Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Antioxidative Potentials of Annona muricata Pulp and Allium cepa Bulb Juices

Aim: To establish the in vitro antioxidative potentials of juice samples of Annona muricata (soursop) fruit pulp and Allium cepa (onion) bulb. 
 Study Design: The experimental research design was adopted in this study, but without intervention. 
 Place and Duration of Study: Springboard Laboratories, Awka, Nigeria, in June 2022. 
 Methodology: Traditional method of juice preparation was used to prepare the juices of the soursop fruit pulp and onion bulb. The parameters assayed for were; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, total phenol content, total antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoids content using standard laboratory techniques at 100, 200 and 300 mg/ml concentrations of the samples in triplicates. Appropriate standards were set up alongside the tests to compare antioxidant properties of the test sample. 
 Results: The results showed that Annona muricata pulp and Allium cepa bulb juices, at the concentrations studied, possessed these antioxidant properties studied in varying quantities. It was also observed that values for total antioxidant capacity for soursop juice at 300 mg/ml concentration, and ABTS scavenging activity for onion juice at all concentrations were significantly higher than the reference. The value obtained for DPPH scavenging activity for onion juice at 300 mg/ml concentration and total flavonoids content for onion juice were statistically similar to the reference. 
 Conclusion: Both juices are natural sources of exogenous antioxidants which can be exploited to benefit humans.

Antioxidant Properties and Prediction of Bioactive Peptides Produced from Flixweed (sophia, Descurainis sophia L.) and Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) Seed Meal: Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Flixweed (sophia) seed meal and camelina, both by-products of oil processing, were employed to generate protein hydrolysates by applying Flavourzyme and Alcalase. This study aimed to integrate in vitro and in silico methods to analyze sophia and camelina protein hydrolysates for releasing potent antioxidative, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. In vitro methods were used to investigate the antioxidant potential of sophia/camelina protein hydrolysates. Bioinformatics techniques, including Peptideranker, BIOPEP, Toxinpred, AlgPred, and SwissADME, were employed to obtain the identification of bioactive peptides produced during the hydrolysis process. Protein hydrolysates produced from sophia and camelina seed meal exhibited higher ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities Ithan their protein isolates. Among the produced protein hydrolysates, Alcalase-treated samples showed the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In addition, sophia/camelina hydrolysates prevented hydroxyl and peroxyl radical-induced DNA scission and LDL cholesterol oxidation. In silico proteolysis was conducted on Alcalase-treated samples, and resultant peptides showed potential DPP IV and ACE-inhibitory activities. Identified peptides were further assessed for their toxicity and medicinal properties. Results indicate that all digestive-resistant peptides were non-toxic and had desirable drug-like properties. The findings of this study suggest that sophia/camelina protein hydrolysates are promising candidates for functional foods, nutraceuticals, and natural therapeutics.

Phenolic Acid Functional Quaternized Chitooligosaccharide Derivatives: Preparation, Characterization, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity.

As a promising biological material, chitooligosaccharide (COS) has attracted increasing attention because of its unique biological activities. In this study, fourteen novel phenolic acid functional COS derivatives were successfully prepared using two facile methods. The structures of derivatives were characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. The in vitro antioxidant activity experiment results demonstrated that the derivatives presented stronger 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power, especially the N,N,N-trimethylated chitooligosaccharide gallic acid salt (GLTMC), gallic acid esterified N,N,N-trimethylated chitooligosaccharide (GL-TMC) and caffeic acid N,N,N-trimethylated chitooligosaccharide (CFTMC) derivatives. Furthermore, the antifungal assay was carried out and the results indicated that the salicylic acid esterified N,N,N-trimethylated chitooligosaccharide (SY-TMC) had much better inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum. Additionally, the results of the bacteriostasis experiment showed that the caffeic acid esterified N,N,N-trimethylated chitooligosaccharide (CF-TMC) had the potential ability to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Altogether, this study may provide a neoteric method to produce COS derivatives with significantly increased biological activities, which have potential use in food, medicine, and health care products and other related industries.

