Injection Of Hydrogen Peroxide Research Articles

The Economic Feasibility of Using Hydrogen Peroxide for the Enhanced Oxidation and Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Coal-Fired Power Plant Flue Gases

ABSTRACT Research at the University of Central Florida has determined that the injection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into a simulated flue gas stream effectively oxidizes NO to NO2, and NO2 to HNO2 and HNO3. These oxides of nitrogen are much more soluble in water than NO, and therefore may be more easily scrubbed from the flue gas in a typical wet scrubber. Oxidation and NOx removal efficiencies of greater than 90% were demonstrated in the laboratory. An economic comparison between the H2O2 injection-wet scrubbing method and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method of NOx removal was conducted for a design base case and a variety of alternative cases. This study illustrates the trade-off between capital and operating costs for the two alternatives. The single largest factor in determining whether the total cost of the H2O2 injection-wet scrubbing method compares favorably with the total cost of the SCR method is the H2O2:NOx molar ratio. At the H2O2:NOx molar ratio demonstrated in the laboratory (1.92:1.0), the H2O2 injection-wet scrubbing method of NOx removal was shown to be uneconomical. However, the molar ratio in a full-size coal-fired power plant could be lower than that found in the laboratory. Based on all the cost assumptions stated in this article, at a molar ratio of 1.37:1.0, the hydrogen peroxide injection method was calculated to be an economically feasible alternative to the SCR method for NOx control

Multiple brain gas embolism after injection of concentrated hydrogen peroxide

Multiple brain gas embolism after injection of concentrated hydrogen peroxide

Effect of an H2O2 additive on hydrogen ignition and combustion in a supersonic air flow

The effect of small amounts of inert and reacting additives (such as hydrogen peroxide, its decomposition products,CO 2, etc.) on the ignition and combustion of hydrogen in a high-temperature supersonic air flow was studied experimentally. It is shown that direct doping of the fuel has little effect on the combustion ofH 2, whereas injection of hydrogen peroxide or small amounts of pure hydrogen ahead of the nozzle decreases suddenly the ignition delay, indicating the profound effect of the reaction products. Comparative experiments with inert additives showed that these additives only lead to a decrease in the air-flow temperature.

The use of endoanal ultrasonography in identifying fistula-in-ano

The aim of our study was to determine the accuracy of endoanal ultrasonography (EUS) in identifying fistula anatomy. Thirty-five patients with a diagnosis of fistula-in-ano underwent EUS. Internal openings, fistulas and associated pathology were documented. Image enhancement with hydrogen peroxide injection via the external opening was used in those patients whose fistulas or internal openings were not clearly seen on initial EUS. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent surgical intervention. Intra-operative findings were correlated with those from the EUS. Seven patients that did not undergo surgery following EUS were excluded from analysis. Three patients had negative examinations by ultrasound and subsequently underwent examination under anesthesia with confirmation of the absence of a fistula. Of the 25 patients with confirmed fistula-in-ano, tracts were identified in 22 patients and the internal opening was identified in 19 patients (associated pathology identified included 1 external anal sphincter defect and 10 abscesses [2 ischiorectal, 4 postanal and 4 perianal]). Without the aid of hydrogen peroxide injection 16 fistula tracts and 12 internal openings were identified. In the 9 patients whose tracts were not clearly seen, 8 were injected with hydrogen peroxide (1 was too tender for injection) and an additional 6 tracts were documented. Of the 13 patients whose internal openings were not clearly documented, 1 had an active abscess and was too tender for injection. Hydrogen peroxide helped to identify an additional 7 internal openings in the remaining patients. Of the 28 patients who underwent surgery, EUS accurately identified the presence or absence as well as the correct location of the tract in 24 patients (86%) and the internal opening in 24 patients (86%). The fistula tract was misinterpreted by EUS in 4 patients and the internal opening in 4 patients overall. Endoanal ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 95% and 92% for identification of the tract and internal opening, respectively, and a positive predictive value of 88% and 92% for the tract and internal opening, respectively. In conclusion EUS with hydrogen peroxide image enhancement is an excellent modality for elucidating the anatomy of fistula-in-ano with a high positive predictive value and sensivity.

Ultrastructural damages in rat myocardium induced by hydrogen peroxide injection

Rat myocardium was examined by electron microscopy after hydrogen peroxide injection through the tail vein. At the initial stage (1–6 hr after injection of hydrogen peroxide), ultrastructural damages included slight edema of the myocytes, dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, disruption of the myofibrils, interstitial edema and the disappearance of elastin. At the early stage (1–7 days), in addition to the ultrastructural damages of the myocardium in the initial stages, swelling and fusion of mitochondria, irregularly-arranged collagen networks and type III bleb formations were observed. At the later stage (14–28 days), tissue damages had recovered. There was little ultrastructural damage in the normal control myocardium. The relationship between oxygen-derived free radicals and early ischemic or ischemia-reperfusion injury is discussed.

