against various pathogens at a more affordable price than foreign HOCl with the same standard.

Abstract Purpose of Review This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on orbital necrotizing fasciitis (ONF), a rare but rapidly progressive and potentially fatal infectious condition. It is caused by various species of flesh-eating pathogens that can be challenging to eradicate due to their rampant infiltration across the orbital septum. The goal is to highlight diagnostic challenges, outline evidence-based management strategies, and evaluate emerging adjunctive therapies. Recent Findings Recent literature underscores the diagnostic difficulty of ONF due to its initial resemblance to benign periocular infections. Elevated inflammatory markers and cross-sectional imaging are critical to early identification. Prompt surgical debridement and intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics remain standard care. Adjunctive modalities—including systemic corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), negative pressure wound therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen—have been explored, with early reports also supporting the use of hypochlorous acid–based wound management. Summary Early recognition and multidisciplinary management are essential to reducing morbidity and mortality in ONF. While surgery and antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment, adjunctive therapies show promise and warrant further investigation. Future research should focus on standardized protocols and clinical trials to validate these emerging interventions.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious condition characterized by high morbidity and mortality, often manifesting as abnormal levels of bioactive molecules such as hypochlorous acid (HClO) in urine. We developed a highly sensitive fluorescent probe, Cy-PITC, capable of selectively lighting up trace hypochlorite at the ppb level in urine. Using this approach, HClO produced in an AKI cell model was sensitively detected. Notably, a significant signal enhancement was observed in the urine of AKI mice compared with the control group. Finally, urine samples from healthy volunteers and AKI patients were clearly distinguished within less than two minutes, without the need for complex instruments or specialized training. This strategy demonstrates great potential for use in low-resource settings, such as households, rural clinics, and conflict zones.

Aiming to improve photodynamic therapy (PDT)safety and specificity at the in vivo level, a new concept is proposed by combining the chemotaxis and circulating ability of macrophages with the controllable therapeutic efficiency of PDT. Moreover, an irradiation strategy is utilized of sunbathing to conduct PDT. Specifically, an inflammation-activable photosensitizer (Lyso710A) based on NIR BODIPY is designed and loaded it into macrophages. These "armed" macrophages are then transferred into the infected host to capture bacteria and transport them to the surface of the skin through blood circulation, where sunlight can penetrate. Upon capturing bacteria, the photodynamic effect of Lyso710A is turned on by the macrophage's endogenous hypochlorous acid (HClO). When these macrophages reach the epidermis, the bacteria are eradicated by the photodynamic effect of the activated photosensitizer during exposure to sunlight. Furthermore, this strategy demonstrates promising therapeutic efficacy in two animal models (mouse and rabbit) with systemic bacterial infection, using a low photosensitizer dose of 0.14mgKg-1 in animals. This work demonstrates an intelligent and promising approach to breaking the routine of PDT and, for the first time, executing PDT for deep-tissue bacterial infection simply by bathing in the sunshine.