Synthesis and its biological activity of carboxymethyl hemicellulose p-hydroxybenzoate (P-CMHC)

Hemicellulose extracted from ecalyptus APMP pulping waste liquor and undergoes etherification modification to produce carboxymethyl hemicellulose (CMHC). Subsequently, CMHC undergoes esterification reaction with p-hydroxybenzoic acid to synthesize a novel polysaccharide-based preservative known as carboxymethyl hemicellulose p-hydroxybenzoate (P-CMHC). The synthesis conditions of P-CMHC were optimized using the response surface methodology, resulting in an optimal esterification condition that achieved a degree of substitution of 0.232. P-CMHC exhibits excellent antioxidant activity, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Additionally, it demonstrates favorable hygroscopic and moisturizing properties. Thiazole blue (MTT) experiments evaluating cell proliferation rate indicate that P-CMHC possesses negligible cytotoxicity, making it a promising, safe, and healthy preservative. Consequently, it can be considered as a new material for applications in the fields of biomedicine, food, and cosmetics.

Neuroprotective Potential of Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. and A. Huet subsp. refractum (Nábelek) Mory: Role of NRF2-KEAP1 Pathway

The extracts of Glaucium grandiflorum have been used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, no former study has investigated whether the alkaloid extracts of G. grandiflorum have antioxidative effects against oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidative effects of the alkaloid extracts of G. grandiflorum with a variety of targets and probable mechanisms. First, we used spectrophotometry to investigate alkaloid extracts with respect to their alkaloid amounts. Then, we determined the alkaloid extracts’ impact on thiol/disulfide homeostasis, total oxidant status/total antioxidant status/oxidative stress index, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Finally, the effects of alkaloid extracts on the genes in the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway were determined via qRT-PCR. We conducted molecular docking analyses to determine the potential binding of isoquinoline alkaloids found within the alkaloid extracts with target proteins. We observed the best results from chloroform alkaloid extract and methanol alkaloid extract. Chloroform alkaloid extract was prominent in DPPH radical scavenging and metal ions chelating, and methanol alkaloid extract showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Alkaloid extract groups substantially increased in total thiol activity, native thiol activity, disulfide activity, total antioxidant status level, antioxidant enzyme levels, and gene expression levels (GCLC, HO-1, NRF2, and NQO1) compared to the H2O2 group. Also, alkaloid extract groups led to a significant drop in total oxidant status level, oxidative stress index level, and KEAP1 gene expression level relative to the H2O2 group. According to our study results, oxidative stress brought about by H2O2 was regulated by alkaloid extracts. As a result, a phytochemical-based therapeutic that regulates H2O2-induced oxidative stress was brought to the neurochemical field.

Pre-Clinical Evaluation for Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Boswellia seratta

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antibacterial potential of Boswellia serrata extract. Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, Hydroxyl, and Total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using hyaluronidase enzyme inhibitory assay in which Indomethacin was taken as a reference drug. Agar diffusion was used as a test for antibacterial activity. Grampositive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria were chosen for the experiment. As a standard medication, ciprofloxacin was used. Results: Test sample free radical scavenging activity was assessed at 10μg, 50μg, and 100μg concentrations. Results demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition (75.90% at 100μl concentration). Results for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were compared to Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 10μl, 50μl, and 100μl. Hydoxyl radical scavenging activity was dosedependent like free radical scavenging activity. Inhibition was highest at 100μl concentration (89%), while standard medication Ascorbic acid demonstrated 94.84%.Sample concentrations (10μg, 50μg, and 100μg) were tested for nitric oxide scavenging activity, with maximal scavenging reported. Obtained 87.64% at 100μl concentration, compared to 89.73% for reference medication BHA. Hyaluronidase enzyme inhibition testing results show 84.84 % inhibition at 100μl concentration (Maximum inhibition). Conclusions: Boswellia serrata standard extract shows dose-dependent free radical scavenging and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities.