5364537 Process for the oxidation of organic micropollutants in water using the O3/H2O2 combination

A process and device for combined oxidation of polluted water, e.g. industrial waste water or effluents, to make it suitable for drinking, involves injection of hydrogen peroxide (pure aqueous solution or diluted) and ozone (gaseous, or ozonized oxygen or air) simultaneously and in a flow direction co-current with the circulation of the water to be treated, at the inlet of the oxidation reactor. For example, a reactor is endowed with mechanisms to inject ozone and hydrogen peroxide at its base, at very closely-spaced points and simultaneously, in a flow direction the same as the water to be treated, with an automatic control system to regulate the levels of the oxidizing agents.

Risques de l'irrigation au peroxyde d'hydrogène en chirurgie de guerre

Two cases of severe complications due to injection of hydrogen peroxide under pressure into areas of muscular attrition in war wounds are reported. In both cases the administration of hydrogen peroxide was associated with tachypnoea, with major arterial desaturation and a precordial « mill-wheelmurmur was heard. In one case, these symptoms were followed by hemiplegia caused by paradoxical arterial gas embolism, and in the other case by a pulmonary oedema confirmed by computerized tomography. Both patients recovered under hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The release of gaseous oxygen under the effect of tissue catalase and the membrane peroxydasic activity of hydrogen peroxide initiate such complications. The injection of hydrogen peroxide under pressure into a closed or partially closed cavity should therefore be strictly prohibited.

Anal endosonography for recurrent anal fistulas

Anal endosonography is a new technique that is useful in the preoperative assessment of patients with anal fistulas. Endosonographic images are created by the reflection of sound waves from the interfaces between tissues of varying densities. In order to accentuate tissue interface layers at the level of the fistula tract, we introduced hydrogen peroxide into the fistula tract through the external opening during anal ultrasonography in two patients with recurrent anal fistula. Hydrogen peroxide injection resulted in hyperechoic imaging of the preinjection hypoechoic horseshoe fistula tract. Endosonographic findings were confirmed at the time of surgery in both patients. We conclude that hydrogen peroxide enhancement of the fistula tract is a simple, effective, and safe method of improving the accuracy of endoanal ultrasound assessment of recurrent anal fistula.

Lipid Peroxidation in the Iris and Its Protection by Means of Viscoelastic Substances (Sodium Hyaluronate and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose)

Free radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical (OH.), are known to be toxic for several ocular structures including the cornea, lens, iris and retina through the initiation of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. The oxidative damage to the iris epithelial-cell membranes, induced by the injection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at different concentrations into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye, was studied by means of the measurement of lipid peroxidation products. Thiobarbituric acid reactive (TBAR) products were significantly increased compared with normal control iris after the intracameral injection of H2O2 at concentrations of 0.1 (p < 0.02), 10 and 100 mM (p < 0.001). Viscoelastic substances, widely used in anterior ocular surgery, sodium hyaluronate (Healon) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, show a protective effect against rabbit iris lipid peroxidation. A statistically significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of the release of TBAR products occurred in both experimental groups that received an injection of these substances prior to a H2O2 injection. This is the first report of lipid peroxidation of the iris and the 'antioxidant'-protective effect of viscoelastic substances. This new technical approach could be used as a test of efficacy of the protective effect of viscoelastic substances.

Osteoarthrosis induced by intra‐articular hydrogen peroxide injection and running load

Osteoarthrosis of the rat knee joint was induced successfully by intra-articular injection of 2% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and running load. In the group receiving two injections of physiological saline with running load, no histological osteoarthrotic knees were developed up to 8 weeks after the injection. In the group receiving two 2% H2O2 injections and running load, advanced osteoarthrosis occurred in all knees 8 weeks after the first injection, and the Mankin's score of osteoarthrotic knees appeared to be higher than the group receiving two 2% H2O2 injections without running load (p less than 0.004, Kruskal-Wallis H test). In the rats receiving a single 2% H2O2 injection with running load and a vitamin E-enriched diet, the inhibitory effect of vitamin E on the development of osteoarthrosis was statistically significant compared to the regular diet group (p less than 0.05, Wilcoxon rank test).

3-amino-triazole effects on the eye of young and adult rabbits in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide.

