Hydrodistilled Oil Research Articles

Investigation of Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Echinophora chrysantha: Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and SPME Analysis of its Essential Oils.

Echinophora genus is represented by six species in Türkiye, including three endemics. The objective of this study was to ascertain the antioxidant, tyrosinase, and collagenase inhibitory activities and to analyse the volatile oil and extracts derived from E. chrysantha using GC/MS/SPME. The antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The findings indicated that the methanol extract of E. chrysantha exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, both the methanol extract and volatile oil of the plant demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and collagenase. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified from the hydrodistilled oil obtained using a microwave oven, and 23 compounds were detected by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method. The most frequently occurring volatile components were α-Phellandrene, o-Cymene, p-Cymene, E-β-Farnesene, Carotol, trans-Caryophyllene, and β-Phellandrene. The results of this study indicate that E. chrysantha has the potential to be developed for the treatment of hyperpigmentation issues and anti-aging applications. Furthermore, it may also have applications in pharmacology, cosmetics and the food industry.

Moringa oleifera flowers: insights into their aroma chemistry, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties

BackgroundMoringa oleifera is a highly nutritious plant widely used in traditional medicine.ResultsThe aroma constituents present in the fresh flowers of M. oleifera versus the hydrodistilled oil and hexane extract were studied using GC-MS. Aldehydes were the major class detected in the fresh flowers (64.75%) with E-2-hexenal being the predominant component constituting > 50%. Alkane hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, and aldehydes constituted > 50% of the hydrodistilled oil, while alkane hydrocarbons exclusively constitute up to 65.48% of the hexane extract with heptacosane being the major component (46.2%). The cytotoxicity of the hexane extract was assessed on RAW 264.7 macrophages using the MTT assay which revealed no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and displayed IC50 value at 398.53 µg/mL as compared to celecoxib (anti-inflammatory drug) with IC50 value at 274.55 µg/ml. The hexane extract of Moringa flowers displayed good anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the hexane extract was found to be 12.51 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g extract and 0.16 ± 0.01 mg RuE/g extract, respectively. It displayed moderate antioxidant activity as indicated by the in vitro DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum (PBA) assays. No metal chelating properties were observed for the extract. The enzyme inhibitory potential of the hexane extract was evaluated on acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases (for neuroprotective assessment), α-amylase and α-glucosidase (for antihyperglycemic assessment), and tyrosinase (for dermoprotective assessment) revealing promising results on cholinesterases, tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase.ConclusionOur findings suggested that M. oleifera leaves can be considered as a multidirectional ingredient for preparing functional applications.Graphical abstract

Comparative studies of essential oils from Matricaria recutita L.

The aim of the work is to determine the component composition of the essential oil of medicinal chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University (ZSMPHU), and commercial essential oil that was purchased via the Internet. Materials and methods. The object of the study was chamomile essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and commercial oil. Qualitative and quantitative determination of the components of essential oils was established using the chromato-mass spectrometric method on a high-performance gas chromatograph “Agilent 7890B GC System” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA) with a mass spectrometric detector “Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA). Results. Dominant compounds of essential oil of chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants ZSMPHU were 2H-pyran-3-ol, tetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl) ) – 7.54 %, chamazulene – 5.32 %, alpha-bisabolol – 4.30 %, 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-3,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene – 3.25 %, myrtenyl acetate – 3.03 %, azulene, 1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl) – 2.16 %, bisabolol oxide B – 1.86 %. Commercial chamomile essential oil was dominated by 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol (56.15 %), diethyl phthalate (17.46 %), linalyl acetate (6.99 %), linalool (4.41 %). Conclusions. Industrial cultivation of chamomile in southern Ukraine shows a high biologically active substances content and can be in demand in the pharmaceutical industry’s consumer market for raw materials.