Preparation and physicochemical characterization of inclusion complex of pterostilbene-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for enhancing the application of pterostilbene in cosmetics

Pterostilbene (PTS) is a kind of natural plant polyphenol with a high antioxidant capacity. However, it is a challenge to apply PTS in cosmetic formulations due to its lower water solubility and stability. In order to overcome these limitations, a PTS-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (PTS-HP-β-CD) inclusion complex with a 1:1 host–guest molar ratio was prepared using the stirred solution method. The inclusion complex of PTS-HP-β-CD was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), two-dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D ROESY), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the photostability and antioxidant activity of PTS and PTS-HP-β-CD were also evaluated. After complexation with HP-β-CD, the water solubility of PTS was found to be 81-fold higher by phase solubility. The results of XRD, SEM, 1H NMR, and 2D ROESY demonstrated that PTS was successfully encapsulated by HP-β-CD and formed a 1:1 inclusion complex. After the formation of the PTS-HP-β-CD inclusion complex, TG, DSC, UV irradiation, DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity revealed that the stability and antioxidant activity of PTS were enhanced. Therefore, this work could provide a promising approach to improve the application of PTS or other polyphenolic substances in cosmetic formulations.

Determination of In-vitro antioxidant activity of Ougeinia oojeinensis leaves

In this investigation, the In-vitro antioxidant Activity of extracts of leaves of Ougeinia oojeinensis was evaluated. The antioxidant activity in vitro was measured by means DPPH, Reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis exhibited percent inhibition 66.774% and its IC50 value was found to be 43.503μg/ml. DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis exhibited percent inhibition 76.267% and its IC50 value was found to be 25.722μg/ml. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference compound which exhibited percent inhibition 89.428% and showed IC50 value of 15.615 μg/ml. Similarly hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis exhibited percent inhibition 62.183% and its IC50 value was found to be 69.341 μg/ml. Similary, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis exhibited percent inhibition 75.84% and its IC50 value was found to be 33.360μg/ml. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference compound which exhibited percent inhibition 87.749% and showed IC50 value of 9.904 μg/ml. The methanolic extract showed strong reducing capacity as compared to ethyl acetate extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis.

Extraction of nutrients from Rumex vesicarius, a wild indigenous edible plant from United Arab Emirates

In the present study, an attempt has been done to explore the phytochemicals and proximate compositions from an edible plant Rumex vesicarius, which is found in the wild habitats in United Arab Emirates. Extracts were prepared from the dried powder of the areal parts of the plant using methanol as solvent in Soxhlet. The extract was tested for phytochemicals and also studied for the proximate composition. The antioxidant power of the extract was determined by using four different assays (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity). The results revealed that the extracts contain phytochemicals, which can be used as effective radical scavengers. The antioxidant activities were highly significant in the extract, which shows that this plant has high potential to be used in traditional and alternative medical systems. The present information would be of helpful for the future isolation and pharmacologically active compound identification from this plant.

Effect of radiation processing on physico-chemical quality and inhibition of yeast and mold and aerobic bacterial count in natural plum juice during refrigerated storage

Fully red plums (Cv. Santa Rosa) harvested at proper maturity were processed into juice and packed in polypropylene (PP) bottles. The packaged juice was irradiated at 0.5 kGy and stored at 3 ± 1 °C for 50 days. Samples were evaluated at intervals of 10 days for physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes. Results indicated that dose of 0.5 kGy maintained higher levels of total soluble solids, sugars and total ascorbic acid in juice towards later storage periods compared to control. Dose of 0.5 kGy significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced total phenols in plum juice by 2.3 % following irradiation. Anthocyanins content of plum juice decreased both with dose and storage, however after 50 days decrease in anthocyanin content was 30.8 % in un-irradiated juice compared to 23.3 % in 0.5 kGy treated juice. Among individual anthocyanins, monoglycoside anthocyanins especially cyanidin-3-rutinoside was less stable to irradiation compared to diglycoside anthocyanins. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of juice increased by 6.8 % and 4.9 % above control after irradiation at 0.5 kGy. Microbial populations significantly reduced by irradiation at 0.5 kGy and about 1 log reduction in yeast and mold count was observed after irradiation. Dose of 0.5 kGy was sufficient to reduce total bacterial levels below detection limit up to 20 days of storage. Sensory analysis indicated that un-irradiated plum juice was unacceptable within 20–30 days while 0.5 kGy treated juice was acceptable up to 50 days of refrigerated storage.