3-aminotriazole (3AT) is known to reduce catalase levels in ocular tissues when given intravenously or orally. Rabbits were given either 4 ml/kg of a 3M solution of 3AT intravenously or a 2% solution as drinking fluid. Intravenous 3AT administration was followed at 4 hrs by an intracameral injection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to give an aqueous humor concentration of 3.2 mM in young (4-6 weeks of age) and a 3.3 mM in adult (6 months of age) rabbits. Tissues were taken for microscopy at either 6 or 24 hours after intracameral H2O2. Neither oral nor intravenous 3AT alone in adult rabbits, or intravenous 3AT in young rabbits, had any effect on either iris, ciliary process, or corneal endothelial morphology. After oral 3AT in adult rabbits, H2O2 caused highly edematous ciliary processes with dilated vessels; corneal endothelial cells were swollen. Previous studies in adult and young rabbits have shown that intracameral H2O2 alone caused few morphological changes in young, but marked changes in the adult that correlated with the 35 to 50% lower catalase levels found in iris and corneal endothelium, respectively, in adult ocular tissues. Young rabbits pre-treated with intravenous 3AT, when examined at 6 and 24 hours after intracameral H2O2, showed swollen ciliary processes, vessel dilation, alteration of the pigment epithelium and corneal endothelial damage. In non 3AT-treated young rabbits, H2O2 caused only minor morphological changes. In adult animals at 6 and 24 hours after intracameral H2O2 the ciliary processes were edematous in the absence of 3AT; after intravenous 3AT and intracameral H2O2 the changes were even more marked, with very severe swelling of ciliary processes and corneal endothelial damage. It is apparent that the decrease in catalase caused by 3AT allows H2O2 to induce damage even in young animals where it usually does not induce morphological changes. In adult animals, the effects of H2O2 are enhanced in the presence of 3AT.

The glutathione redox cycle as a defense system against hydrogen-peroxide-induced prostanoid formation and vasoconstriction in rabbit lungs.

Leukocyte-derived oxidants have been described as causing vasoconstriction and edema formation in isolated lungs. In the present study, dose-dependent and reversible pressor responses were achieved reproducibly by injection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the pulmonary artery of blood-free, perfused, isolated rabbit lungs in a dose-dependent manner. The pressor responses were accompanied by an instantaneous release of thromboxane A2 and a more delayed but quantitatively larger release of prostaglandin I2 into the recirculating perfusion fluid. There was no release of potassium or LDH, indicating the absence of overt cell damage. The H2O2-induced pressor responses were blocked by indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), imidazole (inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase), mepacrine (phospholipase inhibitor), and W7 and trifluoperazine (agents that interfere with calcium-calmodulin function). Treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) dose-dependently inhibited the lung glutathione reductase activity and augmented the metabolic (prostanoid release) and functional (vasoconstriction) responsiveness of the pulmonary vascular bed to H2O2. Application of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), a control to BCNU, and inhibition of catalase activity by aminotriazole did not increase the sensitivity to externally applied H2O2. We conclude that calcium-calmodium function and thromboxane generation may be involved in the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to H2O2 and that the lung glutathione redox cycle is active in limiting the responsiveness of the pulmonary vascular bed to externally generated H2O2.

Flow injection and photometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater with N-ethyl-N-(sulfopropyl)aniline sodium salt

Flow injection and photometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater with N-ethyl-N-(sulfopropyl)aniline sodium salt

Killing of blood-stage murine malaria parasites by hydrogen peroxide.

Both nonlethal Plasmodium yoelii and lethal Plasmodium berghei were killed in vitro by hydrogen peroxide at concentrations as low as 10(-5) M. Higher concentrations were required in the presence of added normal erythrocytes. Injection of hydrogen peroxide in vivo significantly reduced P. yoelii parasitemia but had less effect on P. berghei.

