Hybrid Wireless Research Articles

LoRaWAN-based hybrid internet of wearable things system implementation for smart healthcare

This study introduces the design and development of an Internet of Wearable Things-based Hybrid Healthcare Monitoring System (IoWT-HHMS) for smart medical applications. The system incorporates smart wearable sensing units for real-time, remote monitoring of vital health parameters such as Blood Pressure (BP), Heart Rate (HR), and Body Temperature (BT). A key innovation is the development of a hybrid wireless network communication mechanism within the IoWT-HHMS, utilising the FiPy microcontroller. This mechanism supports both short- and long-range connectivity and integrates an algorithm for efficient data acquisition and updating to the IoT platform. The IoWT-HHMS has undergone extensive testing and validation across various scenarios, including sensor functionality, performance of Wi-Fi and LoRaWAN networks, hybrid network connectivity, and accuracy assessment using the Datacake dashboard. The tests evaluated crucial aspects such as communication reliability, power consumption, and latency. The results demonstrate the system's high stability and accuracy in reading health parameters. Comparisons with reference devices reveal impressive accuracy levels for Systolic BP (SBP), Diastolic BP (DBP), HR, and BT, recording 96.37 %, 95.17 %, 97 %, and 98.57 % accuracy, respectively. Both Wi-Fi and LoRaWAN networks proved reliable in indoor and outdoor settings, maintaining data transmission over distances up to 1.5 km without data loss. In conclusion, the developed IoWT-HHMS shows great promise for efficient and effective real-time remote monitoring of patients' health conditions using an innovative hybrid wireless network communication mechanism.

Multi-factor optimized mobile sink data collection framework for hybrid WSN-LTE assisted IoT network

The convergence of wireless sensor network-assisted Internet of Things has diverse applications. In most applications, the sensors are battery-powered, and it is necessary to use the energy judiciously to extend their functional duration effectively. Mobile sinks-based data collection is used to extend the lifespan of these networks. But providing a scalable and effective solution with consideration for multi-criteria factors of quality of service and lifetime maximization is still a challenge. This work addresses this problem with a hybrid wireless sensor network-Long term evolution assisted architecture. The problem of maximizing lifetime and providing multi-factor quality of service is solved as a two-stage optimization problem involving clustering and data collection path scheduling. Hybrid meta-heuristics is used to solve the clustering optimization problem. Minimal Steiner tree-based graph theory is applied to schedule the data collection path for sinks. Unlike existing works, the lifetime maximization without QoS degradation is addressed by hybridizing multiple approaches of multi-criteria optimal clustering, optimal path scheduling, and network adaptive traffic class-based data scheduling. This hybridization helps to extend the lifetime and enhance the QoS regarding packet delivery within the proposed solution. Through simulation analysis, the introduced approach yields a noteworthy increase of at least 6% and reduces packet delivery delay by 26% compared to existing methodologies.

A Hybrid Wireless Electrodeless QCM-D for the Discrimination of Volatile Organic Compounds

A Hybrid Wireless Electrodeless QCM-D for the Discrimination of Volatile Organic Compounds

Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Joint Routing and Capacity Optimization in an Aerial and Terrestrial Hybrid Wireless Network

Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Joint Routing and Capacity Optimization in an Aerial and Terrestrial Hybrid Wireless Network

CMOS Wireless Hybrid Transceiver Powered by Integrated Photodiodes for Ultra-Low-Power IoT Applications

In this article, a communication platform for a self-powered integrated light energy harvester based on a wireless hybrid transceiver is proposed. It consists of an optical receiver and a reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) transmitter. The hybrid optical/RF communication approach improves load balancing, energy efficiency, security, and interference reduction. A light beam for communication in the downlink, coupled with a 1 MHz radio frequency signal for the uplink, offers a small area and ultra-low-power consumption design for Smart Dust/IoT applications. The optical receiver employs a new charge-pump-based technique for the automatic acquisition of a reference voltage, enabling compensation for comparator offset errors and variations in DC-level illumination. On the uplink side, the reconfigurable transmitter supports OOK/FSK/BPSK data modulation. Electronic components and the energy harvester, including integrated photodiodes, have been designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested in a 0.18 µm triple-well CMOS technology in a 1.5 × 1.3 mm2 chip area. Experiments show the correct system behavior for general and pseudo-random stream input data, with a minimum pulse width of 50 µs and a data transmission rate of 20 kb/s for the optical receiver and 1 MHz carrier frequency. The maximum measured power of the signal received from the transmitter is approximately −18.65 dBm when using a light-harvested power supply.

