Hybrid Solids Research Articles

Regioisomerism in Thienothiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks─A Tool for Band-Gap Engineering.

The craft of tuning optical properties is well-established for crystalline inorganic and hybrid solids. However, a far greater challenge is to tune the optical properties of organic materials systematically by design. We now introduce a synthesis concept that enables us to alter the optical properties of crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) systematically using isomeric structures of thienothiophene-based building blocks (T23/32T) combined with a variety of tetratopic aromatic amines, e.g., the Wurster moiety (W-NH2). This concept is demonstrated for the synthesis of COFs in bulk and film forms and provides highly crystalline and porous isomeric COFs featuring predesigned photophysical properties. The band gap of the framework can be tuned continuously and precisely by chemically doping the pristine W23TT COF with its related constitutional isomer building block. Density-functional theory investigations of COF model compounds indicate that the extent of π-conjugation is among the key characteristics enabling the band-gap engineering.

Variable Mechanical Properties in Layered Copper Bromide Hybrid Solids Based on Configuration of Organic Cations.

Organic-inorganic organohalide hybrid solids have garnered significant attention due to their unique structural diversity, desirable electronic structures, and excellent optoelectronic properties. Here, we investigate the mechanical properties of a homologous series of 2D copper bromide hybrids (A2CuBr4, ACuBr4) through nanoindentation to analyze the contribution of organic interlayer interactions to bulk mechanical response. We identify a direct correlation between the identity of the organic spacer and the bulk mechanical response, where stronger bonding interactions in the organic interlayer resulted in increased hardness and elasticity. Additionally, we uncover a unique conformational dependence within the series of arylammonium spacers which was found to periodically modulate pi-pi interactions between neighboring molecules, leading to an alternating even-odd bulk material response.

A confinement-regulated (H3C-NH3)+ ion as a smallest dual-wheel rotator showing bisected rotation dynamics.

On the basis of variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, rotational energy barrier analysis, variable-temperature/frequency dielectric response, and molecular dynamics simulations, here we report a new crystalline supramolecular rotor (CH3NH3)(18-crown-6)[CuCl3], in which the (H3C-NH3)+ ion functions as a smallest dual-wheel rotator showing bisected rotation dynamics, while the host 18-crown-6 macrocycle behaves as a stator that is not strictly stationary. This study also provides a helpful insight into the dynamics of ubiquitous -CH3/-NH3 groups confined in organic or organic-inorganic hybrid solids.

Enhanced oil dehalogenation during catalytic pyrolysis of WEEE-derived plastics over Fe- and Ca-modified zeolites

Pyrolysis affords the conversion of plastics from Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) into oils with potential applications in the production of valuable chemicals and the formulation of liquid fuels. However, the presence of significant concentrations of halogens (Cl and Br) in these wastes represents an important limitation as it can lead to the generation of hazardous species that negatively affect the environment. In this work, the catalytic pyrolysis of a real WEEE plastic has been investigated using a reaction system that operates with continuous feeding of the raw material. The catalysts assayed include bulk metal oxides (Fe2O3 and CaO) and zeolites (ZSM-5 and USY), as well as hybrid solids obtained by supporting those metal oxides on the zeolites. Pre-treatment of the raw WEEE plastics by water washing allows the Cl concentration to be significantly reduced, but it does not affect the Br content. Thermal pyrolysis produces an oil fraction with a high yield (> 70 wt%) and a large concentration of halogens (700 ppm), even though the char produced effectively retains more than 90% of Br and Cl contained in the feedstock. During catalytic pyrolysis, the halogen content of the oil is further reduced obtaining the best dehalogenation results with the metal-modified zeolites. This fact evidences a synergetic effect derived from the high metal dispersion achieved over the zeolitic supports. Fe/ZSM-5 is the most promising catalyst, showing an almost constant dehalogenation activity along the time-on-stream and producing an oil enriched in monoaromatic hydrocarbons (mainly styrene).