Sensory, physicochemical and antioxidant properties coupled with chemometric analysis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong) enriched Apis cerana honey

A multifloral honey produced by Apis cerana was enriched with different concentrations of locally grown Bentong ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong) extract. The sensory qualities, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the ginger enriched honeys were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the addition of ginger extract intensified the sensorial perception of woody, fresh, astringency, bitterness, persistence, and aftertaste attributes, but weakened sweetness, floral-fruity, and warm attributes, also with lower viscosity and adhesiveness compared to the original honey. It also increased the color intensity (272–295 mAU), water content (20–21%), water activity (0.538–0.551), pH (4.84–4.87), electrical conductivity (445–534 μS/cm), and reducing sugar content (60–63%), but decreased the total soluble solid (81–79 °Brix) of the honey. Besides, it contributed to two-fold increment of total phenolic content (37–46 mg GAE/kg) and led to significant elevation of iron chelating activity (24–25%), superoxide anion (83–86%) and hydroxyl (71–73%) radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, strong relationships among physicochemical parameters and antioxidant properties were revealed. Principal component analysis displayed honey enriched with 18% (w/w) ginger extract as a prominent source of physicochemical, phenolic, and antioxidant components. Overall, enrichment of multifloral honey using Bentong ginger extract produces distinct sensory characteristics and enhances antioxidant properties with significant correlation to the physicochemical properties.

Phytochemical Investigation and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract

The present study was undertaken to analyse the photochemical constituents both qualitatively and quantitatively in the peel extract of Citrus sinensis. The studies showed that the major phyto constituents present in the methanolic extract was hesperidin and nobiletin. The DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extract was found to be better than the other extracts used in the study. Finger printing assay of the extract was carried out using HPTLC and we report the presence of two flavonoids - nobelitin and hesperidin. Keywords: C.sinensis peel, HPTLC, antioxidant, phenolic compound, phyto constituents.

Estimation of phytochemical constituents and analysis of antioxidant activity in different parts of plant

Oxidative stress is defined as a condition in which the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system gets disturbed and causes free radical induced diseases. The current research was aimed to carrying out quantification of phytochemicals in different parts of and explores the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of leaf (CFL), seed (CFS), and bark (CFB) to show their therapeutic importance. The antioxidant potential of plant parts was assessed by free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SARSA), reducing power (RP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and ferric thiocyanate activity (FTC). Quercetin was used as a standard to measure the antioxidant activity. Among the tested plant extracts, CFB had the highest total phenolics and protein content than those of CFS and CFL, whereas CFL had the highest ascorbic acid, carotenoids and carbohydrate content than CFB and CFS plant parts. Antioxidant assay showed CFB had the lowest ICvalue for FRSA (35.48 μg/ml), LPO (91.91 μg/ml), HRSA (106.87 μg/ml) and FTC (53.21 μg/ml). CFS showed the lowest IC for SARSA (24.54 μg/ml) and the highest RP (2.14 ASE/ml). Overall, the bark of could be a potential natural antioxidant source for food as well as pharmaceutical applications.

Identification and evaluation of antioxidant peptides from highland barley distiller's grains protein hydrolysate assisted by molecular docking

The aim of this study was to identify antioxidant peptides from highland barley distiller's grains and evaluate their antioxidant activity in vitro. The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysate of highland barley distiller's grains prepared by ultrasonic assisted alkaline protease had antioxidant properties, aromatic amino acids accounted for 61.48% of the total free amino acids and acidic/basic amino acids accounted for 40.82% of the total hydrolyzed amino acids in enzymatic hydrolysate. Ultrafiltration component F1 (Mw < 1 kDa) had the highest DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and ferrous ion chelating activity, which were 93.92%, 69.59%, 50.27% and 0.71, respectively. Four peptides were identified and screened by LC-MS/MS and the P1 (SWDNFFR) and P4 (WDWVGGR) showed high scavenging ability of DPPH free radical (70.23%-62.84%) and ABTS free radical (30.87%-60.54%). Molecular docking showed that P1 and P4 formed multiple hydrogen bonds with central residues of MPO.

