Hydrocarbon Group Composition Research Articles

ASESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAVITATION PROCESSING OF DARK OIL PRODUCTS

The paper presents experimental results of the influence of the conditions of cavitation treatment of dark petroleum products in the hydrodynamic regime on the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C. Straight-run products (fuel oils, vacuum gas oils), as well as catalytic cracking gas oils, were considered as raw materials. The influence of raw material characteristics (density, fractional and group hydrocarbon composition) and its processing conditions (pressure, at five cycles of exposure) on the yield of the target fraction is considered. The linear dependence of the yield of the target fractions on the processing pressure is revealed. The constructed regression models are adequate, informative, and all their coefficients are significant. Taking into account the density of the feedstock did not improved models. The best model constructed was tested using the cross-validation method. The average forecast error was 11%, the maximum was 22%. For a small number of samples, such an error is acceptable. The possibility of assessing the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of crude oil based on data on its fractional and group hydrocarbon composition is shown. It was possible to build several regression models linking the increase in yield with pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. The increase in the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C is associated with the transformations of hydrocarbons during cavitation. The possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of petroleum raw materials based on data on its group hydrocarbon composition has been established. Several regression models have been constructed linking the increase in yield with the pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. Based on the constructed models, it is assumed that the change in the fractional composition of petroleum products during cavitation treatment is more associated with the destruction of the transition and solvate layers of complex structural units of the oil dispersed system than with the course of cracking reactions. For citation: Peshnev B.V., Burlyaeva E.V., Nikishin D.V., Nikolaev A.I., Kuznetsov A.S. Asessment of the effectiveness of cavitation processing of dark oil products. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 103-110. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7006.

Development of methods for calculating thermal conductivity of gas condensates-alternative motor fuels

The article is devoted to the development of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as gas condensates, which are widely used as components for motor and jet fuels. The work was carried out on the basis of the results of experimental studies of thermal conductivity of the eight most representative deposits in Central Asia in terms of group hydrocarbon composition. An analysis of existing equations for calculating the thermal conductivity of liquid petroleum products and the possibility of their use for gas condensates was carried out. A number of new equations are presented for calculating the thermal conductivity of gas condensates depending on the group hydrocarbon composition in a wide range of temperatures and pressures.

Petroleum Potential and Organic-Matter–Oil Correlation in the Rocks of the Upper Riphean Iremeken Formation in the Kamo Arch of the Baikit Anteclise (Siberian Platform)

Abstract —A complex of laboratory studies of Riphean rocks and oils was carried out by the organic-geochemistry methods to construct a basin model for the Kamo arch of the Baikit anteclise of the Siberian craton. We compared the parameters of the organic matter (OM) and oils of the Upper Riphean Iremeken carbonaceous member by biomarker hydrocarbons. Analysis of the obtained chromatography–mass spectrometry data showed an unordinary group hydrocarbon composition of extracts from the OM and oils and low contents of cheilanthanes and steranes in them. Within the Kamo arch, the Upper Riphean Iremeken OM-enriched deposits with a high petroleum potential might have reached the peak of petroleum generation only in the deepest part of the Madra trough; thus, the traps could not be completely filled with oil. The distribution of tricyclic terpanes in the rock bitumens from the studied wells testifies to immature OM in the Iremeken Formation. However, in the most submerged zones of the Kamo arch and in the adjacent areas, oil was generated from the OM of the Iremeken Formation. This is evidenced by the oils of the Upper Iremeken Subformation in the Kuyumbinskoe field and the Ter’-Kamo license area.

Organic Matter in the Ocean: Indicators of Biogeochemical Processes

The article presents informative organogeochemical indicators used in oceanology to characterize biogeochemical processes. A classification based on data on suspended particulate matter, plankton, benthos, bottom sediments, and sea, river, and pore water has been developed. Clusters have been identified that include the elemental and isotopic composition of organic matter (OM), the group composition of lipids, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, higher alcohols, macromolecular acids and ketones, isoprenoids, lignin and its structural monomers, and PAHs. The most informative indices are considered, which make it possible to assess the genesis of the original OM, the degree of its transformation, sources, and the ratio of aquatic and terrigenous components. These indices reflect the influx of riverine and aeolian material and permafrost thawing and make it possible to reconstruct the temperature of river waters and coastal upwellings. They significantly complement biooceanological, lithological, and geochemical studies and expand the biogeochemical methodology for studying the carbon cycle.