Volatiles composition of fresh aroma and hydrodistilled volatile oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots growing in Egypt along with the cytotoxic activities of the hydrodistilled oil

Volatiles composition of fresh aroma and hydrodistilled volatile oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots growing in Egypt along with the cytotoxic activities of the hydrodistilled oil

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Teucrium Leucocladum Boiss. essential oils growing in Egypt using two different techniques

BackgroundTeucrium Leucocladum Boiss. (TL) (family Lamiaceae), indigenous to Sinai, Egypt, and Mediterranean region, is considered a rich source of essential oils (EOs). This study aimed to extract the aerial parts essential oils utilizing hydro-distillation (HD) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and analyze the volatile constituents by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal and cytotoxic potentials against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549, triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, were likewise estimated. Subsequently, the three main compounds were docked into the crystal structure of Candida albicansN-myristoyltransferase (NMT) with myristoyl-COA and peptidic inhibitor (PDB 1IYK), and predictions of human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) were performed to assess the drug-likeness of the compounds.ResultsThe chemical profile consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The MAE oil sample (TLM) yield was found to be double that of the HD oil sample (TLH). TLM afforded an inhibitory diameter (13 mm) comparable to the ketoconazole (20 mm), TLM 100 mg/mL showed the strongest antifungal potential against C. albicans. The cytotoxic assay revealed moderate activity against A549 and MDA-MB-231. In silico studies using molecular docking were processed on the major components in which nerolidol had the best-fitting energy to inhibit C. albicans (− 7.21 kcal/mol), while ADME results established a promising first step for the potential drug bioavailability.ConclusionIn this research, essential oil acquired from the aerial parts proved to contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are classes of compounds known for their versatile usage in medicine. In vivo studies on Teucrium Leucocladum Boiss. active metabolites against clinical strains of fungi need to be further studied, as do the effects of combining the active compounds with antifungal agents to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Chemical and biological characterization of Melaleuca subulata (Cheel) Craven leaves’ volatile constituents supported by chemometric analysis and molecular docking

BackgroundThe genus Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) comprises dozens of essential oil (EO)-rich species that are appreciated worldwide for their various medicinal values. Additionally, they are renowned in traditional medicine for their antimicrobial, antifungal, and other skin-related activities. The current study investigated the chemical profile and skin-related activities of volatile constituents derived from M. subulata (Cheel) Craven (Synonym Callistemon subulatus) leaves cultivated in Egypt for the first time.MethodsThe volatile components were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), headspace (HS), and supercritical fluid (SF). GC/MS and Kovat’s retention indices were implemented to identify the volatile compounds, while the variations among the components were assessed using Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The radical scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and β-carotene assays. Moreover, the anti-aging effect was evaluated using anti-elastase, and anti-collagenase, while the antimicrobial potential was deduced from the agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Lastly, the molecular docking study was executed using C-docker protocol in Discovery Studio 4.5 to rationalize the binding affinity with targeted enzymes.ResultsThe SF extraction approach offered the highest EO yield, being 0.75%. According to the GC/MS analysis, monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant volatile class in the HD oil sample (54.95%), with α-pinene being the most copious component (35.17%). On the contrary, the HS and SF volatile constituents were pioneered with oxygenated monoterpenes (72.01 and 36.41%) with eucalyptol and isopulegone being the most recognized components, representing 67.75 and 23.46%, respectively. The chemometric analysis showed segregate clustering of the three extraction methods with α-pinene, eucalyptol, and isopulegone serving as the main discriminating phytomarkers. Concerning the bioactivity context, both SF and HD-EOs exhibited antioxidant effects in terms of ORAC and β-carotene bleaching. The HD-EO displayed potent anti-tyrosinase activity, whereas the SF-EO exhibited significant anti-elastase properties. Moreover, SF-EO shows selective activity against gram-positive skin pathogens, especially S. aureus. Ultimately, molecular docking revealed binding scores for the volatile constituents; analogous to those of the docked reference drugs.ConclusionsM. subulata leaves constitute bioactive volatile components that may be indorsed as bioactive hits for managing skin aging and infection, though further in vivo studies are recommended.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) fructus essential oil hydrodistillation fractions