Characterization of the structure, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic activity of soy (Glycine max L.) protein hydrolysates

This study aimed to hydrolyze soy isolate protein (SPI) using five enzymes (alcalase, pepsin, trypsin, papain, and bromelain) in order to obtain five enzymatic hydrolysates and to elucidate the effect of enzymes on structural and biological activities of the resulting hydrolysates. The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of the soy protein isolate hydrolysates (SPIEHs) were evaluated through in silico analysis, revealing that the alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest potential, followed by the papain and bromelain hydrolysates. Subsequently, the degree of hydrolysis (DH), molecular weight distribution (MWD), amino acid composition, structure, antioxidant activities, and hypoglycemic activity in vitro of SPIEHs were analyzed. After enzymatic treatment, the particle size, polymer dispersity index (PDI), ζ-potentials, β-sheet content and α-helix content of SPIEHs was decreased, and the maximum emission wavelength of all SPIEHs exhibited red-shifted, which all suggesting the structure of SPIEHs was unfolded. More total amino acids (TAAs), aromatic amino acids (AAAs), and hydrophobic amino acids (HAAs) were found in alcalase hydrolysate. For 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and α-amylase inhibitory activity, alcalase hydrolysate had the lowest IC50; alcalase hydrolysate and papain hydrolysate had the lowest IC50 for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Physiological activity of SPIEHs was evaluated thoroughly by 5-Axe cobweb charts, and the results revealed that alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the greatest biological activities.

Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of popcorn nejayote

The pursuit of reusing agribusiness residues towards decreasing their environmental impact has led to the study of its components to know their possible applications. The nejayote is the alkaline wastewater of different food products of nixtamalized corn. This study characterized the physicochemical properties of popcorn nejayote (NP) and determined its total phenolics content (TP) and antioxidant capacity by standard synthetic assays (ABTS and DPPH) and physiologically relevant ones (reducing power -RP-, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity -OH-, and iron chelation IRON). NP antioxidant capacity determined by ABTS, and DPPH methods were 387.9±0.7 and 419.3±2.9 mM Trolox equivalents (mM TE)/mL, respectively. The NP showed 296% RP compared to a control solution of coumaric acid (0.1 M). Also, the NP was obtained at 143% IRON compared to a control solution of caffeic acid (0.1 M). In the case of OH, values ranged from 27% to 45% compared with control solutions. TP was 0.26±0.006 μg gallic acid equivalents/mL (mg GAE/mL). Pearson's correlation analysis found that TP is correlated to the OH, IRON, and DPPH, while IRON activity correlates with OH and ABTS. And finally, OH correlated with DPPH. To the best of our knowledge, this study is NP's first antioxidant capacity report.

Anti-skin Aging Potential of Sargassum thunbergii Ethanolic Extract: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiwrinkle Effects on L929 Fibroblast Cells

Increasing life expectancy of the human population has created a demand for functional food with anti-skin aging properties. Skin aging is a degenerative process caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and matrix destruction. Some secondary metabolites isolated from marine macroalgae have been shown to exhibit potential dermatological benefits. The present study investigated the skin-protective properties of the ethanolic extract from Sargassum thunbergii (STEE) via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiwrinkle effects on mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The optimal extraction conditions for STEE were determined as follows: ratio of liquid to solid 25 : 1 mL/g, concentration of ethanol 40.2%, and extraction time 40 min. STEE was further purified by adsorption using a macroporous resin, SP700. STEE exhibited high DPPH radical and hydroxyl scavenging activity in vitro, enhanced the viability of H2O2-treated L929 cells, and reduced intracellular ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant capacity in H2O2-treated L929 cells were increased while malondialdehyde content was markedly reduced by pretreatment with STEE. The inhibitory effect of STEE on H2O2-induced inflammation was shown by the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, STEE reduced the matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and inhibited collagenase and elastase activities. Moreover, STEE was nonirritating to human skin at 100 mg/mL according to the in vitro skin irritation test using EpiSkin™. Hemolysis assay showed that the hemolysis EC50 (1275 μg/mL) of STEE is much higher than the maximum effective concentration (125 μg/mL) against H2O2 exposure. Our results demonstrate that STEE may be a good candidate for the development of anti-skin aging functional food and cosmetic products.