Thermally stable and strongly emitted CPL in Eu(d-facam)3 hybrid solids with an alkylammonium salt

A novel europium-based hybrid material, Eu(d-facam)3-TMAOAc (tetramethylammonium acetate), with ultra-high luminescence, excellent circular polarization and remarkable thermostability was prepared.

Impregnation of Synthetic Saponites with Aldehydes: A Green Approach in the Intercalation of Bioactive Principles

Synthetic saponite clay was impregnated with either linear saturated or unsaturated aldehydes through an incipient-wetness deposition approach. To increase the aldehyde loading, saponite was also intercalated with positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) species, aiming to expand the clay gallery and to increase the hydrophobic character of the host solid. A multitechnique, physicochemical investigation was performed on the organic–inorganic hybrid solids. The analyses revealed that the aldehydes are mainly adsorbed on the clay particles’ surface, with a small fraction inside the interlayer space. In CTA+-modified saponites, the concentration of saturated aldehydes was higher than the one observed in the pure clay. These features are quite promising for the development of novel layered solids containing bioactive molecules for ecocompatible and economically sustainable applications, especially in agriculture, for the development of innovative hybrid materials for crop protection.

Syntheses, crystal structures, topology and dual electronic behaviors of a family of amine-templated three- dimensional zinc-organophosphonate hybrid solids

Three new inorganic–organic hybrid zinc organodiphosphonate compounds, [H2TEMED][Zn3(hedp)2] (1), [H2TEPA][Zn6(Hhedp)2(hedp)2]·2H2O (2) and [H2DETA]2[Zn12(Hhedp)4(hedp)4]·3H2O (3) (H4hedp = 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid, TEMED = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, TEPA = tetraethylenepentamine and DETA = diethylenetriamine) have been synthesized by employing the variable amine-templated hydrothermal strategy. All the compounds are characterized and analyzed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and EDAX studies. Single crystal x-ray diffraction experiments reveal that the compounds 1–3 have formed interconnected 4-T, 8-T and 12-T open ring three-dimensional framework structure through the alternate connection of zinc ions and diphosphonate ligands. Topological analysis study displays compound 1 adopts (4.5.72.8.9)(4.7.8)(52.72.82)(52.7) net topology whereas compounds 2 and 3 show ILEHUD (4.5.6.83)(4.6.8)(52.6.83)(52.8) net topology, even though the observed asymmetric units are dissimilar in case of 2 and 3. The UV-visible spectroscopic studies recommend the compounds as wide band-gap semiconducting materials. The observed dielectric permittivity of the compounds are considerably high (ε′ ∼ 100) at room temperature. The electrochemical performance tests indicate that compound 3 exhibit a high specific capacitance of 216 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 along with an excellent cycle stability of 79.6 % even after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1 in the 6 M KOH solution while compound 1 and 2 possess specific capacitance values of 164 and 170 F g−1 with cycling retention of 68.42 % and 57.82 %, respectively. Such high-performance supercapacitance behavior in amine templated framework is noteworthy.

Interaction of Ru(II) polypyridyl complex cations and Keggin anions [α-SiW12O40]4− in self-assembled organic-inorganic networks

Some Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) have shown interesting photocatalytic properties. However, because most POMs primarily absorb ultraviolet light, their ability to use solar energy is limited. In this report, we have shown that photosensitizers such as ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes can be linked to POMs to form hybrid solids: ([Ru(bpy)3]2[SiW12O40] (1) (bpy = 2,2′-bypyridine) and [Ru(bpy)2(MeCN)2]2[SiW12O40]·4.5H2O (2)) with broad absorption band in the UV–visible range. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that both compounds contain the [α-SiW12O40]4− units and the ruthenium (II) polypyridyl units, which form three-dimensional frameworks through noncovalent bonds such as CH⋯O and anion-π interactions. These solids were also studied using thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR, FL, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Additionally, compound 1 shows strong luminescence at 450 nm in its solid state at room temperature.

Indium phosphate oxalates with layered structures: Solvent-free approach, hydrothermal stability, and proton conduction

Two new crystalline indium phosphate oxalates (denoted SCU-23 and SCU-25) were synthesized by a solvent-free approach. The two inorganic-organic hybrid solids have different layered structures intercalated with organic cations. Notably, SCU-25 remains stable in boiling water and shows appealing proton conductive behaviors.