Investigation of a Circularly Polarized Metasurface Antenna for Hybrid Wireless Applications.

The increasing prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the primary networking infrastructure in a future society, driven by a strong focus on sustainability and data, is noteworthy. A significant concern associated with the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is the insufficient availability of viable strategies for effectively sustaining their power supply and ensuring their uninterrupted functionality. The ability of RF energy-harvesting systems to externally replenish batteries serves as a primary driver for the development of these technologies. To effectively mitigate concerns related to wireless technology, it is imperative to adhere strictly to the mandated limitations on electromagnetic field emissions. A TA broadband polarization-reconfigurable Y-shaped monopole antenna that is improved with a SADEA-tuned smart metasurface is one technique that has been proposed in order to accomplish this goal. A Y-shaped printed monopole antenna is first taken into consideration. To comprehend the process of polarization reconfigurability transitioning from linear to circular polarization (CP), a BAR 50-02 V RF PIN Diode is employed to shorten one of the parasitic conducting strips to the ground plane. A SADEA-driven metasurface, which utilizes the artificial intelligence-driven surrogate model-assisted differential evolution for antenna synthesis, is devised and positioned beneath the radiator to optimize performance trade-offs while increasing the antenna's gain and bandwidth. The ultimate prototype achieves the following: an impedance bandwidth of 2.58 GHz (3.27-5.85 GHz, 48.45%); an axial bandwidth of 1.25 GHz (4.19-5.44 GHz, 25.96%); a peak gain exceeding 8.45 dBic; and when a highly efficient rectifier is integrated, the maximum RF-DC conversion efficiency of 73.82% and DC output of 5.44 V are obtained. Based on the results mentioned earlier, it is considered appropriate to supply power to intelligent sensors and reduce reliance on batteries via RF energy-harvesting mechanisms implemented in hybrid wireless applications.

Design of a hybrid left ventricular assist device with a new wireless charging system.

The objective of this study was to design a new wireless left ventricular assist device (LVAD) that can be charged without using a conventional transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS). Our new wireless LVAD was a hybrid pump operating in two different modes: magnetic and electric modes. The pump was driven wirelessly by extracorporeal rotating magnets in magnetic mode, whereas it was driven by electricity provided by an intracorporeal battery in electric mode. A magnetic torque transmission system was introduced to wirelessly transmit torque to the pump impeller. The intracorporeal battery was charged in magnetic mode making use of electromagnetic coils as a generator, whereas the coils were used as a motor in electric mode. To demonstrate the feasibility of our system, we conducted a bench-top durability test for 1 week. Our hybrid pump had shown sufficient pump performance as a LVAD, with a head pressure of approximately 80 mm Hg and a flow volume of 5.0 L/min, for 1 week. The intracorporeal battery was wirelessly charged enough to power electric mode for 2.5 h a day throughout the 1-week durability test. Our hybrid wireless LVAD system demonstrated the possibility of a wireless LVAD and has the potential to reduce medical complications of LVAD therapy.

