A possible case of hypertrophic osteopathy in osteological remains representing cattle hide processing from a Roman villa in England.

Pediatric dogs are predisposed to skeletal disorders during growth, with rickets, hypertrophic osteopathy, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism being the most common. Rickets, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency, leads to bone softening and deformities, whereas hypertrophic osteopathy involves abnormal calcium salt deposition that impairs mobility. This study investigated developmental orthopedic diseases in Aksaray Malakli dogs, focusing on nutritional factors and biochemical markers. Twenty-two pediatric dogs were examined and divided into two groups. Group I (n=11) showed gait abnormalities and postural deformities, whereas Group II (n=11) included clinically healthy dogs. Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical assessments were performed, including cortical index, parathormone, osteocalcin, vitamin D3, calcium, and phosphorus measurements. Nutritional history revealed that Group I dogs were fed exclusively with “yal,” a grain-based diet, likely leading to calcium deficiency and impaired skeletal development. Group II received a balanced diet including animal-based products and commercial feed. Clinical examinations indicated no pain in either group, but Group I showed abnormal posture and forelimb curvature. Radiographs revealed bone structural changes in Group I, while Group II maintained normal alignment. Biochemical tests demonstrated imbalances in Group I, particularly in vitamin D and phosphorus levels, and statistical analysis confirmed significant intergroup differences. These findings indicate that nutrition, vitamin D status, and calciumphosphorus balance are key contributors to metabolic bone disorders in Malakli dogs. Proper nutritional regulation during early growth may help prevent rickets and other metabolic bone diseases in this breed.

This study describes the clinical and radiographical findings of hypertrophic osteopathy in 5 female mature adult dogs with pulmonary and mediastinal masses. Besides, the literature review from the past to today provides information about the disease.

A German shepherd female dog, ten-year-old, was presented to the Department ofVeterinary Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore with the complaintof anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, limb weakness, difficulty in walking, and swellingin all limbs. Upon physical examination, there was no pain, non-oedematous swelling, and alllimbs were warm to touch. Radiography of both forelimbs revealed the presence of periostealproliferation in distal phalanges, metacarpal, metatarsal, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula bones.Radiography of lateral thorax revealed the presence of multiple radiodense lesions suggestiveof pulmonary metastasis. These led to the diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy as a result of metastatic lung tumor. It might be due to chronic anoxia, obscure toxins and autonomicneural vascular reflex mechanisms mediated by afferent branches of the vagus or intercostalnerves. Removal of inciting cause may or may not bring about regression of signs. Animal wasmanaged with steroids for some days. Animal collapsed after two months of diagnosis.

Pulmonary hypertrophic osteopathy (PHO) is a rare condition in dogs, especially in small breeds. This study presents a case report of a 13-year-old Shih Tzu diagnosed with PHO secondary to suspected pulmonary disease. According to the literature, PHO is more commonly observed in large and giant breed dogs and is usually associated with thoracic neoplasms, which makes this case unusual and noteworthy. The presumptive diagnosis was primarily based on radiographic findings and the presence of pulmonary changes, even without histopathological confirmation. This case highlights the importance of considering PHO in dogs of any size when persistent locomotor signs are present, particularly if associated with potential thoracic lesions.

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) is a condition in which periosteal bone forms along long bone diaphyses and metaphyses. Lesions generally affect all 4 limbs, and often involve the distal portions. The pathogenesis is incompletely understood, and many, but not all, cases are associated with concurrent neoplasia or space-occupying masses. Among veterinary species, most cases are reported in dogs, cats, and horses, with sporadic cases in other domestic and non-domestic species. In cervids, this condition is often associated with fungal granulomas, typically in the lung. We report HO, with findings consistent to other veterinary species, in a farmed white-tailed deer (WTD) with bacterial pneumonia and in 3 free-ranging WTD, one of which had fungal pneumonia. Recognition of HO in WTD and potentially associated conditions can lead to improved sample collection in the field. Such information can improve characterization of the disease, complement our understanding of comparative pathology of this condition, and raise awareness among individuals or institutions working with cervids.