Syntheses and structural characterization of eight inorganic-organic hybrid solids based on N-Brønsted bases and halometallates of Zn, Cu, Sb and Bi

Eight organic-inorganic hybrid salts [(HL1)(SbCl4)] (1) (L1 = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine), [(HL2)2(ZnCl4)] (2) (L2 = 4-chlorobenzylamine), [(HL2)(L2)(CuCl3)(H2O)2] (3), [(HL3)2(Sb2OCl6)] (4) (L3 = quinoline), [(HL4)4(Bi2Cl10)] (5) (L4 = 2-methylquinoline), [(HL5)(SbCl4)] (6) (L5 = 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-amine), [(H2L6)(SbCl5)] (7) (L6 = 3,6-bis(imidazol-1-yl)pyridazine) and [(H2L7)2(CuBr4)2] · 7H2O (8) (L7 = di(2-benzimidazol-1-ylethyl)ether) were prepared and characterized by IR, XRD, EA and TG analysis. XRD analysis told that all of the complexes were 3 D net built from non-covalent bonds from the cations and the halometallates. The aryl rings of the cations in all of the compounds are essentially planar. The H2O also had crucial role in structure extension in 3 and 8. Extensive intermolecular interactions have been used in the self-assembly of diverse motifs, ranging from strong N-H···X (X = Br, Cl), N-H···O, N-H···N, O-H···O, O-H···Br H-bonds to weak CH2···O, CH3-Cl/CH2-Cl/CH-Cl, Cl-Cl, O-Br, CH3-π, CH2-π, Cl-π and π-π associations. The arrangements of the anions and cations in the solid are ruled not only by the size and symmetry of the cations, but also by the non-covalent bonds in the crystal structures.

Ion-beam-induced crystallization of radiation-resistant MAX phase nanostructures

ABSTRACT Self-organization is a phenomenon that occurs under certain circumstances with different types of materials – liquids, bulk, and thin films, organic, inorganic or hybrid solids. This unique effect appears as an unusual part of various dynamic processes, such as co-deposition of immiscible phases, or due to modifications by external stimuli, such as thermal annealing or laser irradiation. A significant aspect of this effect is a certain level of energy flow, which creates conditions for the onset of a coordinated re-arrangement that leads to the self-organization of materials. Of interest is the stimulus of bombardment by energetic ions, which can lead (i) to radiation damage to the original structure, but (ii) also to constructive effects – the synthesis of materials with new structural forms and novel properties. The manifestation of a constructive ion irradiation stimulus was investigated also in this paper. Ternary and binary thin films – n-times repeating groups of (Ti/C)n, (Ti/Sn/C)n, (Hf/In/C)n with stoichiometric ratios 2/1 and 2/1/1 prepared by ion beam sputtering, were bombarded using 35 keV or 200 keV Ar+ ions to 1013 cm−2 or 1015 cm−2 fluence. Irradiation with swift heavy ions to such a high fluence should have a significant impact on the material. In fact, it turned out that the bombardment with Ar+ ions led to a pronounced re-arrangement of the inspected multilayers – to disruption of their original structure and self-crystallization of MAX and MXene nanostructures with various (nano-to-meso) size and densities. This effect was attributed to the collision cascade energy transfer, but it is also considered to be due to collective excitation processes. This result may repoint to the importance of ion irradiation for the technology of new materials, which can be otherwise difficult to synthesize in other ways.