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hydrodistillation time on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of collected essential oils’ (EOs’) fractions from black pepper fructus for five hydrodistillation periods: I (0-15 min), II (15-30 min), III (30-60 min), IV(60-90 min) and V (90-120 min). In this way, an essential oil with the desired chemical composition and antioxidant activity can be selected. The essential oil was obtained by Clevenger-type hydrodistillation (CHD). The qualitative and quantitative composition of the collected EOs’ fractions was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. The efficiency of EOs’ fractions to scavenge DPPH radicals was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Essential oil yield was 3.0 ± 0.050 ml/100 g of plant material after 120 min of CHD. The content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds decreased, while the content of oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes increased with the time of CHD. The most abundant compound of EOs’ fractions was (E)-caryophyllene, whose content increased with the time of CHD (I-V: 24.9-36.6%). Results indicated that all collected EOs’ fractions exhibited antioxidant activity (EC50 values were in the range I-V: 81.27±0.327–8.02±0.044 mg/ml), where fraction V showed the highest activity. This study proved that CHD time and fractionation affect the composition and antioxidant activity of black pepper essential oil. Future research may be extended to examine other biological activities of black pepper EOs’ fractions, as well as synergistic effects of other identified active components of the essential oil, in addition to (E)-caryophyllene, that would affect biological activities.

Antiproliferative evaluation of the hydro-distilled oil of celery, coriander, dill, and fennel and chemometric analysis of their aroma profile

Main pharmacological activities observed with the aromatic herbs celery, coriander, dill, and fennel have been attributed primarily to their essential oils, obtained by hydro-distillation. Still, there is a lack in research on the flavor of these selected four aromatic plants with multiple biological activities. The current study sought to identify and quantify the chemical composition of the spontaneous emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of their fresh leaves, and to statistically analyze their composition using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchial cluster analysis (HCA). In vitro cytotoxic activities of their hydro-distilled essential oils were evaluated against MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines using MTT assay. The emitted VOCs, captured by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) method were analyzed by GC/GC-MS. The main terpenoid components of the aroma profile of celery and coriander were limonene, that of dill α-phellandrene, and of fennel α-terpinene. The systematic analysis using both, HCA and PCA of the spontaneous emitted VOCs of the fresh leaves of the four Apiaceae members growing in Jordan, revealed a clear picture of the distinct odor of these edible aromatic plants. The hydro-distilled essential oil of fennel exhibited the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines with respective IC50’s of 0.35, and 0.42 mg/mL. The composition of the VOCs of the leaves of celery, coriander, dill, and fennel, growing in Jordan was determined for the first time, in addition to their antiproliferative activities.

A Comparison of Quantitative Composition and Bioactivity of Oils Derived from Seven North American Varieties of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

Seven commercial hop (Humulus lupulus L.) oils originating from a selection of North American hop varieties (Amarillo, Azacca, Cascade, Centennial, Chinook, Saaz, and Ahhhroma) and six homemade hop oils hydrodistilled from the same commercial hop pellets (except Ahhhroma) were compared. Seven terpenes regarded as hop oil markers (i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene) and methyl heptanoate were identified and quantified by GC–MS and GC-FID. The antioxidant potential of the commercial hop oil samples was evaluated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, while their components’ antibacterial (against Aliivibrio fischeri) and enzyme (α-glucosidase and lipase) inhibition activities were screened using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based assays. A distinct feature of five of the commercial hop oils (except Saaz and Ahhhroma) was relatively high contents of β-myrcene (between 4.21 and 6.40 µg mg−1 hop oil). Azacca, Cascade, and Centennial hydrodistilled oils had perceptibly higher contents of β-caryophyllene than the rest, and most of them (except Chinook) contained relatively high amounts of α-humulene. Differences between the terpene profiles of the commercial and homemade hydrodistilled hop oils suggested that the commercial hop oils were derived from hop cones in a process different from hydrodistillation. The oils showed relatively low antioxidant potential, comparable to that of popular beers and white wines. The highest antioxidant potential was observed in Ahhhroma oil, while it was very low in Centennial oil, and no antioxidant potential was observed in Cascade and Saaz oils. The developed streamlined workflow, including parallel HPTLC-directed bioassays and HPTLC—TLC–MS Interface—SPME–GC–MS, enabled the identification of β-myrcene, dimyrcenes, β-farnesene, and 2-methylbutyl isobutyrate as anti-obesity compounds and β-farnesene, β-myrcene, and 2-methylbutyl isobutyrate as weak antibacterial hop oil components.