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) is a paraneoplastic syndrome, and the most notable cause in dogs is pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma (OSA). Although many molecular factors in canine OSA have been shown in metastasis, little is known about the gene expression profile of HO secondary to metastatic OSA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression profiles between primary and metastatic OSA lesions from the same dog and to look for gene expression changes that can elucidate the molecular mechanism of metastases and HO. Tumoral samples were obtained from a 2-year-old, intact male, Labrador retriever. At the first visit, the patient presented with an appendicular OSA as the primary lesion. About 10 months later, the dog developed HO due to a single pulmonary metastasis. Using these primary and metastatic samples from the same dog, as well as normal canine osteoblasts, we investigated the gene expression profiling using the NanoString nCounter® Canine IO panel. A total of 180 differentially expressed genes were identified between malignant OSA cells and non-malignant canine osteoblasts. Furthermore, 5 genes (CCL17, VEGFC, C3, C4BPA, and FOS) were differentially expressed in comparison between primary and metastatic OSA samples. CCL17 and VEGFC were upregulated in the primary lesion compared to the metastatic lesion, while C3, C4BPA, and FOS were downregulated in the primary lesion relative to the metastatic lesion. Given that the metastatic lesion was relevant to the development of HO, the different gene expression profiles may be relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of HO.

Abstract A 9‐year‐old dog was presented for a 2‐month history of bilateral carpal, stifle and tarsal swelling and a large thyroid mass. Carpal radiographs indicated hypertrophic osteopathy, thoracic radiographs revealed an intrathoracic mass, fine‐needle aspirate of the thoracic mass diagnosed carcinoma, and subsequent cervical, thoracic and abdominal computed tomographies revealed widespread hypertrophic osteopathy, bilateral thyroid cystic structures and a soft tissue mass in the right cranial mediastinum or lung. After unilateral thyroidectomy and thoracotomy for a lung lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node extirpation, the dog was diagnosed with a benign cyst of the thyroid and a completely excised grade II pulmonary carcinoma with no metastasis to the mediastinal lymph node. After 135 days of presentation, the dog presented with increased respiratory effort, and pleural effusion was diagnosed. Thoracocentesis was performed, and cytology of the fluid was concerning for carcinoma. The dog further declined rapidly and was euthanased 178 days after the initial presentation.

Hypertrophic osteopathy is a diffuse proliferative condition involving the periosteum of long bones in dogs secondary to neoplastic or infectious masses in the thoracic or abdominal cavity.A nine-year-old German shepherd dog was presented to Dept. of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru with the complaint of anorexia, dullness, loss of body condition and swelling of forelimbs which was more prominent in left forelimb.On physical examination the left forelimb was warm to touch, no pain and non-oedematous swelling was noticed.Radiography of both the forelimbs revealed periosteal proliferation.The thoracic radiograph revealed radiodense lesions in the lung field suggesting metastatic tumours and the pet had undergone mammary tumour excision two months back.Based on these it was diagnosed as hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to metastatic pulmonary tumours.

Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) has incompletely defined CT features. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective case series was to assess prostatic, regional, and distant findings of PC. Thirty dogs were enrolled. Consistent prostatic features included postcontrast heterogeneity with hypoattenuating, nonenhancing areas (30/30), capsular distortion (29/30), prostatic urethral effacement, displacement, or invasion (28/30), precontrast heterogeneity (27/30), and mineralization (24/30) which was always within or at the margin of the hypoattenuating areas. Consistent extraprostatic features included medial iliac lymph node enlargement (20/30), internal iliac lymph node enlargement (15/30), and periprostatic fat streaking or fluid (15/29). In a minority of dogs, there was lymph node mineralization, bladder trigone invasion, ureteral dilation, ductus deferens invasion, and bony changes consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. Strongly suspected and potential bony metastases were noted infrequently (8/26), all in vertebrae regional to the prostate. In conclusion, these findings provide guidance on the expected CT features of canine PC.