2D ferrous nitroprussides stabilized through organic molecules as pillars: preparation, crystal structure and related properties

Transition metal (T) nitroprussides form a family of coordination complexes with a wide structural diversity including 3 D, 2 D, 1 D, 0 D and ionic phases. Recently, a reversible thermally induced spin transition has been reported for 2 D ferrous nitroprussides stabilized through pyridine and its derivatives as pillars between neighboring layers. The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of obtaining analog solids with spin-crossover behavior using other molecules as pillars. In this contribution we are reporting the crystal structure, solved and refined from powder XRD data, for the resulting hybrid solids containing 1,3-oxazole, 1H-pyrazole, pyridazine, 3-pyridine-3-carboxaldheyde, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, and 4-(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)pyridine as pillar molecules in the interlayer region. The XRD data were complemented with TG curves, and IR, Raman, Mössbauer spectra, and magnetic measurements as a source of complementary structural information. According to the Mössbauer spectra and magnetic data recorded in the temperature range of 5 to 300 K, no evidence of thermally induced spin-crossover was observed for the 2 D ferrous nitroprussides with these six organic ligands as pillars. Such behavior is in contrast with the one observed for pyridine and its derivatives and it is explained in terms of the local symmetry around the high spin Fe2+ ion, as revealed in the recorded Mössbauer spectra. This suggests that the spin-crossover behavior could be induced by introducing guest molecules, as adsorbed species, in the interlayer region to force to a higher symmetry for the iron ion coordination environment.

Role of supramolecular interactions in crystal packing of Strandberg-type cluster-based hybrid solids

Two new Strandberg-type cluster-based phosphomolybdates {H-2a3mp}5[{PO3(OH)}{PO4}Mo5O15], 1 and {H-2a4mp}5[{PO3(OH)}{PO4}Mo5O15]·6H2O, 2 have been crystallized via solvent evaporation technique using 2-amino-3-methylpyridine (2a3mp) and 2-amino-4-methylpyridine (2a4mp) respectively. The solids were characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The solid 1 crystallized in monoclinic system with space group P21/c, a = 8.394(1), b = 27.398(6), c = 21.521(4) A, β = 97.68(3)°, Z = 4. The solid 2 crystallized in triclinic system with space group P-1, a = 11.728(1), b = 14.234(1), c = 19.589(1) A, α = 68.906(3), β = 89.454(3), γ = 66.559(3)°, Z = 2. The solids 1 and 2 formed a supramolecular framework stabilized by hydrogen bonding interaction between cluster anions and organic moieties. CH…π interactions between the organic moieties reinforced the crystal packing in 1 and 2. While crystal packing effects resulted in the formation of solvent-accessible voids in 1; aggregation of lattice water molecules in 2 facilitated the formation of pentameric water cluster. In addition, electrochemical behavior of 1 and 2 has also been investigated. Two new Strandberg-type cluster based phosphomolybdates, 1 and 2 have been crystallized via solvent evaporation technique using 2-amino-3-methylpyridine and 2-amino-4-methylpyridine. Detailed structural analysis revealed the role of supramolecular interactions in the crystal packing of these solids. In addition, electrochemical behavior of 1 and 2 has also been investigated.

High-Performance n-Type Carbon Nanotubes Doped by Oxidation of Neighboring Sb2Te3 for a Flexible Thermoelectric Generator.

Flexible thermoelectric devices can be potentially used for flexible cooling and energy harvesting from various heat sources such as the human body. However, the development of flexible thermoelectric materials with excellent thermoelectric performance is still very challenging. In this study, a simple solution process is proposed for the preparation of flexible inorganic/carbon nanotube hybrid films with record power factors among those of the reported flexible n-type thermoelectric materials. The hybrid films fabricated by bar-coating a carbon nanotube-dispersed Sb2Te3 solution exhibit n-type power factors of up to 2440 ± 267 μV m-1 K-2 at room temperature. The dissolved Sb2Te3 recrystallizes on the carbon nanotube surfaces and form hybrid solids. The ultrahigh power factor may be originated from the effective n-doping of carbon nanotubes by the oxidation of neighboring Sb2Te3. Using the thermoelectric hybrid film, a multilayer stacked thermoelectric generator is fabricated. The flexible device with a thermal contact area of 3.8 cm2 exhibits an output power of up to 11.3 μW at a vertical ΔT of 7.5 K. This study paves the way for the realization of flexible thermoelectric devices with various device geometries.