Wireless Hybrid Vehicle Three-Phase Motor Diagnosis Using Z-Freq Due to Unbalance Fault

Online diagnostics of three phase motor rotor faults of hybrid vehicle can be identified using a method called machine learning. Unfortunately, there is still a constraint in achieving a high success rate because a huge volume of training data is required. These faults were represented on its frequency content throughout the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to observe data acquired from multi-signal sensors. At that point, these failure-induced faults studies were improved using an enhanced statistical frequency-based analysis named Z-freq to optimize the study. This analysis is an investigation of the frequency domain of data acquired from the turbine blade after it runs under a specific condition. During the experiment, the faults were simulated by equipment with all those four conditions including normal mode. The failure induced by fault signals from static, coupled and dynamic were measured using high sensitivity, space-saving and a durable piezo-based sensor called a wireless accelerometer. The obtained result and analysis showed a significant pattern in the coefficient value and distribution of Z-freq data scattered for all flaws. Finally, the simulation and experimental output were verified and validated in a series of performance metrics tests using accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for prediction purposes. This outcome has a great prospect to diagnose and monitor hybrid electric motor wirelessly.

A Hybrid Wireless Power Transfer System With Constant and Enhanced Current Output Against Load Variation and Coupling Misalignment

A Hybrid Wireless Power Transfer System With Constant and Enhanced Current Output Against Load Variation and Coupling Misalignment

A New Linear Model for the Calculation of Routing Metrics in 802.11s Using ns-3 and RStudio

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) offer a pragmatic solution with a cost-effective ratio when provisioning ubiquitous broadband internet access and diverse telecommunication systems. The conceptual underpinning of mesh networks finds application not only in IEEE networks, but also in 3GPP networks like LTE and the low-power wide area network (LPWAN) tailored for the burgeoning Internet of Things (IoT) landscape. IEEE 802.11s is well known for its facto standard for WMN, which defines the hybrid wireless mesh protocol (HWMP) as a layer-2 routing protocol and airtime link (ALM) as a metric. In this intricate landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a prominent role in the industry, particularly within the technology and telecommunication realms. This study presents a novel methodology for the computation of routing metrics, specifically the ALM. This methodology implements the network simulator ns-3 and the RStudio as a statistical computing environment for data analysis. The former has enabled for the creation of scripts that elicit a variety of scenarios for WMN where information is gathered and stored in databases. The latter (RStudio) takes this information, and at this point, two linear predictions are supported. The first uses linear models (lm) and the second employs general linear models (glm). To conclude this process, statistical tests are applied to the original model, as well as to the new suggested ones. This work substantially contributes in two ways: first, through the methodological tool for the metric calculation of the HWMP protocol that belongs to the IEEE 802.11s standard, using lm and glm for the selection and validation of the model regressors. At this stage the ANOVA and STEPWIZE tools of RStudio are used. The second contribution is a linear predictor that improves the WMN’s performance as a priori mechanism before the use of the ns-3 simulator. The ANCOVA tool of RStudio is employed in the latter.

Coaxially printed magnetic mechanical electrical hybrid structures with actuation and sensing functionalities

Soft electromagnetic devices have great potential in soft robotics and biomedical applications. However, existing soft-magneto-electrical devices would have limited hybrid functions and suffer from damaging stress concentrations, delamination or material leakage. Here, we report a hybrid magnetic-mechanical-electrical (MME) core-sheath fiber to overcome these challenges. Assisted by the coaxial printing method, the MME fiber can be printed into complex 2D/3D MME structures with integrated magnetoactive and conductive properties, further enabling hybrid functions including programmable magnetization, somatosensory, and magnetic actuation along with simultaneous wireless energy transfer. To demonstrate the great potential of MME devices, precise and minimally invasive electro-ablation was performed with a flexible MME catheter with magnetic control, hybrid actuation-sensing was performed by a durable somatosensory MME gripper, and hybrid wireless energy transmission and magnetic actuation were demonstrated by an untethered soft MME robot. Our work thus provides a material design strategy for soft electromagnetic devices with unexplored hybrid functions.