Theranostic fluorescent platforms are capable of the selective delivery of small molecules to target cells with simultaneous optical monitoring. Such technologies promise to significantly reduce off-target effects compared with cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, small-molecule approaches are often hindered by relatively complex designs that are required to incorporate a fluorescent reporter, reactive linker, targeting ligand, and cargo into a single molecule. Herein, we provide the first direct evidence for the ability to gate the delivery of small-molecule cargos from phosphinate ester-containing Nebraska Red (NR) dyes in vitro and in living cells. This simplified system integrates the fluorescent reporter, reactive linker, and targeting ligand into one species─a phosphinate ester dye. As a proof-of-principle for delivery of drug-like molecules to cells, we developed NR-HOCl-TFMU, which responds to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), an analyte detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NR-HOCl-TFMU is stable for days prior to reaction with HOCl, leading to phosphinate ester hydrolysis and production of a NIR (near-infrared, NR dye) and blue (cargo) fluorescence signal. NR dye fluorescence is directly proportional to cargo release, and NR-HOCl-TFMU is capable of selectively delivering its drug-like, small-molecule cargo to AML cells in vitro and in a localized tumor model in an HOCl-gated manner. In the long term, we envision the potential use of this technology to afford HOCl-gated delivery systems with selectivity toward HOCl-positive AML cells. More broadly, this approach provides a potentially generalizable strategy for the development of simplified theranostic agents targeted toward small-molecule analytes and enzymatic activities associated with disease.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is generated during normal metabolic processes in the organisms and serves as a crucial indicator for detecting inflammatory processes. Research studies indicate that elevated levels of HClO in the body can lead to various diseases. In this context, we introduced a pyrene-based ratiometric fluorescence probe, designated as (Z)-2-(4-(1-isocyano-2-(pyren-1-yl)vinyl)-1-pyridin-1-yl)ethan-1-ol (PNE), specifically designed for the detection of HClO. The probe PNE can effectively capture low concentrations of HClO through direct interaction with the C = C bond, resulting in a significant alteration in the fluorescent signal that transitions from red to blue. Notably, PNE is capable of rapidly sensing HClO within only 7s, with a low limit of detection calculated at 48.8 nM. Furthermore, PNE demonstrates excellent selectivity towards HClO. By leveraging its superior properties, this probe enabled successful ratiometric monitoring of HClO within living cells.

Global gold consumption has steadily increased in recent decades, driven by expanding industrial applications and reserve accumulation by many countries. In parallel, depletion of high-grade deposits has shifted processing toward low-grade and refractory ores. These trends—together with tighter environmental regulations—highlight the need for alternative lixiviants for gold extraction. Although cyanide remains the industry standard, it is highly toxic and often ineffective for refractory sulfide ores. Other systems—thiosulfate (including ammoniacal thiosulfate), thiourea, and bromide/iodide lixiviants—are used far less frequently due to significant disadvantages. Among acidic chloride lixiviants, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was investigated as a promising candidate. Use of NaDCC requires strongly acidic solutions (pH < 1.0) and an excess of Cl–, i.e., conditions consistent with the stability domain of the Au(III) chloride complex (AuCl4–). Using the rotating-disk technique, we examined the effects of temperature, disk rotation rate, and HCl concentration on the specific dissolution rate of the reagent (NaDCC), as well as on solution pH and redox potential (Eh). NaDCC hydrolyzes in water to form hypochlorous acid (HClO)—the primary source of active chlorine—while the concurrent pH decrease arises from formation of weak acids (hypochlorous and cyanuric). Adding HCl to NaDCC solutions generates molecular chlorine (Cl2), which evolves once its solubility limit is exceeded. Gold-dissolution tests across NaDCC and HCl concentrations identified an optimum at [HCI] = 14.4 g/dm3 and [NaDCC] = 3.0 g/dm3, yielding a maximum gold dissolution rate of υAu = 0.118 mg/(cm2·min).

Pro-inflammatory signaling targets and free radicals contribute to the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC). Chemical drugs can reduce the UC, whereas their side effects limit their applications. Currently, plant remedies present a promising field for pharmaceutical research. Our study aims to screen bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract from Silybum marianum seeds (AESS) and determine its effect on neutrophil pro-inflammatory functions and colitis. The phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential of AESS were investigated. Human neutrophils were used to assess AESS cytotoxicity and its effects on oxygen-free radicals using chemiluminescence. The western blot was used to evaluate the degranulation mechanism. Furthermore, azurophilic granules, xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to examine the AESS effects on myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide anion (O₂-.) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). For the UC, rats were given oral (p.o.) doses of AESS and sulfasalazine (SSZ) for one week before colitis induction, then histological structure and inflammatory and oxidative markers were examined. Findings showed that AESS exhibited antioxidant capacities due to its flavonoids and mainly their flavonolignans, such as silychristin, silydianin, and silibinin A and silibinin B. Myeloperoxidase and HRP activities demonstrated that AESS decreased total oxygen radicals, H₂O₂ and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and modulated neutrophil degranulation. AESS (100 and 1000mg/kg, p.o.) prevents the rise of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β and preserves the microstructure of the colon and its redox status during the UC. Flavonolignans of AESS possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials, making it a safe candidate to prevent inflammation.