Colossal Dielectric Responses from the Wide Band Gap 2D-Semiconducting Amine Templated Hybrid Framework Materials.

Two unprecedented organic amine templated silver organophosphonate hybrid solids have been synthesized hydrothermally by varying the molar ratio of the reactants. Both of the compounds consist of novel tetra- and penta-nuclear silver phosphonate basic building units. The dielectric constants are extremely large due to the charge separation of anionic metal phosphonate frameworks and cationic templated piperazine moieties in the compounds, as found for the first time in a hybrid organophosphate family. The conductivity and UV-visible absorption studies provide strong evidence about the semiconducting nature of the present compounds.

In Vitro Anti-tumoral and Anti-bacterial Activity of an Octamolybdate Cluster-Based Hybrid Solid Incorporated with a Copper Picolinate Complex.

Inorganic drugs, especially polyoxometalate-based hybrids, are expected to be developed as promising future metallodrugs. Herein, an organic-inorganic hybrid solid based on pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or picolinic acid (pic), [(Cu(pic)2)2(Mo8O26)]·8H2O (1), was synthesized. A single-crystal structure of a solid possesses a discrete β-type octamolybdate cluster that supramolecularly aggregates with a {Cu2(pic)4}4- complex and eight lattice water molecules. The study indicates that the solid is stable in aqueous medium and less toxic toward normal cell lines. The in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-tumor properties of the solid 1 were investigated. The results of the anti-tumor action against various human cancer cell lines, namely, lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), and liver (HepG2) cancer cells suggest that this β-octamolybdate-based solid yielded the lowest IC50 value reported so far among octamolybdate anion-based hybrid solids, i.e., 24.24 μM for MCF-7, 21.56 μM for HepG2, and 25 μM for A549, indicating significant anti-cancer activity. The cell cycle analysis further reveals the observed anti-tumor effect to be governed by the arrest of breast cancer cells in the G2/M phase while that of lung and liver cancer cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. A fluorescence quenching study suggests the binding interaction between solid and ctDNA, which in turn induces apoptosis and necrosis pathways leading to cancer cell death. This is also the first study of {Mo8O26}4- cluster-based solids as an anti-bacterial agent against Escherichia coli, and it was found to be very effective with a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ∼135 μg/mL, which is the lowest so far reported for any octamolybdate-based solid.

Intercalation of 3X-pyridine with X = F, Cl, Br, I, in 2D ferrous nitroprusside. Thermal induced spin transition in Fe(3F-pyridine)2[Fe(CN)5NO

The series of 2D solids, Fe(3XPy)2[Fe(CN)5NO] with 3X ​= ​3-Fluoro, 3-Chloro, 3-Bromo, 3-Iodo and Py ​= ​Pyridine, was obtained by intercalation of the organic molecule (3XPy) between neighboring layers of 2D ferrous nitroprusside. The organic ligand was found coordinated to the axial positions for the iron atom linked at the equatorial N ends of the CN groups in the nitroprusside building block, [Fe(CN)5NO]. The axial CN and NO ligands remain unlinked and contribute to the solid stability through attractive dipole-dipole interactions. The formed hybrid solids preserve the 2D nature because no chemical bond is established between neighboring organic molecules in the interlayer region. For X ​= ​F, a thermal induced spin transition was observed, but not for the remaining derivatives. The nature of such behavior is discussed according to the recorded XRD, Raman and Mössbauer data and computational calculations. The spin crossover transition in Fe(3FPy)2[Fe(CN)5NO] is an incomplete process, a sample fraction of about 50% remains in paramagnetic state, even at 5 ​K. The spin transition is accompanied of an atypical small structural change, corresponding to a variation of 0.7% for the unit cell volume. Such behavior finds explanation in both, the bonding properties of the N end of the CN ligands in the nitroprusside pseudo-octahedral block, and in the intermolecular interactions in the interlayer region.