Quality of service driven hierarchical resource allocation for network slicing-enabled hybrid wireless–wireline access networks

Quality of service driven hierarchical resource allocation for network slicing-enabled hybrid wireless–wireline access networks

CARD7: Design of a Hybrid Wireless Left Ventricular Assist Device with a New Charging System

Drivelines of the current left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have some problems such as acting as a source of infection and Drivelines of the current left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have some problems such as acting as a source of infection and limiting the outside activities of patients, thereby reducing the quality of life of patients. Transcutaneous Energy Transfer Systems (TETSs) have been developed to solve these problems but they have other problems such as malposition between coils and burn injury due to sending high-power transmission. In a previous study, we proposed a new concept of wireless LVAD, which consisted of magnetic and electric pumps, to improve the current problems of conventional wireless LVAD. However, implanting two different pumps in the body could occupy more space than a single pump. In addition, two extracorporeal devices on the skin, an external coil for TETS and extracorporeal rotating magnets for the magnetic pump, were possibly confusing to patients. Moreover, the distance limitation between the extracorporeal magnets and intrathoracic pump remained a fundamental problem of the magnetic pump. To solve these problems, we developed a single hybrid pump driven by either magnetic or electric force and charged wirelessly without an external coil. Our new wireless LVAD was a hybrid pump operating in two different modes: magnetic and electric modes. The pump was driven wirelessly by extracorporeal rotating magnets in magnetic mode, whereas it was driven by electricity from an intracorporeal battery in electric mode. Magnetic torque transmission system was introduced to efficiently transmit magnetic torque to the impeller. The intracorporeal battery was charged in magnetic mode making use of electromagnetic coils as a generator, which operated as a motor in electric mode. Our hybrid pump performed a flow rate and a head pressure of approximately 5.0 L/min and 80 mm Hg, respectively, in a bench-top test. The charging rate of the intracorporeal battery in magnetic mode was around 2.5 W, which enabled the hybrid pump to operate in electric mode 3 hours a day. Magnetic torque transmission system shortened the distance between the extracorporeal and intracorporeal magnets and achieved downsizing the magnets. Our hybrid wireless LVAD solved the potential problems of our previous wireless LVAD and demonstrated a new wireless charging system without an external coil. It has the potential to reduce the problems relating to drivelines and to realize high quality of life of patients with LAVD. Our future prospect is to conduct an in vivo test with our device.Figure 1. Prospective configuration of our hybrid LVAD system: (A) intracorporeal components, (B) positional relationship between the hybrid pump and extracorporeal device.Figure 2. (A) Top view of the impeller, (B) Bottom view of the impeller, (C) Pump housing, (D) Hybrid pumpFigure 3. (A) Front view of the test loop, (B) detailed view of the hybrid pump and extracorporeal magnets

Design of the energy-balanced wireless sensor networks for 3D seismic exploration

Wireless Sensor Networks for 3D Seismic Exploration are large-scale and long-term networks to ensure high resolution. Energy balance is essential to avoid interruption of the whole network. In this paper, the hybrid wireless network architecture is designed for low-power monitoring system. An energy-balanced clustering method is developed to prolong network lifetime. The partial energy factor is introduced to optimize scheduling of cluster head nodes. An improved ant colony algorithm for energy-efficient clustering and routing network (IACA-EECR) is proposed to find optimal path. The results show the proposed architecture outperforms the existing platform. Extensive tests validate energy efficiency and network performance.

DHD-MEPO: A Novel Distributed Coverage Hole Detection and Repair Method for Three-Dimensional Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks

A coverage hole is a problem that cannot be completely avoided in three-dimensional hybrid wireless sensor networks. It can lead to hindrances in monitoring tasks and adversely affect network performance. To address the problem of coverage holes caused by the uneven initial deployment of the network and node damage during operation, we propose a distributed hole detection and multi-objective optimization emperor penguin repair algorithm (DHD-MEPO). In the detection phase, the monitoring region is zoned as units according to the quantity of nodes and the sensing range, and static nodes use the sum-of-weights method to campaign for group nodes on their terms, determining the location of holes by calculating the coverage of each cell. In the repair phase, the set of repair nodes is determined by calculating the mobile node coverage redundancy. Based on the characteristics of complex environments, the regions of high hole levels are prioritized. Moreover, the residual energy homogeneity of nodes is considered for the design of multi-objective functions. A lens-imaging mapping learning strategy is introduced to perturb the location of repair nodes for the optimization of the emperor penguin algorithm. Experimental results illustrate that the DHD-MEPO, compared with the C-CICHH, 3D-VPCA, RA, EMSCOLER, and IERP algorithms, can balance the uniformity of the residual energy of each node while satisfying the network coverage requirements and network connectivity, which effectively improves the network coverage performance.