An integrated data-driven modeling and gas emission constraints for large-scale refinery production planning framework

The accuracy of secondary unit models including fluidized catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming and delayed coking is essential for the refinery production planning. Through the reaction kinetics, it is clear well that feedstock composition directly determines the product yield of units. Therefore, a hybrid modeling framework was developed in this work, where the feed true boiling point temperature, hydrocarbon group composition, and critical properties were introduced to characterize the lumped kinetic composition of the three secondary units. These indicators were further employed to predict unit product yield, which were embedded in the hybrid models developed using a data-driven approach. This study proposed a production planning framework that coupled data-driven approach and gas emission constraints to improve profitability and reduce emission. Three refinery production planning examples were taken for illustration. The optimal scheme obtained with the proposed hybrid model was compared with that from method based on the fixed yield production planning models. The results demonstrated that the production planning based on the hybrid yield model could achieve an improvement of the refinery profitability by 21.75% and 22.88%. The production planning coupled gas emission constraints optimization scheme achieved reduction in CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions by 16.59%, 16.67% and 16.67% respectively.

ВИВЧЕННЯ СКЛАДУ ТА ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ НАФТОШЛАМІВ, УТВОРЕНИХ ВНАСЛІДОК ПЕРЕРОБКИ НАФТИ

The paper describes the results of studying the composition and properties of oil sludge obtained during oil processing at an oil refinery. Samples of fresh oil sludge and oil sludge of long-term storage, taken at different depths of the storage pond, were studied. The main properties and group hydrocarbon composition of the organic part of oil sludges were studied.

State of the Art and Prospects for the Development of Methods for Determining the Group Hydrocarbon Composition (SARA Composition) of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products

State of the Art and Prospects for the Development of Methods for Determining the Group Hydrocarbon Composition (SARA Composition) of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products

Production of Bitumen Modified with Low-Molecular Organic Compounds from Petroleum Residues. 7. Study of the Structure of Formaldehyde Modified Tars

Three samples of bituminous material with different softening temperatures of 321, 332, and 356.4 K were obtained by the method of chemical modification of tar with formaldehyde using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The determination of the group hydrocarbon composition was carried out for the raw materials of the modification process (tar) and the resulting bitumens. An FTIR study of the obtained groups of hydrocarbons (oil, resins, and asphaltenes) was also carried out. The structural transfor¬mations were investigated and a possible chemistry of the tar modification process with formaldehyde was proposed.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OIL REFINING PROCESSES AS A METHOD OF RESOURCE SAVING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The authors carried out calculations to increase resource efficiency, energy saving of oil refining processes (cracking, reforming, isomerization) by mathematical modeling with an increase in the depth of oil refining, taking into account the composition of the processed raw materials. This article presents the results of calculations for optimizing existing installations under real technological conditions of one oil refinery. The results of calculations can be implemented in production. The authors have developed universal modeling programs that can be used to increase the resource efficiency of a catalytic cracking, reforming and isomerization plant, predict the group hydrocarbon composition of the flow after the reactor (in the last two processes), the output of products from the plant, the group composition and octane number of gasoline, as well as determine the optimal operating mode of the reactor.

Characteristics Evaluation of Modern Bituminous Binders in Group Hydrocarbon Composition and Their Application in Construction

Characteristics Evaluation of Modern Bituminous Binders in Group Hydrocarbon Composition and Their Application in Construction

Hydrocarbon composition of liquid products of catalytic oxy-cracking of vacuum gasoil

The hydrocarbon composition of liquid products of oxycracking of vacuum gas oil obtained in the presence of a zeolite-containing catalyst has been studied. It has been established that the group hydrocarbon composition of the liquid oxycracking catalyzate is significantly affected by the process parameters. When considering the influence of the process temperature, it was found that the concentration of C5-C9 and C10+ alkanes has an opposite temperature dependence: the C5-C9 yield passes through a maximum at a temperature of 500°C, while for C10+ it is a minimum temperature; there is a linear relationship between the temperature and the yield of unsaturated; the yield of naphthenes gradually decreases with increasing temperature; elevated temperatures contribute to an increase in the total yield of aromatic hydrocarbons. When varying the duration of the process, it was revealed: within 900 seconds from the beginning of the process, the most significant decrease in concentration was noted for aromatic hydrocarbons. The low oxidation state of 0.5% contributes to the intensive conversion of high molecular weight alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons with long side chains; the concentration of oxygen-containing compounds raises with an increase in the degree of oxidation to 1%, passing through a maximum. The contact time with the catalyst had a complex effect on the hydrocarbon composition of the liquid products of vacuum gas oil oxycracking: a short contact time contributes to a decrease in the concentration of high molecular weight paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons and an increase in aromatic hydrocarbons; with a subsequent increase to 2 s, it drops sharply. The obtained data made it possible to establish the fundamental distinguishing features of the catalytic oxycracking of vacuum gas oil from the traditional catalytic and noncatalytic oxidative ones, and also to propose a list of reactions occurring during the catalytic oxycracking of vacuum gas oil.

