Water electrolysis is widely regarded as a sustainable approach for hydrogen production. Recently, coupling thermodynamically favorable sulfide oxidation reaction (SOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), has emerged as an effective strategy to reduce energy input while enabling simultaneous sulfide wastewater treatment and energy-efficient hydrogen production. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in SOR-assisted water electrolysis, with a particular emphasis on nanostructure engineering strategies for high-performance electrocatalysts. We first elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of SOR and HER, highlighting key intermediates, reaction pathways, and kinetic limitations. Subsequently, state-of-the-art catalyst design strategies are systematically summarized, including single-atom design, vacancy engineering, heteroatom doping, alloying, interfacial engineering, and surface regulation, with a focus on how these approaches modulate electronic structures, optimize adsorption behaviors, and enhance catalytic performance. In addition, emerging applications such as self-powered hydrogen production systems and SOR-assisted seawater electrolysis are discussed to demonstrate the practical potential of this technology. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to provide valuable insights into the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts and the development of sustainable SOR-related electrochemical technologies.

It is urgent to develop non precious metal electrode materials with significant efficiency and ultrahigh stability to meet the growing demand for renewable energy conversion devices. Herein, heterogeneous nickel-iron sulfide decorated nitrogen-doped-graphene ((Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr) with regulated local electronic structure, rich defects, and honeycomb shaped geometric form is synthesized using facile solvothermal and annealing phase transition technology. The obtained target catalyst was characterized for use in a water splitting device, revealing that (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr has lower overpotentials (203 (OER)/166 mV (HER)) for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER) compared to NiFeSx (235 (OER)/235 mV (HER)) and NiFe LDH (255 (OER)/308 mV (HER)) at 10 mA/cm2, as well as most reported electrode materials. Meanwhile, (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr demonstrated excellent geometric/chemical stability after 210 h long-term stability testing. Typically, as a dual-functional overall water-splitting electrode, (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr demonstrates lower driving voltage (1.44 V) and considerable stability (110 h) at 10 mA/cm2. Therefore, the developed bimetallic sulfide coupled nitrogen doped graphene with notable activity and stability provides a reference for green and efficient industrial production of green hydrogen.

Metal selenides for solar-driven photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production: Progress, challenges, and perspectives

Statistical and mechanistic analysis of synergetic methanol steam reforming over Ti-based add./Cu-Zn catalysts

Large-scale photovoltaic (PV)–hydrogen production systems are increasingly regarded as a promising solution for mitigating renewable energy curtailment and supporting the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. However, when connected to weak grids, such systems often suffer from insufficient voltage–frequency support capability and pronounced Direct current (DC) bus voltage fluctuations, which limit their operational stability and practical deployment. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a dual virtual motor coordinated control strategy for PV-based hydrogen production systems, integrating a grid-forming virtual synchronous generator (VSG) with a virtual DC motor (VDCM). By exploiting the complementary dynamic characteristics of grid-side converters and hydrogen production loads, the proposed approach enhances grid support capability while simultaneously providing inertia and damping to the hydrogen production DC bus without relying on additional physical energy storage. Dynamic response analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of virtual inertia and damping parameters on system stability. Simulation results under weak-grid conditions demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively improves frequency and voltage support performance and significantly suppresses DC bus voltage fluctuations during load and power disturbances. The proposed control framework offers a practical and scalable solution for improving the operational robustness of PV–hydrogen production systems, contributing to the reliable integration of renewable energy and the development of green hydrogen infrastructure.

Bifunctional Au-CdS/C‑corncob Janus evaporator for synergistic solar-driven seawater desalination and hydrogen production

Hydrogen production via gasification of corn stover photo-fermentation Residue: Catalytic mechanism of alkali metals.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a PVT-PEM system: impact of flow channel configurations on hydrogen production

Photocatalytic hydrogen production through water reduction, driven by hydrogen's high energy density and environmental sustainability, represents a significant pathway for meeting future energy needs and is considered one of the most promising strategies. A major challenge is developing a photocatalyst that is sustainable, stable, and environmentally friendly and has a large surface area. Although various MOF-based photocatalysts incorporating porphyrins, phthalocyanines, or other organic dyes have been extensively explored, studies utilizing BODIPY as a functional chromophore remain scarce. The combination of MOFs with BODIPY units offers a unique platform that couples the structural tunability and stability of MOFs with the excellent light-harvesting and electron-accepting properties of the BODIPY dyes. However, strategies for the systematic design and synthesis of BODIPY-MOF hybrid photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution are still very limited. In this study, the UiO-66-NH2 structure was modified with BODIPY compounds containing thiophene (BD2) and phenyl (BD4) units, resulting in the synthesis of BD2/UiO-66-NH2 and BD4/UiO-66-NH2, respectively. As a result of the 6-hour photocatalytic water splitting experiments, the reaction kinetics of UiO-66-NH2, BD2/UiO-66-NH2, and BD4/UiO-66-NH2 were calculated to be 3013 μmol g-1 h-1, 14 237 μmol g-1 h-1 (4.7-fold increase compared to UiO-66-NH2), and 21 179 μmol g-1 h-1 (7-fold increase compared to UiO-66-NH2), respectively. Based on the band structure and photoelectrochemical results, the observed behavior is consistent with the S-scheme charge-transfer pathway for the photocatalytic process. This study provides new insights into integrating BODIPY chromophores into MOF frameworks, establishing a promising design concept for the development of efficient dye-MOF hybrid photocatalysts for solar-to-hydrogen conversion.