Aegle marvels (L.) Correa Leaf Essential Oil and Its Phytoconstituents as an Anticancer and Anti-Streptococcus mutans Agent.

Aegle mamelons (A. marmelos) or Indian Bael leaves possess anti-cancerous and antibacterial properties and are used in the traditional medicine system for the treatment of oral infections. In the present study, the essential oil of the leaves of A. marmelos was explored for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic properties. The hydro-distilled oil of A. marmelos leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene limonene (63.71%) was found to have the highest percentage after trans-2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineole and p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of the extracted oil against human oral epidermal carcinoma (KB), and the results showed significantly higher (**** p < 0.0001) anticancer activity (45.89%) in the doxorubicin (47.87%) when compared to the normal control. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using methods of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The results showed a significant (*** p < 0.001) percentage of inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical (70.02 ± 1.6%) and ABTS-induced free radical (70.7 ± 1.32%) at 100 µg/mL with IC50, 72.51 and 67.33 µg/mL, respectively, comparatively lower than standard compound ascorbic acid. The results of the molecular docking study of the significant compound limonene with the receptors tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase 2 supported the in vitro antioxidant potential. The anti-cariogenic activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed a significant minimum inhibitor concentration of 0.25 mg/mL and the killing time was achieved at 3 to 6 h. The molecular-docking study showed that limonene inhibits the surface receptors of the S. mutans c-terminal domain and CviR protein. The study found that A. marmelos leaves have potential anti-carcinoma, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic effects on human oral epidermal health, making them a valuable natural therapeutic agent for managing oral cancer and infections.

Chromatographic (LC-MS and GC-MS) and biological (antiproliferative) evaluation of a naturalized plant in Jordan: Parkinsonia aculeata L.

IntroductionParkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae), native to the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts of southwestern USA and northern Mexico, has been introduced and successfully propagated in Jordan within the Greening the Desert Project. No phytochemical or biological studies have been carried out with this species grown in Jordan. MethodsThe hydrodistilled essential oils of P. aculeata, from the fresh leaves and flowers (fully grown and at the pre-flowering stage), as well as their spontaneous emitted volatiles, were determined by Solid-Phase-Micro-Extraction (SPME), and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Water and ethanol extracts were screened by LC-MS and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities on two colorectal- (Caco2 and HCT116) and two breast cancer- (MCF7 and T47D) cell lines. ResultsThe monoterpene trans-ocimene appeared as the major compound of the aroma profile of all the studied organs while the hydro-distilled oils contained larger percentages of non-terpenoid volatile substances. LC-MS analyses of the water extract of the aerial parts revealed the presence of sixteen compounds, with 4-methylumbelliferone, succinic acid, vitexin, and hyperoside being the major identified compounds. In the ethanol extract of the aerial parts eleven compounds were identified, with iso-orientin and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside as the major compounds. Biologically, the water extract of the P. aculeata showed promising antiproliferative activity against the four tested cell lines with IC50s ranging between 17.5 and 77 μg/mL. ConclusionFindings encourage future studies to isolate the water extract components of P. aculeata to investigate their anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines and to consider it as a complementary therapy for colorectal cancer.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. leaves from Türkiye