Relation Between the Group Hydrocarbon Composition and Octane Characteristics of Narrow Fractions of Catalytically Cracked Hydrotreated Gasoline

Relation Between the Group Hydrocarbon Composition and Octane Characteristics of Narrow Fractions of Catalytically Cracked Hydrotreated Gasoline

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal from the Kuznetsk Coal Basin by Means of GC/MS and GC/GC-FID

Results of the investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in fine coal powders prepared according to a special procedure within size classes (-0.2+0.1) mm, (-0.1+0.063) mm, (-0.063+0.04) mm, (-0.04) mm for ten different coal ranks (B, D, G, Zh, K, KS, OS, SS, T, A) from the Kuznetsk coal basin are presented. The qualitative and quantitative PAHs content in coal samples was determined by means of GC-MS using a SCION SQ SELECT instrument (Bruker, USA). The maximal Σ14 PAHs content is observed for A rank coal (224.3 mg/kg), KS (201.9 mg/kg) and T (197.8 mg/ kg), and the minimal Σ14 PAHs content is detected for B rank (2.2 mg/kg) for the size fraction (-0.04) mm. The concentration of benz(a)pyrene, which is a strong carcinogen, is within the range of 0.026‒103.1 mg/kg in coal samples under investigation. At the same time, the fraction of benz(a)pyrene is less than 45% of the total amount of detected PAHs, and it is less stable to the effect of the environment than other PAHs. The most stable component in PAHs series is phenanthrene, which was detected in the series of studied coal samples of different fractions (0.061‒43.7 mg/kg). Phenanthrene may be considered a PAHs of priority, and it may be used as a reference compound to evaluate the influence of coal mining and processing on the environment. The group composition of hydrocarbons in coal extracts was determined by means of two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.

Capabilities of the Chromatek-DHA Software for Determining the Quality of Automobile Gasoline

The article addresses factors able to influence the results of determining the performance characteristics of gasoline using calculation methods. The author presents the results of a study of three brands of automobile gasoline conducted by means of gas-liquid chromatography with Chromatek-DHA software. The calculated operational characteristics of gasoline have been compared with the results of their analysis by standardized methods. The article demonstrates the possibility of using data on the group hydrocarbon composition in solving expert identification tasks regarding automobile gasoline that has not been exposed to external factors.

Molecular characterization of aromatics in petroleum fractions by combining silica sulfuric acid sulfonation with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry

Aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the main components of petroleum and its fractions. However, the characterization of its molecular composition is still a technical challenge for mass spectrometry because of the lack of ionization methods, especially for quantitative analysis. This study presents a novel approach for the molecular characterization of aromatics in petroleum fractions. Aromatic hydrocarbons were converted into their corresponding sulfonates and then analyzed by negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The method showed good selectivity and sensitivity for aromatic hydrocarbons. More importantly, no significant discrimination was found on monoaromatic compouds compared with atmospheric pressure photoionization, which has been considered the most suitable technique for aromatic hydrocarbon analysis. The method was used to characterize two vacuum gas oil samples, and the result was verified by the hydrocarbon group composition obtained by the ASTM standard method. The method enables a semiquantitative anlaysis for molecular characterization of aromatic compounds in heavy petroleum fractions. In addition, this method can be used to distinguish monoaromatic steranes from alkyl naphthalenes which have the same molecular composition.