Antioxidant Peptides Derived from Millet Bran Promote Longevity and Stress Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Millet bran as a by-product of millet grain processing remains a reservoir of active substances. In this study, functional millet bran peptides (MBPE) were obtained from bran proteins after alcalase hydrolysis and ultrafiltration. The activity of MBPE was assessed in vitro and in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In vitro, compared to unhydrolyzed proteins, MBPE significantly enhanced the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity, and the scavenging rate of MBPE with 15,000 U/g alcalase reached 42.79 ± 0.31%, 61.38 ± 0.41 and 45.69 ± 0.84%, respectively. In C. elegans, MBPE at 12.5µg/mL significantly prolonged the lifespan by reducing lipid oxidation, oxidative stress, and lipofuscin levels. Furthermore, MBPE increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Genetic analyses showed that MBPE-mediated longevity was due to a significant increase in the expression of daf-16 and skn-1, which are also involved in xenobiotic and oxidative stress responses. In conclusion, this study found that MBPE had antioxidant and life-prolonging effects, which are important for the development and utilization of millet bran proteins as resources of active ingredients.

HPLC Analysis and In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Polyphenolic Components Separated with Solvents of Various Polarities from Helichrysum italicum.

Helichrysum italicum has piqued the interest of many researchers in recent years, mostly for its essential oil, but increasingly for its polyphenolic content as well. In the current study, we examine the polyphenolic composition of H. italicum grown in Bulgaria. The polyphenolic complex was fractionated with solvents of various polarities, including hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol, in order to assess the biological impact of the components. HPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS/MS were used to examine all fractions. The green coffee fingerprint profile was employed as a "surrogate standard" in the polyphenolic components detection approach. From the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, we identified 60 components of the polyphenolic complex such as quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin acetyl-glycoside, isorhamnetin acetyl-glycoside, isorhamnetin caffeoyl-glycoside, quercetin caffeoyl-malonyl-glycoside, isorhamnetin coumaroyl-glycoside, coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid, and diCQA-acetyl-derivative were first reported in the composition of H. italicum. The biological activity of the fractions was evaluated in vitro and in silico, which included the fight against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), metal-chelating activity (MChA)) and nitrosative (nitric oxide scavenging activity) (NOSA)), in vitro anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activity. Results are presented as IC50 ± SD μg/mL. The analysis showed that the EtOAc fraction was characterized by highest HPSA (57.12 ± 1.14 μg/mL), HRSA (92.23 ± 1.10 μg/mL), MChA (5.60 ± 0.17 μg/mL), and NOSA (89.81 ± 2.09 μg/mL), while the hexane and chloroform fractions showed significantly higher in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (30.48 ± 2.33 μg/mL, 62.50 ± 1.69 μg/mL) compared to the standard ibuprofen. All three fractions showed potential anti-arthritic activity (102.93 ± 8.62 μg/mL, 108.92 ± 4.42 μg/mL, 84.19 ± 3.89 μg/mL).

The impact of Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JLSC2-6 co-culture on gamma-aminobutyric acid yield, volatile and non-volatile metabolites, antioxidant activity, and bacterial community in fermented cauliflower byproducts

Co-culture fermentation is a novel technology for enhancing fermentation quality and promoting gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) yield. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JLSC2-6 co-culture on GABA yield, volatile and non-volatile metabolite profiles, and antioxidant activity in cauliflower byproducts. It was found that co-culture had the highest GABA yield (35.00 ± 1.15 mg/L) in fermented cauliflower stems. In total, 111 and 1264 volatile and non-volatile metabolites, respectively, were identified, of which 59 metabolites were significantly upregulated after co-culture fermentation. The results showed that 24 key upregulated metabolites were positively associated with hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity. Notably, Levilactobacills were positively correlated with the yield of GABA and key upregulated metabolites. Thus, these results suggest that Levilactobacillus brevis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can improve in key metabolites, GABA yield, and antioxidant activity following co-culture. This study provide a theoretical basis for developing GABA-rich cauliflower byproducts.