Abstract A 6‐year‐old, male, neutered, crossbreed dog was presented with a history of lethargy, chronic cough, right thoracic limb lameness, bilateral distal thoracic limb swelling and non‐healing skin wounds. Computed tomography showed bilateral forelimb irregular periosteal reaction and chronic right cranial lung lobe torsion, with secondary bronchiectasis. The affected lung lobe was surgically excised, the right radius was biopsied, and postoperative antimicrobial therapy was prescribed. Histopathology and bacterial culture confirmed chronic lung lobe torsion, associated bacterial bronchopneumonia, and right radial hypertrophic osteopathy. Two months after starting treatment, the respiratory signs resolved and the soft tissue swelling and lameness markedly improved. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report describing hypertrophic osteopathy suspected secondary to chronic lung lobe torsion in a dog.

A 10-year-old spayed female cat presented to our hospital exhibiting symptoms of fatigue and a drooping head. Upon examination, the cat was diagnosed with hypokalemia and an enlarged right adrenal gland. Effective management of the hypokalemia was achieved through medication. However, during the course of follow-up, on day 646, the cat developed diabetes mellitus. Subsequently, on day 899, the cat displayed signs of hypertrophic osteopathy. The hypertrophic osteopathy exhibited a progressive course, and the cat died on follow-up day 1109. Although an autopsy was not conducted, the case was characterized by an adrenal tumor accompanied by multiple hormonal abnormalities.

Abstract Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) is a pathological condition characterized by progressive, bilateral and symmetrical periosteal bone hyperostosis. Hypertrophic osteopathy is considered a secondary disease that occurs as a consequence of many chronic processes, which are primarily localized in the thoracic cavity (intrathoracic lesions), and less as a result of changes in the abdominal cavity (extrathoracic lesions). We describe a case of a 3.5-year-old female unneutered short-haired cat with a history of chronic weight loss, decreased appetite, dyspnea, and wet cough. During the native X-ray examination of the thoracic cavity, a clearly limited homogeneous radiopaque shadow which covered the entire thoracic cavity was found, as well as periostitis of the front limbs, mainly on the humeri, radii and ulnae. After euthanizing the cat, a control X-ray examination and necropsy of the body was performed. The necropsy revealed a soft-tissue proliferation measuring 13 x 5 x 4 cm and weighing 228 g, and a pronounced ossified periostosis of the long bones, while the histopathological findings revealed adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes. The outcome of hypertrophic osteopathy mostly depends on the primary cause. If the initial lesion had been identified and removed on time, the condition would have also receded spontaneously. The primary tool in determining hypertrophic osteopathy is X-ray diagnosis. Considering the determination of this condition is an indicator of ongoing severe disease, especially in the thoracic cavity, its early diagnosis would lead to prolongation of the animal's life.

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) is a diffuse periosteal reactivity of long bones and of poor prognosis as most cases died after short time or euthanized at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis is greatly important. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the clinical and different imaging features of HO in 12 dogs and hematological and biochemical changes. Twenty-two dogs were included in this study; 10 apparently healthy dogs were used as controls, and 12 dogs were diagnosed with HO. Diagnosis of HO-affected cases was based on a range of clinical, laboratory, and histopathological examinations as well as different imaging techniques. Two forms of HO were diagnosed: pulmonary (n=5) and extrapulmonary (n=7) HO. In pulmonary HO, pneumonia was recorded in five dogs. However, in extrapulmonary HO, mammary gland tumors and skin tumors were recorded in five and two dogs, respectively. Symmetrical non-edematous soft tissue swelling at the lower parts of the limbs with intensive bone proliferation and periosteal reactivity in the tubular long bones was observed. Anemia and leukocytosis, mainly lymphocytosis 50% or neutrophilia 45%, and elevated serum globulin, alkaline phosphatase, and C-reactive protein levels were the significant associated laboratory findings. The use of different diagnostic techniques was greatly important in the diagnosis of HO in dogs and provided information on the prognosis of such cases.