Transformation of oil dispersed systems during operation

Abstract: Using the example of oil road bitumen grades BND 100/130, BND 130/200 and BND 70/100, this article studies the transformation of oil dispersed systems under various logistic schemes of operation. This research focuses on the influence of the conditions for storing road bitumens of different grades on their physical and mechanical properties and group hydrocarbon composition during transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. The results show that a change in the physical and mechanical properties of road bitumens during high-temperature storage is related to the changes in the group hydrocarbon composition due to the hydrocarbons autooxidation and destabilization of the colloidal structure of dispersal systems. The conditions for storing bitumen with a minimum change in its quality indicators have been determined. It has been established that storage of bitumen under atmospheric conditions allows preserving its original properties without significant changes. There is evidence that nitrogen purging significantly reduces the effect of homolytic processes leading to the transformation of oil dispersed systems during further transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. Experimental data confirm that of all basic physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, “the depth of penetration of needle” is the most sensitive index, while the “softening temperature” index, frequently used for quality control of bitumen, is inertial. Determining the change in penetration, depending on the duration of storing bitumen, has required formulating a special equation. It has been established that when storing road bitumen at a temperature of 180 ºС, for each hour the index of the penetration depth of the needle at 25 º decreases by 0.8 units. Organizational and technical measures have been determined to ensure the stability of the road bitumen quality during manufacture, storage and transportation to consumers.

Effect of the Dewaxol 7801 depressant-dispersant additive on summer diesel fuel

Obtaining winter diesel fuel is an expensive and complex process, in which paraffinic hydrocarbons are removed from the fuel. Today, the consumption of winter diesel fuel in Russia has reached its maximum, and the volume produced is not enough to meet the needs of the Russian market. Therefore, obtaining winter diesel fuel from summer grades, by adding a depressant additive, remains relevant. The most common depressants are ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. The effectiveness of depressant-dispersant additives depends on the fractional and group hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel. Also, the physicochemical characteristics of the paraffins contained in the fuel play an important roleDuring long-term storage of fuel, depressants do not prevent fuel stratification. Therefore, together with a depressant additive, a paraffin dispersant is used, the composition of such additives includes mainly amides and imides of mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Dewaxol 7801 depressant and dispersant additive is a specially selected composition based on surfactants and copolymers in a hydrocarbon solvent. The use of this additive makes it possible to improve the low-temperature performance of diesel fuel without affecting other properties. From the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel, we have chosen the limiting filterability temperature, since it is this temperature that characterizes the real working conditions. When the maximum filterability temperature is reached, the n-paraffin crystals reach sizes exceeding the pore diameters of the filters, the fuel is not pumped through the fine filters of the high-pressure fuel pump, and the fluidity of the fuel deteriorates. The article shows the effect of Dewaxol 7801, a depressant-dispersant additive, on summer diesel fuel, in various concentrations and when the fuel is heated from 40 to 60 degrees in steps of 10 degrees.

Increasing the Yield of Light Distillates by Wave Action on Oil Raw Materials

The article presents the results of the electromagnetic activation of petroleum feed in the vortex layer apparatus. It is shown that under the electromagnetic influence, there is a significant increase in the proportion of straight-run gasoline fraction distillate, as well as a change in the physicochemical parameters of the light fractions obtained as a result of the cavitation effect and the low-temperature cracking. It has been established that the processes of wave action on oil occurring in the electromagnetic field zone lead to a change in the individual and group hydrocarbon composition of the distillates obtained. The gasoline fraction produced from activated petroleum, due to an increase in the proportion of aromatic compounds, has a high octane number compared to the original straight-run fraction and low content of alkenes, which allows us to recommend its use as a high-octane component of motor fuels in the compounding and production of commercial gasoline.

Study dearomatization of kerosene by IR and UV spectral analysis

This work is devoted to study the extraction dearomatization of the kerosene fraction using ionic liquids synthesized on the basis of formic acid and morpholine, as well as acetic acid and diethylamine as a selective solvent. The influence of various factors on the selective purification process has been investigated and the conditions for dearomatization of kerosene have been determined. The group hydrocarbon composition of the dearomatized kerosene raffinate samples by ion-liquid extraction was determined by IR and UV spectral analysis.

Technology for transformation of high-viscosity and high-paraffin oil raw materials using electromagnetic processing

The article presents the results of electromagnetic activation of petroleum raw materials in the vortex layer apparatus. It is shown that under electromagnetic influence, there is a significant increase in the proportion of straight-run gasoline fraction distillate, as well as a change in the physicochemical parameters of the light fractions obtained. It is established that the processes of wave action on oil, which take place in the zone of the electromagnetic field, lead to a change in the group hydrocarbon composition of the distillates obtained. NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the properties of oil raw materials on the physicochemical properties and structure of the oil.