From 2D to 3D solids: stacking of transition metal nitroprusside layers through intermolecular physical interactions

This contribution reports the preparation and study of a series of hybrid inorganic-organic solids obtained by intercalation of pyridine molecules between neighboring layers of 2D transition metal nitroprussides, T[Fe(CN)5NO]. The pyridine molecule coordinated to the axial positions for the metal (T) linked at the N ends of the equatorial CN ligands. From such regular pyridine molecule disposition at the layer and the attractive dispersive interactions and dipole-dipole coupling between neighboring molecules in the interlayer region, the formation of a long range 3D framework results. The refined crystal structure and the magnetic measurements shed light on the interaction between intercalated neighboring molecules. In the resulting 3D framework, the hybrid material preserves its 2D identity because no formation of chemical bonds is involved in the stacking process. Such structural features are properly supported by the refined crystal structures and computational studies for the interaction of the organic molecule with the metal (T) center. This series of hybrid solids crystallizes with an orthorhombic unit cell in the Ic2m space group. The unit cell volume shows a slight dependence of the metal (T), Ni < Co < Zn < Mn, which is related to the metal polarizing power and follows the order found for the T-NCN and T-NPy bond distances. The results herein discussed are relevant for hybrid inorganic-organic materials design, preparation and applications.

Role of aromatic vs. aliphatic amine for the variation of structural, electrical and catalytic behaviors in a series of silver phosphonate extended hybrid solids.

Four inorganic-organic hybrid silver phosphonate compounds, [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] (1), [Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O (2), [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] (3) and [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (4) (H5hedp = 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid), have been prepared by virtue of the variable amine-directed hydrothermal strategy. The subsequent roles of coordinated aromatic amine (4,4'-bipyridine) and coordination-free templated aliphatic amine (piperazine) are studied. The connectivity of the silver ions, diphosphonate units (hedp) and bipyridine moiety can give rise to the one-dimensional structure of 1 and two-dimensional layer structure of 2. In contrast, the silver ions and diphosphonate units are connected to form the tetrameric and pentameric silver cluster units in compound 3 and 4, respectively. Such clusters are rare examples of fundamental building units in the piperazine templated two-dimensional silver based layer structures. The room temperature dielectric studies show the extremely high dielectric permittivity of the amine templated compounds (3 and 4) compared to amine coordinated structures (1 and 2). The synthesized compounds also participate in various heterogenous catalytic reactions acting as active Lewis acid catalysts that are observed for the first time in the amine-templated metal organophosphonates. The observed band gaps and dielectric values suggest that compounds 3 and 4 are more promising candidates for electronic applications, while compounds 1 and 2 are comparatively better Lewis acid catalysts.

Enhancement of adsorption capacity of low cost mesoporous MCM-41 and their antibacterial and antifungal activities

This work aims to the enhancement of low cost MCM-41 adsorption capacity of copper and iron ions separately and as a mixture from solution and subsequently their use in antibacterial and antifungal activities. MCM-41mesoporous were synthesized from used spent glass as source of silicon and aluminum. The hybrid MCM-41 mesoporous were obtained by impregnation of 8-hydroxyquinoline 5-sulfonic acid on the MCM-41 pores under different mass ratios (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%). The hybrid solids were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline 5-sulfonic acid in hybrid MCM-41 is verified by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The effect of contact time, initial pH of a solution, heavy metal concentrations and 8-hydroxyquinoline 5-sulfonic acid content on the adsorption efficiency were investigated. Pseudo-first/second order isotherms are applied to determine the efficiency of hybrid solid. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second order model for Cu2+ and Fe2+ adsorption. Maximum yields for Cu2+ and Fe2+were 94% and 95% respectively. However, the extraction yield for both ion metals seems to be increase to reach 98.24% and 95.10% for iron and copper respectively when both solutions are mixed together. The hybrid MCM-41 with higher extraction yield for both metal ions and for mixture are applied as antibacterial inhibitors against Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, ), Gram-positive (S. aureus1 ATCC 25923, S.aureus2 ATCC 43300) bacteria and also as antifungal against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The obtained results of the application of hybrid MCM-sox Cu, Fe and Cu/Fe as antibacterial and antifungal inhibitors seem to be very promising material in the adsorption and antimicrobial fields.