Enhancing the security of quality of service-oriented distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless network

Merging the wireless infrastructure network with the wireless mobile ad-hoc networks constitutes hybrid wireless networks (HWNs). Quality of service (QoS) demands are available with the help of HWNs. However, these networks are subjected to many types of attacks because of their open wireless medium. To enhance the security of HWNs, it is necessary to provide secure routing protocols. Several routing protocols have been proposed for HWNs, one of them is the quality of service-oriented distributed (QOD) routing protocol. In this paper, two security mechanisms have been proposed for the QOD protocol. The first mechanism is used to protect transmitted data in the network using asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. The second mechanism has been proposed to enhance the security of the QOD routing protocol using keyed hash message authentication code (HMAC). The second security mechanism assumed that there is a secret key shared between each pair of neighbor nodes. Also, asymmetric cryptography is used to exchange the secret key. The secret key is used to include the message authentication code (MAC) for each message exchanged between the neighbor nodes. A network simulator NS2 is used to simulate our proposed schemes.

IoT-based Hybrid Wireless Network for Tourist Boat Tracking towards Smart Cities

Moving and transporting by canoe and boat on rivers and canals is a cultural feature of the Mekong Delta and plays an important role in the economy and society. However, the management and use of equipment to support the monitoring of waterway transport vehicles in this area has yet to receive adequate investment and attention. Given the complicated evolution of the COVID-19 epidemic, it is critical to strengthen oversight of inland waterway management, as well as freight and passenger transportation. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT-based support system for managing and monitoring passenger ships and tourism activities in smart cities. This study proposes a hybrid wireless communication network solution that takes advantage of the strengths of LoRa and Zigbee wireless communication technologies, as well as telecommunication networks, to ensure that the system has a wide operating range of several kilometers, low power consumption, and can be deployed in areas where telecommunications are not available. Aside from tracking the journey and managing information about vehicles, drivers, and passengers, the system also aids in the collection of environmental parameters along river routes according to the travel route. An experimental evaluation of the system's operation was carried out for the tourist boat route between two famous tourist sites, Ninh Kieu Key and Cai Rang floating market in Can Tho city, Vietnam.

Energy Harvesting Enabled Adaptive Mode Selection for Cognitive Device-to-Device Communication in a Hybrid Wireless Network: A Stochastic Geometry Perspective

Energy Harvesting Enabled Adaptive Mode Selection for Cognitive Device-to-Device Communication in a Hybrid Wireless Network: A Stochastic Geometry Perspective

Asymmetric hybrid full-duplex POF-based VLC transmission links

This paper presents an asymmetric full-duplex solution based on visible light communications (VLC) for indoor wired and wireless hybrid signal transmission. The signal is distributed by a polymer optical fiber (POF) link and passively radiated. The proposed system includes two VLC links: a low-speed downlink and a high-speed uplink using an image sensor (IS) and photodiode detection (PD) based receivers. PD-based system communication performance is evaluated by means of error vector magnitude (EVM) for different modulation orders quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16- and 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), while the IS-based system is characterized in terms of the success of reception (SoR). High-speed data transmission up to 160 Mbps with a 16-QAM modulation scheme and low-speed data transmission up to 500 bps with 98.6% of SoR using a non-return zero on–off keying (NRZ-OOK) scheme over a 1.5 m optical wireless link are demonstrated. Finally, simulations of the wireless channel are performed to evaluate the misalignment tolerance of the system; and, to estimate the uplink performance at longer distances.

Effective anomaly detection in hybrid wireless IoT environment through machine learning model: a survey

Effective anomaly detection in hybrid wireless IoT environment through machine learning model: a survey