Juniper species are especially used in traditional medicine due to their analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. The goal of the present study was to investigate the chemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., a species of juniper with a large spread area in Turkey. Essential oils were extracted by the hydro-distillation method. The components of the hydro distilled oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the study, the essential oil was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains consisting of two Gram (+) and four Gram (–) by the agar disc diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the oil were determined by TEAC/ABTS+ free radical scavenging assay. As a result, there were 27 compounds in the essential oil of J. excelsa. Of the 27 essential oil components identified, α-pinene (40.59%), α-cedrol (18.15%), β-myrcene (4.53%), and limonene (3.84%) were determined as the main components in total 91.54% of the essential oil. As a result, it was observed that the examined juniper essential oil showed a weak but effective antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains compared to the control agents, and also, the examined oil had low but valuable antioxidant activity.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Flowers of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Selected from Different Regions of Pakistan

The current research work focuses on the characterization and biological activities (antibacterial, antioxidant and hemolytic) of essential oils isolated from the flowers of Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) from three different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. The yield of hydro distilled sweet basil flower essential oil (SBFEO) ranged from 0.40 to 0.54 % (w/w) across the regions. The SBFEOs showed considerable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and K. oxytoca. The results of DPPH (59.33-71.31%), TPC (13.46 to 57.75 GAE mg/100g) and TFC assays (3.99 to 21.72 CE mg/100g) also showed that SBFEOs have good antioxidant activity. Similarly, lower cytotoxic/ hemolytic effect (1.85 to 3.90%) of the tested SBFEOs also supported their safer nature as ingredient in food/medicinal products. GC/MS analyses of the oils reveal that estragole (56.57%), α-linalool (46.25%) and τ-cadinol (52.54%) are present as major components. The findings of this research work depicted significant variations in the yield, composition and biological activities of SBFEOs that can be linked to varying morphological features of the plants harvested from different agro-climatic regions.

Chemical Profiling of Citrus sinensis Root and the Effects of Its Secondary Metabolites on Cisplatin-Induced Renal and Cardiac Toxicities

Citrus fruits are among the most important economical crops, because of their nutritional value, medicinal importance, and unique flavor. Gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the hydro-distilled oil from the root resulted in the identification of 110 compounds with germacrene B (22%), aromadendrene (21.6%), α-santalene (7.1%), geijerene (4,81%), germacrene D (4.3%), and limonene (3.4%) as major constituents. In addition, chemical profiling the dichloromethane fraction of the root analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detector-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry afforded the identification of 43 compounds belonging to acridone alkaloids, coumarins, and flavonoids. Moreover, xanthyletin, citracridone I and II, clausarin, O-methylcitrusinine-I, and grandisinine were isolated as major metabolites using column chromatography and characterized depending on different spectroscopic techniques. Xanthyletin and citracridone I were investigated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, and in vivo protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in different dose levels in a rat model. Xanthyletin and citracridone I showed protective activity against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. It attenuated cisplatin-induced elevation of both serum urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, xanthyletin attenuated cisplatin-induced elevation of malondialdehyde and glutathione in both renal and cardiac tissues.Graphical abstract

Sustainable Extraction, Chemical Profile, Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activities In-Vitro of Some Citrus Species Leaves Essential Oils