Abstract An 8‐year‐old, female, neutered cocker spaniel presented with progressive lethargy, inappetence and right pelvic limb lameness. Regional mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy had been performed 11 months prior. Mild neutrophilia and increased C‐reactive protein were present. Radiographs revealed mild periosteal reaction of distal long bone diaphyses of all limbs, consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. Abdominal imaging revealed a mesenteric mass with a central woven radiopaque foreign body diagnosed as a gossypiboma following surgical excision and histopathology. Postoperatively the patient developed acute decompensation of suspected chronic subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation and suffered cardiac arrest. Hypertrophic osteopathy was confirmed with multifocal periosteal hyperostosis and concurrent myelofibrosis within the medulla of the long bones. Hypertrophic osteopathy occurs secondary to chronic inflammatory or neoplastic intrathoracic lesions and rarely due to abdominal pathology. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first description of hypertrophic osteopathy associated with an abdominal gossypiboma with sequential disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Abstract An 8‐year‐old female‐spayed Great Dane was referred for further investigation of a 1‐month history of stiff gait, pain on palpation of the limbs, weight loss and pyrexia. Investigations revealed a generalized soft tissue swelling along the long axis of the forelimbs and to a smaller extent on the hindlimbs. CT identified a mixed osteolytic and osteoproliferative mass originating from the second right rib. CT also showed characteristic features of hypertrophic osteopathy along the forelimbs and proximal hindlimbs. Cytology of the rib mass was consistent with an aggressive sarcoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second documented case of hypertrophic osteopathy associated with rib sarcoma without evidence of lung metastasis.

Abstract An 11‐year‐old female Persian cat was presented with a 4‐week history of anorexia, exercise intolerance, weight loss and difficulty in ambulation. Plain radiographs and CT revealed diffuse symmetric hyperostosis of the appendicular skeleton and multiple, space‐occupying masses in the lungs along with bronchial consolidation of the caudal lung lobe. The lung masses were labelled strongly by pan‐cytokeratin but not by vimentin and diagnosed as lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. The cat did not respond to chemotherapy and was euthanized 77 days later. Post‐mortem examination of bone sample confirmed the diagnosis of new bone formation (hypertrophic osteopathy).

Pulmonary actinomycosis is described in 17 South Australian koalas necropsied between 2016 and 2019. From these cases, four koalas had secondary hypertrophic osteopathy. Plain radiographical and computed tomography images demonstrated periosteal reaction on multiple appendicular skeletal bones in all cases, including scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, ilium, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpus, metatarsus and phalanx. Grossly, periosteal surfaces of the metaphyses and diaphyses of long bones were thickened and roughened; microscopically, this was characterised by bi-layered proliferation of well-differentiated trabecular bony spicules oriented perpendicular to the cortex (pseudocortices) and separated by vascular connective tissue, typical for hypertrophic osteopathy. Well characterised in domestic species and rarely reported in marsupials, this is the first radiographical and pathological characterisation of hypertrophic osteopathy in koalas, associated with pulmonary actinomycosis in all cases.

Hypertrophic osteopathy (OH), or acropachy, is a condition of the musculoskeletal system, characterized clinically by lameness following the painful thickening of the extremities of all limbs. Radiographically, there is a generalized palisading periosteal reaction, involving the diaphyseal cortex of the long bones of the limbs. It mainly affects older dogs, but can also affect other domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. It occurs as a secondary manifestation, associated with a wide range of internal diseases, thoracic or abdominal, neoplastic or non-neoplastic.

An 18 month old Boer doe in late pregnancy was presented for severe distal limb swelling and lameness of all 4 limbs, hyporexia, and tachypnea. Doe was hyporexic for several days prior to presentation and was ~ 137 - 141 days pregnant. Radiography showed that the doe had bronchopneumonia, and palisading periosteal proliferation of her metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges. A diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to bronchopneumonia, or pregnancy, or the combined effects of bronchopneumonia and pregnancy, was made. Three months following parturition and treatment for pneumonia, doe was re-evaluated, at that time, both pneumonia and orthopedic changes were almost completely resolved. This represents the first reported case of hypertrophic osteopathy in a domestic goat. It is uncertain what role bronchopneumonia and advanced pregnancy had in the development of hypertrophic osteopathy.