Sustainable photoreforming polyethylene terephthalate plastics into valuable chemicals with hydrogen generation over TiO2-carbon nanotubes composite

Upcycling PET waste into CoNi-based electrocatalysts for ethylene glycol oxidation integrated with energy-efficient H2 evolution.

Embedding ultrasmall Ru nanoparticle catalytic sites on Ni3Fe encapsulated carbon nanotubes for efficient and durable water-splitting.

Experimental study on two-step hydrogen production from water decomposition by solar-microwave synergism system

• A Python model for semi-islanded green ammonia production was developed. • The LCOA ranges from 669.30 to 867.94 €/tNH 3 . • Power generation represents the largest share of total system costs. • The LCOA decreases by up to 15.15 % over the next two decades. • Dynamic operation achieves up to a 6 % reduction compared with continuous operation. The study presents a technical and economic assessment of green ammonia production in several counties in Ireland. The system is based on renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaic and offshore wind. Three locations were chosen based on their renewable potential and the availability of export ports to EU (European Union) markets. A high-temporal-resolution model for green ammonia production has been developed for the first time in Ireland. The WSA (Wind Solar Ammonia) model was developed specifically for this research. It uses MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) and optimisation techniques to simulate scenarios at the lowest possible cost. The Python-based model incorporates all relevant energy subsystems and use functions from specialised libraries. The WSA model includes large-scale hydrogen production with proton exchange membrane electrolysers, air separation to produce nitrogen, Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis, desalination unit. Storages buffers were implemented for green hydrogen, green ammonia, purified sea water, and nitrogen. Both continuous and dynamic operation were simulated, continuous operation reflects industrial reliability, stable equipment performance, and maximised lifetime, while dynamic operation captures renewable intermittency, curtailment reduction, and system flexibility. Cork is identified as the least-cost location, with the dynamic operation system achieving the lowest LCOA (Levelised Cost Of Ammonia) at 791.07 €/t in 2030 and 731.45 €/t in 2040, outperforming the continuous operation system, which records 834.27 €/t in 2030 and 741.62 €/t in 2040. The system achieve a carbon saving up to 94.63 % compared to the ammonia fossil fuel-based comparator.

Self-supported rod-like Mo-Ni3S2 loaded nanosheet arrays for efficient urea oxidation-assisted hydrogen production

Improved hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming in a miniature reactor using hepatic Sinusoids-Based micromixer

Bimetallic Ni catalysts on red brick powder for enhanced hydrogen production from straw pyrolysis

Montmorillonite (MMT), a layered silicate mineral is a promising potential catalytic support for water splitting and supercapacitor applications because of its large surface area, affordability, thermal stability, and ion exchange capacity. In this study, we introduce MMT clay modified with different weight percentages of Co (3, 5, 10, and 15wt%) that modulate the alumina-silica framework. Tandemly, it facilitates the stacked layers of clay and generates numerous active sites. The Co-MMT5 exhibited excellent HER and OER performance at an overpotential of 153mV (at 20 mAcm-2) and 347mV (at 10 mAcm-2), respectively. Moreover, we assessed overall water splitting with the Co-MMT5 catalyst, which required a cell potential of 1.73V to achieve 10 mAcm-2 of current density. Beyond catalysis, Co-MMT5 also functions as a high-performance pseudocapacitive electrode, delivering a specific capacitance of 330 F/ g at 1 A/g, driven by reversible Co2+/Co3+ redox reactions within the clay matrix. The shared cobalt redox chemistry underlying both electrocatalysis and charge storage provides a unified mechanistic origin for the multifunctionality of this material. This work establishes cobalt-intercalated natural clay as a scalable and sustainable materials platform for integrated hydrogen production and electrochemical energy storage.

Key three-material system in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production: Systematic review and future outlook

Ensemble empirical mode decomposition and sample entropy-based adaptive boosting model for solar radiation forecasting for enhanced hydrogen production and carbon dioxide mitigation