Use of Hydrogen Peroxide To Abate Hydrogen Sulfide in Geothermal Operations

Summary Environmental restrictions on hydrogen sulfide emissions from geothermal operations in the Geysers high-pressure steam field in northern California has led to the development of hydrogen-peroxide-based abatement processes. One process involves the spray injection of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide into escaping steam during well drilling operations. Other processes involve peroxide treatment of steam condensate in power plants. High sulfide abatement levels have been achieved with these processes. Introduction Geothermal resources, whether vapor or liquid dominated, usually contain hydrogen sulfide. Some representative sulfide values' for operational geothermal fields are given in Table 1. Hydrogen sulfide possesses an objectional odor even at concentrations below 0.5 cm3/m3 (0.5 ppm). At 10 cm3/m3 (ppm), eye irritation occurs, and respiratory tract irritation occurs at 50 to 100 cm3/m3 (ppm). Loss of consciousness and death can occur at concentrations of 500 cm3/m3 (ppm) or more.The expanding development of the Geysers field has led to environmental restrictions limiting the amount of hydrogen sulfide that may be emitted during well drilling, stacking, and power generation.As other geothermal fields are developed (e.g., in the Imperial Valley, CA, New Mexico, Nevada, and the U.S. gulf coast), similar restrictions could be imposed if hydrogen sulfide levels prove high enough to exceed present or future ambient or emission standards.The wellknown use of hydrogen peroxide for sulfide destruction in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment fields stimulated the investigation of hydrogen peroxide for treating geothermal steam and fluids.The investigation led to the successful oxidation of hydrogen sulfide during the drilling of steam wells. This was accomplished by the injection of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide into the steam, using separate spray nozzles. The process presently is used as required by well drillers in the Geysers field. In a second part of the investigation, on a laboratory scale, hydrogen sulfide in steam condensate from a Geysers field geothermal power plant was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide. In this process, trace amounts of iron salts or excess hydrogen peroxide were used to reduce the reaction time to put it within the required limits. The process was modified by Pacific Gas and Electric Co. to improve sulfide removal in its geothermal power plants. Description of Geothermal Processes Well Drilling The hydrogen-peroxide/sodium-hydroxide injections are started when the drill bit penetrates the steam reservoir. Thereafter, the injections continue for about 16 days, the time required to complete the well. This is termed the air drilling phase. Steam production increases from zero at the beginning of the air drilling phase to essentially full capacity of the well at the time of completion. Hydrogen sulfide is a normal constituent of the steam and is released to the atmosphere during the air drilling phase after flowing through a blooie line (a steel pipe) leading to an atmospheric separator (Fig. 1). This is used to suppress noise and remove particulates. Power Generation Seven to 12 wells are used to supply the 454 000 kg/h (1 million lbm/hr) of steam for each 55-MW turbine. JPT P. 914^

Transmission of ultrasonic contrast through the lungs.

The pulmonary capillary bed normally removes echocardiographic contrast from the circulation, so contrast injected peripherally or on the right side of the heart is not seen on the left side of the heart in the absence of intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunts. Based on recent advances in the theoretic understanding of microbubble physiology, we propose several theoretic methods for causing the transmission of ultrasonic contrast through the lungs to enable opacification of the left side of the heart. Three of these methods are tested: (I) injection of ether, an organic compound which may pass the pulmonary capillaries in the liquid phase and cavitate in the pulmonary veins to yield left heart echo contrast, (2) injection of hydrogen peroxide, a substance which chemically decomposes on the left side of the heart to yield gaseous oxygen that can be imaged as echo contrast, and (3) injections of 5% dextrose in the pulmonary wedge position. The first two methods were tested in anesthetized pigs, and the third method in humans and anesthetized rabbits. All methods could cause transmission of echocardiographic contrast through the lungs. There were no adverse reactions in the human subjects. Pulmonary wedge injections in rabbits were associated with one large and three small myocardial infarctions out of 7 animals sacrificed 24 hr later. We conclude that transmission of echocardiographic contrast through a capillary bed is feasible though potentially dangerous.

Stimulation of bioluminescence in lanternfishes (Myctophidae). II.

Injections and applications of hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase, and other chemicals evoked luminescence with variable success in three Atlantic lanternfishes of the family Myctophidae: Benthosema glaciale, Myctophum punctatum, and Notoscopelus kroeyeri. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and of isolated photophores resulted in only a few brief light responses in the first two species. Epinephrine injections evoked luminescence in the gonostomatid Maurolicus muelleri while injection and external application of hydrogen peroxide failed to produce a response in this species and in the stomiatid Stomias boa ferox. These and earlier data are discussed in terms of methodology and physiological states of the fish, biochemical systems involved, and luminescence control.

Nature of the corneal canals produced by perilimbal injections' of hydrogen peroxide.

ATTEMPTS at outlining corneal channels have been numerous and are well known, but no unimpeachable results have thus far been obtained. The most frequently quoted are the experiments of von Recklinghausen in staining the superficial corneal layers with silver and the efforts of Bowman to inject the stroma with metallic mercury. In 1909 Krusius 1 utilized oxygen liberated in situ on injection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in the perilimbal region of the rabbit's eye to force open what he thought were corneal lymphatics. He described a snow-white ring at the limbus from which the gas infiltrated the cornea in rows of bubbles. He considered these spaces to be preformed and stated that they were lined with endothelium. Later, Magnus 2 extended this principle to other tissues of the body as well as the eye, but only his findings in connection with the cornea are of primary interest