Anti-leishmanial drugs extracted from natural sources have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Until now, leishmaniasis treatments have been limited to synthetic and expensive drugs. This study investigated, for the first time, the anti-leishmanial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Citrus species (C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. clementina). Essential oils were extracted from three species by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME); in addition, lemon oil was also isolated by hydro-distillation (HD). These were investigated using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and evaluated against Leishmania species, namely Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum, using a mitochondrial tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The chemical compositions of Citrus limon EOs obtained by HD and SFME showed some differences. The identified peaks of C. limon (SFME) represented 93.96%, where linalool was the major peak (44.21%), followed by sabinene (14.22%) and ocimene (6.09%). While the hydro-distilled oil of C. limon contained geranial (30.08%), limonene (27.09%), and neral (22.87%) in the identified peaks (96.67%). The identified components of C. clementina leaves oil (68.54%) showed twenty-six compounds, where the predominant compound was geranial (42.40%), followed by neral (26.79%) and limonene (14.48%). However, 89.82% C. sinensis oil was identified, where the major peaks were for neral (27.52%), linalool (25.83%), and geranial (23.44%). HD oil of lemon showed the highest activity against L. major, with moderate toxicity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and possessed the best selectivity index on both Leishmanial species (SI: 3.68; 6.38), followed by C. clementina oil and C. limon using SFME (0.9 ± 0.29, 1.03 ± 0.27, and 1.13 ± 0.3), respectively. C. clementina oil induced the greatest activity on Leishmania infantum, followed by HD lemon and SFME lemon oils (0.32 ± 0.18, 0.52 ± 0.15, and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively) when compared to Amphotericin B (0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.23 ± 0.13) as a positive control, on both species, respectively. Our study suggests a potent anti-leishmanial activity of lemon oil (HD) on L. major, followed by C. clementina. With the same potency on L. infantum shown by C. clementina oil, followed by HD lemon oil. This effect could be attributed to the major compounds of limonene, citral, and neral, as well as the synergistic effect of other different compounds. These observations could be a starting point for the building of new anti-leishmanial drugs from natural origins, and which combine different EOs containing Citrus cultivars.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Three Salvia Species Growing in Egypt, Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Hydro-distillation

Since ancient times, the three Salvia L. species: Salvia aegyptiaca L., Salvia lanigera Poir., and Salvia multicaulis Vahl, have been utilised in traditional medicine all across the world. These species are now subjected to in-depth chemical and pharmacological investigations in order to find physiologically active chemicals. In the present study, the essential oil composition and biological activity of these Salvia L. species were studied. Using various extraction methods: hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) to compare extraction efficiency, volatile metabolites were analysed and characterised by Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), while the antimicrobial efficiency for both the HD and MAHD essential oils was examined against four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans using microdilution assay. S. aegyptiaca, 12 and 14 compounds, were characterised by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (85.87% HD & 72.74% MAHD) repidentified by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Monoterpenes (36.58% HD and 49.63% MAHD) and their oxygenated derivatives (31.4% HD and 28.63% MAHD) were the predominant compound classes. From S. lanigera, 12 and 8 compounds were identified by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were present in S. lanigera essential oils with 8.3% HD and 2.4% MAHD. Moreover, the most potent antimicrobial activity was observed with the S. multicaulis essential oil collection employing either HD or MAHD extraction, while S. lanigera essential oils extracted by MAHD exhibited almost as high antimicrobial activity. The approach of MAHD saves time with all the improvements in product yield. Essential oils extracted using MAHD might be used to treat bacterial infections instead of standard antibacterial medications.

Effect of Nanoencapsulation on the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Algerian Origanum glandulosum Desf. against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a danger to public health and exposes patients to high risk, increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. For this purpose, three months of evaluation of MDR’s prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the military regional university hospital of Constantine from different services and samples was carried out. Among a total of 196 isolates, 35.2% were MDR. The use of essential oils such as Origanum glandulosum Desf. as an alternative to antibiotics is attractive due to their rich content of bioactive compounds conferring many biological activities. Also, to overcome the drawbacks of using oils as the hydrophobicity and negative interaction with the environmental conditions, in addition to increasing their activity, encapsulation for the oil was performed using high-speed homogenization (HSH) into nanocapsules and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) into nanoemulsion. Nine volatile constituents were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) in hydrodistilled oil with thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene as dominants. A dramatic decrease in the major volatile components was observed due to the use of HSH and HPH but generated the same oil profile. The mean particle size of the nanoemulsion was 54.24 nm, while that of nanocapsules was 120.60 nm. The antibacterial activity of the oil and its nanoparticles was estimated on MDR isolates using the disk diffusion, aromatogram, and broth microdilution methods. Consistent with the differences in volatile constituents, the oil exhibited a higher antibacterial activity compared to its nanoforms with the diameters of the inhibition zone against E. coli (20 mm), S. aureus (35 mm), and A. baumannii (40 mm). Both formulations have shown relatively significant activity against the biofilm state at sub-inhibitory concentrations, where nanoemulsion was more potent than nanocapsules. The results obtained suggested that nanoformulations of essential oils are strongly recommended for therapeutic application as alternatives to antibiotics.

Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil from Flower Buds and Leaves of the Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC and Pulicaria crispa (Forskel) Oliver

The essential oils from flowers and leaves of P. incisa and P. crispa were extracted using two methods, hydro-distillation (HD) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). The essential oils were analyzed using GS-MS whilst their contents were quantitatively determined using GC-FID. The analysis revealed the following: For P. incisa, SPME oils from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (cis-verbenol, 2E-octene and E-caryophyllene from flowers and thymoquinone, methyl-γ-ionone and butylated hydroxyanisole from leaves). Comparatively HD oils were dominated by phenolic compounds (butylated hydroxyanisole, 7-epi-α-Eudesmol and methyl-γ-ionone from flowers and leaves). For P. crispa, SPME oils from flowers were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (crysanthenone, cis-thujopsenic acid and Z-jasmone) and those from leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (7-epi-α-eudesmol, 11-acetoxyeudesman-4-α-ol and cembrene). Comparatively, the oxygenated monoterpenes crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and 2,6-dimethyl phenol were determined in the HD oils from flowers, while crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and vanillin were identified in those from leaves. The essential oils extracted from flowers and leaves P. incisa and P. crispa showed good antioxidant as well as anticancer activities.

Bioacaricidal effects of three volatile oils on cattle ticks

Use of synthetic chemicals in addressing livestock attacks by ticks has negative effects on animals, handlers and the environment. These problems necessitate search for potent alternatives in bioacaricides particularly volatile oils. Acaricidal effects of hydro-distilled volatile oils from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora, Ocimum gratissimum (OG) and Callistemon citrinus were evaluated on ticks obtained from infested cattle using topical method at varying concentrations in acetone. For each concentration, ten ticks of similar species were placed in Petri dishes and administered 20μL of the mixture of volatile oil and acetone. Acetone (20μL) was used as control and the effects were observed for 24 h. Out of three tick species identified, Rhipicephalus microplus was most abundant and most sensitive to the oils. Others are Amblyomma hebraeum and Hyalomma rufipes (most resistant). The volatile oil of OG was the most potent with LC50 of &lt; 2 % (&lt; 0.4 μL), &lt; 2 % and 7.97% (1.59 μL) on the organisms respectively. The 5% of OG produced 100% mortality on R. microplus in 10-25 min while 20% concentration produced 100% mortality on H. rufipes in 24 h. Volatile oils of these plants particularly OG can serve as potent alternative bio-acaricidal agents to chemicals.

Optimization, Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome: Comparative Study with Microwave Assisted Extraction and Hydrodistillation

The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and the hydrodistillation (HD) were performed to extract the essential oil from the K. galanga dry rhizomes. The response surface method (RSM) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were deployed to optimize the process variables (microwave power, time and solid/liquid ratio). The aims of this research were to optimization of the process variables for MAE and to compare of the chemical compositions between HD and MAE. The microwave power, time and the interaction between time and solid/liquid ratio were the significant variables on the extraction yield of MAE. The highest yield of essential oil from HD and MAE that recovered on a dry weight basis were 0.52 and 0.92 % (w/w). The highest yield of MAE was derived by a power (800 W), time (28.38 min) and a solid/liquid ratio (100 g / 488.8 mL). The compositions were detected in the essential oil from HD and MAE at forty-five and sixtytwo contents. Ethyl (Z)-cinnamate, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, eucalyptol and eicosane were the significant compositions that were detected in HD and MAE essential oils. The essential oil of K. galanga was rich in valuable compositions and the MAE is a potential extraction method for extracting the essential oil from K. galanga.